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Kim JM, Seo SW, Han DG, Yun H, Yoon IS. Assessment of Metabolic Interaction between Repaglinide and Quercetin via Mixed Inhibition in the Liver: In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060782. [PMID: 34071139 PMCID: PMC8224802 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Repaglinide (RPG), a rapid-acting meglitinide analog, is an oral hypoglycemic agent for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Quercetin (QCT) is a well-known antioxidant and antidiabetic flavonoid that has been used as an important ingredient in many functional foods and complementary medicines. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of QCT on the metabolism of RPG and its underlying mechanisms. The mean (range) IC50 of QCT on the microsomal metabolism of RPG was estimated to be 16.7 (13.0–18.6) μM in the rat liver microsome (RLM) and 3.0 (1.53–5.44) μM in the human liver microsome (HLM). The type of inhibition exhibited by QCT on RPG metabolism was determined to be a mixed inhibition with a Ki of 72.0 μM in RLM and 24.2 μM in HLM as obtained through relevant graphical and enzyme inhibition model-based analyses. Furthermore, the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of RPG administered intravenously and orally in rats were significantly increased by 1.83- and 1.88-fold, respectively, after concurrent administration with QCT. As the protein binding and blood distribution of RPG were observed to be unaltered by QCT, it is plausible that the hepatic first-pass and systemic metabolism of RPG could have been inhibited by QCT, resulting in the increased systemic exposure (AUC and Cmax) of RPG. These results suggest that there is a possibility that clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between QCT and RPG could occur, depending on the extent and duration of QCT intake from foods and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hwayoung Yun
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (I.-S.Y.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2810 (H.Y.); +82-51-510-2806 (I.-S.Y.)
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (I.-S.Y.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2810 (H.Y.); +82-51-510-2806 (I.-S.Y.)
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2
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Kim SB, Cho HJ, Kim YS, Kim DD, Yoon IS. Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Activity by 18β-Glycyrrhetic Acid and its Consequence on Buspirone Pharmacokinetics in Rats. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1188-94. [PMID: 26010440 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of 18β-glycyrrhetic acid (GLY) on cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and in vivo pharmacokinetic consequences of single GLY dose in rats. An in vitro CYP inhibition study in rat liver microsomes (RLM) was conducted using probe substrates for CYPs. Then, an in vivo pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral buspirone (BUS), a probe substrate for CYP3A, was studied with the concurrent administration of oral GLY in rats. In the in vitro CYP inhibition study, CYP3A was involved in the metabolism of GLY. Moreover, GLY inhibited CYP3A activity with an IC50 of 20.1 ± 10.7 μM via a mixed inhibition mechanism. In the in vivo rat pharmacokinetic study, single oral GLY dose enhanced the area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of intravenous and oral BUS, but the extent of increase in AUC was only minimal (1.12-1.45 fold). These results indicate that GLY can inhibit the in vitro CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism in RLM via a mixed inhibition mechanism. However, the impact of single oral GLY dose on the pharmacokinetics of BUS in rats was limited, showing that GLY could function as merely a weak inhibitor for CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism in vivo. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bum Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 534-729, Republic of Korea
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3
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Gros C, Fleury L, Nahoum V, Faux C, Valente S, Labella D, Cantagrel F, Rilova E, Bouhlel MA, David-Cordonnier MH, Dufau I, Ausseil F, Mai A, Mourey L, Lacroix L, Arimondo PB. New insights on the mechanism of quinoline-based DNA Methyltransferase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:6293-302. [PMID: 25525263 PMCID: PMC4358266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the epigenetic marks, DNA methylation is one of the most studied. It is highly deregulated in numerous diseases, including cancer. Indeed, it has been shown that hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes promoters is a common feature of cancer cells. Because DNA methylation is reversible, the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), responsible for this epigenetic mark, are considered promising therapeutic targets. Several molecules have been identified as DNMT inhibitors and, among the non-nucleoside inhibitors, 4-aminoquinoline-based inhibitors, such as SGI-1027 and its analogs, showed potent inhibitory activity. Here we characterized the in vitro mechanism of action of SGI-1027 and two analogs. Enzymatic competition studies with the DNA substrate and the methyl donor cofactor, S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet), displayed AdoMet non-competitive and DNA competitive behavior. In addition, deviations from the Michaelis-Menten model in DNA competition experiments suggested an interaction with DNA. Thus their ability to interact with DNA was established; although SGI-1027 was a weak DNA ligand, analog 5, the most potent inhibitor, strongly interacted with DNA. Finally, as 5 interacted with DNMT only when the DNA duplex was present, we hypothesize that this class of chemical compounds inhibit DNMTs by interacting with the DNA substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gros
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Fleury
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Nahoum
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) CNRS, Toulouse, 31077, France, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Céline Faux
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Sergio Valente
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Donatella Labella
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Frédéric Cantagrel
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Rilova
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Bouhlel
- INSERM UMR837-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Team 4, IRCL, 59045 Lille, France
| | | | - Isabelle Dufau
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Ausseil
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Antonello Mai
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy, and
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) CNRS, Toulouse, 31077, France, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | | | - Paola B Arimondo
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France,
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4
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Valente S, Liu Y, Schnekenburger M, Zwergel C, Cosconati S, Gros C, Tardugno M, Labella D, Florean C, Minden S, Hashimoto H, Chang Y, Zhang X, Kirsch G, Novellino E, Arimondo PB, Miele E, Ferretti E, Gulino A, Diederich M, Cheng X, Mai A. Selective non-nucleoside inhibitors of human DNA methyltransferases active in cancer including in cancer stem cells. J Med Chem 2014; 57:701-13. [PMID: 24387159 PMCID: PMC3983372 DOI: 10.1021/jm4012627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
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DNA
methyltransferases (DNMTs) are important enzymes involved in
epigenetic control of gene expression and represent valuable targets
in cancer chemotherapy. A number of nucleoside DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi)
have been studied in cancer, including in cancer stem cells, and two
of them (azacytidine and decitabine) have been approved for treatment
of myelodysplastic syndromes. However, only a few non-nucleoside DNMTi
have been identified so far, and even fewer have been validated in
cancer. Through a process of hit-to-lead optimization, we report here
the discovery of compound 5 as a potent non-nucleoside
DNMTi that is also selective toward other AdoMet-dependent protein
methyltransferases. Compound 5 was potent at single-digit
micromolar concentrations against a panel of cancer cells and was
less toxic in peripheral blood mononuclear cells than two other compounds
tested. In mouse medulloblastoma stem cells, 5 inhibited
cell growth, whereas related compound 2 showed high cell
differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, 2 and 5 are the first non-nucleoside DNMTi tested in a cancer stem
cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Valente
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma , P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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5
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Abstract
An improved understanding of the roles of protein kinases in intracellular signalling and disease progression has driven significant advances in protein kinase inhibitor discovery. Peptide inhibitors that target the kinase protein substrate-binding site have continued to attract attention. In the present paper, we describe a novel JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitory peptide PYC71N, which inhibits JNK activity in vitro towards a range of recombinant protein substrates including the transcription factors c-Jun, ATF2 (activating trancription factor 2) and Elk1, and the microtubule regulatory protein DCX (doublecortin). Analysis of cell culture studies confirmed the actions of a cell-permeable version of PYC71 to inhibit c-Jun phosphorylation during acute hyperosmotic stress. The analysis of the in vitro data for the kinetics of this inhibition indicated a substrate–inhibitor complex-mediated inhibition of JNK by PYC71N. Alanine-scanning replacement studies revealed the importance of two residues (PYC71N Phe9 or Phe11 within an FXF motif) for JNK inhibition. The importance of these residues was confirmed through interaction studies showing that each change decreased interaction of the peptide with c-Jun. Furthermore, PYC71N interacted with both non-phosphorylated (inactive) JNK1 and the substrate c-Jun, but did not recognize active JNK1. In contrast, a previously characterized JNK-inhibitory peptide TIJIP [truncated inhibitory region of JIP (JNK-interacting protein)], showed stronger interaction with active JNK1. Competition binding analysis confirmed that PYC71N inhibited the interaction of c-Jun with JNK1. Taken together, the results of the present study define novel properties of the PYC71N peptide as well as differences from the characterized TIJIP, and highlight the value of these peptides to probe the biochemistry of JNK-mediated substrate interactions and phosphorylation.
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Belon CA, High YD, Lin TI, Pauwels F, Frick DN. Mechanism and specificity of a symmetrical benzimidazolephenylcarboxamide helicase inhibitor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:1822-32. [PMID: 20108979 DOI: 10.1021/bi901974a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of 1-N,4-N-bis[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl]benzene-1,4-dicarboxamide ((BIP)(2)B) on the NS3 helicase encoded by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Molecular beacon-based helicase assays were used to show that (BIP)(2)B inhibits the ability of HCV helicase to separate a variety of RNA and DNA duplexes with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 5 microM, depending on the nature of the substrate. In single turnover assays, (BIP)(2)B only inhibited unwinding reactions when it was preincubated with the helicase-nucleic acid complex. (BIP)(2)B quenched NS3 intrinsic protein fluorescence with an apparent dissociation constant of 5 microM, and in the presence of (BIP)(2)B, HCV helicase did not appear to interact with a fluorescent DNA oligonucleotide. In assays monitoring HCV helicase-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis, (BIP)(2)B only inhibited helicase-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis in the presence of intermediate concentrations of RNA, suggesting RNA and (BIP)(2)B compete for the same binding site. HCV helicases isolated from various HCV genotypes were similarly sensitive to (BIP)(2)B, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2.4 microM. (BIP)(2)B also inhibited ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by related helicases from Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and humans. (BIP)(2)B appeared to bind the HCV and human proteins with similar affinity (K(i) = 7 and 8 microM, respectively), but it bound the flavivirus proteins up to 270 times more tightly. Results are discussed in light of a molecular model of a (BIP)(2)B-HCV helicase complex, which is unable to bind nucleic acid, thus preventing the enzyme from separating double-stranded nucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Belon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Copeland RA. Determination of serum protein binding affinity of inhibitors from analysis of concentration-response plots in biochemical activity assays. J Pharm Sci 2000; 89:1000-7. [PMID: 10906723 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6017(200008)89:8<1000::aid-jps4>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serum protein binding is a common problem with synthetic molecules designed as enzyme and receptor inhibitors for in vivo clinical use. The theoretical basis of a simple method is described. In this method, the dissociation constant for serum protein binding may be determined from analysis of the shift in apparent IC(50) (concentration at which 50% inhibition of activity is observed) caused by the presence of varying concentrations of serum (or individual serum proteins) in biochemical activity assays. Knowledge of the serum protein dissociation constant and the serum concentration of the binding protein can be used to predict the amount of free compound available in vivo after dosing to achieve a specific total concentration of compound in the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Copeland
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, The DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, P.O. Box 80400, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0400, USA.
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