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Baluchová S, Barek J, Tomé LI, Brett CM, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Vanillylmandelic and Homovanillic acid: Electroanalysis at non-modified and polymer-modified carbon-based electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Watanabe K, Miura I, Kanno-Nozaki K, Horikoshi S, Mashiko H, Niwa SI, Yabe H. Associations between five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and plasma levels of monoamine metabolite in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:419-23. [PMID: 26416588 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia symptoms is the most common multiple-factor model used in analyses; its use may improve evaluation of symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Plasma monoamine metabolite levels are possible indicators of clinical symptoms or response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia. We investigated the association between five-factor model components and plasma monoamine metabolites levels to explore the model's biological basis. Plasma levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography in 65 Japanese patients with schizophrenia. Significant negative correlation between plasma 5-HIAA levels and the depression/anxiety component was found. Furthermore, significant positive correlation was found between plasma MHPG levels and the excitement component. Plasma HVA levels were not correlated with any five-factor model component. These results suggest that the five-factor model of the PANSS may have a biological basis, and may be useful for elucidating the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Assessment using the five-factor model may enable understanding of monoaminergic dysfunction, possibly allowing more appropriate medication selection. Further studies of a larger number of first-episode schizophrenia patients are needed to confirm and extend these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Itaru Miura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kanno-Nozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Sho Horikoshi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Mashiko
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Niwa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University Aizu Medical Center, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Hashemi F, Tekes K, Laufer R, Szegi P, Tóthfalusi L, Csaba G. Effect of a single neonatal oxytocin treatment (hormonal imprinting) on the biogenic amine level of the adult rat brain: could oxytocin-induced labor cause pervasive developmental diseases? Reprod Sci 2013; 20:1255-63. [PMID: 23548412 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113483010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal single-hormone treatment causes hormonal imprinting with lifelong consequences in receptor-binding capacity, hormone production as well as in social and sexual behavior. In the present experiments, newborn rats were treated with a single dose of oxytocin, and the levels of biogenic amines and their metabolites were studied in 8 different brain regions and in the sera when the male and female animals were 4 months old. Both dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission was found to be significantly influenced. The levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid metabolites decreased in the hypothalamus and striatum. Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptophol levels were hardly altered, and there was no difference in the epinephrine levels. The results show that dopamine and serotonin metabolism of hypothalamus and striatum are deeply and lifelong influenced by a single neonatal oxytocin treatment Oxytocin imprinting resulted in decreased dopamine turnover in the hypothalamus and decreased serotonin turnover in the hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and striatum of females. As the disturbance of brain dopamine and serotonin system has an important role in the development of pervasive developmental diseases (eg, autism) and neuropsychiatric disorders (eg, schizophrenia), the growing number of oxytocin-induced labor as a causal factor, cannot be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hashemi
- 1Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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A randomized controlled trial of olanzapine improving memory deficits in Han Chinese patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 144:129-35. [PMID: 23352776 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia, in which memory impairment is a core deficit. The methods of positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), Wechsler memory scale-4th edition (WMS-IV) and event-related potential (ERP) were used to study the effects of olanzapine on the cognitive function in the first-episode schizophrenic patients. We performed multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial to study the cognitive functioning in Han Chinese first-episode schizophrenic patients in a 12-week treatment regime with olanzapine (129 cases) or placebo (132 cases). The results showed that (1) the patients with first-episode schizophrenia showed significant deficits in the long-term memory, short-term memory, immediate memory and memory quotient by WMS-IV assessment, and decreases the total scores, positive symptoms, negative symptoms and general psychopathology by PANSS assessment; (2) olanzapine could significantly improve the PANSS scores including total scores, positive symptoms, negative symptoms and general psychopathology in the first-episode schizophrenic patients; (3) olanzapine could significantly improve the short-term memory, immediate memory and memory quotient in the first-episode schizophrenic patients; and (3) although the latencies of P(2), N(2) and P(3) were significantly prolonged, P(2) and P(3) amplitudes were decreased and the latencies of N(1) did not change, olanzapine did not influence any P(300) items in the first-episode schizophrenic patients. The data suggested that that olanzapine could improve cognitive process, such as memorizing and extraction of the information although there were many changes of cognitive functions in Han Chinese first-episode schizophrenic patients.
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Cai HL, Fang PF, Li HD, Zhang XH, Hu L, Yang W, Ye HS. Abnormal plasma monoamine metabolism in schizophrenia and its correlation with clinical responses to risperidone treatment. Psychiatry Res 2011; 188:197-202. [PMID: 21146875 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in plasma monoamine metabolism reflect partly the illness of schizophrenia and sometimes the symptoms. Such studies have been repeatedly reported but have rarely taken both metabolites and parent amines or inter-amine activity ratios into account. In this study, the monoamines, their metabolites, turnovers and between-metabolite ratios in plasma were measured longitudinally in 32 schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone for 6 weeks, to examine possible biochemical alterations in schizophrenia, and to examine the association between treatment responses and psychopathology assessed according to the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The results showed lower level of plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in relapsed versus first-episode schizophrenic patients, higher norepinephrine (NE) turnover rate (TR) in undifferentiated in comparison to paranoid schizophrenic patients and relatively higher metabolic activity of dopamine (DA) to serotonin (5-HT) in first-episode versus relapsed schizophrenic patients. Risperidone treatment induced a decrement of plasma DA levels and increments of plasma DOPAC and DA TR in the total group of schizophrenic patients. The turnover rate of 5-HT was was reduced in undifferentiated and relapsed subgroups of schizophrenic patients. The linkages between 5-HT TR, DA/NE relative activity and clinical symptomatology were also identified. These findings are consistent with an involvement of these systems in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia as well as in the responses to treatment, and the usefulness of certain biochemical indices as markers for subgrouping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lin Cai
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Robles O, Zabala A, Bombín I, Parellada M, Moreno D, Ruiz-Sancho A, Arango C. Cognitive efficacy of quetiapine and olanzapine in early-onset first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:405-15. [PMID: 19706697 PMCID: PMC3044627 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to compare changes in cognition in early-onset psychosis after 6-months treatment with quetiapine or olanzapine. This is a randomized, single-blind, 6-month study in 50 adolescents with a diagnosis of early-onset psychosis. Patients were randomized to quetiapine (n = 24) or olanzapine (n =26). A thorough neuropsychological battery was administered at baseline and after 6-month treatment. Out of the total sample included in the study, 32 patients completed at least 6-months treatment with the assigned medication (quetiapine, n =16; olanzapine, n = 16). No changes were observed in cognitive performance after 6-month treatment with quetiapine or olanzapine. Although some trends toward cognitive improvement were observed for the olanzapine group after 6-month treatment, neither group showed statistically significant gains. Furthermore, there was no evidence of any differential efficacy of olanzapine or quetiapine on cognitive improvement in this sample of adolescents with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Robles
- Adolescent Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, C/Ibiza 43, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Zabala
- Adolescent Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, C/Ibiza 43, 28009 Madrid, Spain,Department of Neuroscience. School of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country (UPV)
| | - Igor Bombín
- Reintegra Foundation and Reintegra: Neurological Rehab Center, Oviedo, Spain,Universidad de Oviedo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Adolescent Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, C/Ibiza 43, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Moreno
- Adolescent Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, C/Ibiza 43, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ruiz-Sancho
- Adolescent Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, C/Ibiza 43, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Adolescent Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, C/Ibiza 43, 28009 Madrid, Spain,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +34-914265006, fax: +34-914265004, e-mail:
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Abrams DJ, Rojas DC, Arciniegas DB. Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:1089-109. [PMID: 19337453 PMCID: PMC2646642 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable debate surrounds the inclusion of schizoaffective disorder in psychiatric nosology. Schizoaffective disorder may be a variant of schizophrenia in which mood symptoms are unusually prominent but not unusual in type. This condition may instead reflect a severe form of either major depressive or bipolar disorder in which episode-related psychotic symptoms fail to remit completely between mood episodes. Alternatively, schizoaffective disorder may reflect the co-occurrence of two relatively common psychiatric illnesses, schizophrenia and a mood disorder (major depressive or bipolar disorder). Each of these formulations of schizoaffective disorder presents nosological challenges because the signs and symptoms of this condition cross conventional categorical diagnostic boundaries between psychotic disorders and mood disorders. The study, evaluation, and treatment of persons presently diagnosed with schizoaffective may be more usefully informed by a dimensional approach. It is in this context that this article reviews and contrasts the categorical and dimensional approaches to its description, neurobiology, and treatment. Based on this review, an argument for the study and treatment of this condition using a dimensional approach is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Abrams
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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Oades RD, Röpcke B, Henning U, Klimke A. Neuropsychological measures of attention and memory function in schizophrenia: relationships with symptom dimensions and serum monoamine activity. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2005; 1:14. [PMID: 16091141 PMCID: PMC1208853 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some clinical symptoms or cognitive functions have been related to the overall state of monoamine activity in patients with schizophrenia, (e.g. inverse correlation of the dopamine metabolite HVA with delusions or visual-masking performance). However, profiles (as presented here) of the relations of the activity of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin to neuropsychologic (dys)functions in major patient sub-groups with their very different symptomatic and cognitive characteristics have not been reported. METHODS Serum measures of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin turnover were examined by regression analyses for the prediction of performance on 10 neuropsychological measures reflecting left- and right-hemispheric and frontal-, parietal- and temporal-lobe function in 108 patients with schizophrenia and 63 matched controls. The neuropsychological battery included tests of verbal fluency, Stroop interference, trail-making, block-design, Mooney faces recognition, picture-completion, immediate and delayed visual and verbal recall. Paranoid and nonparanoid subgroups were based on ratings from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Groups with high and low ratings of ideas-of-reference and thought-disorder were formed from a median split on the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). RESULTS Verbal-fluency and Stroop-interference (left frontal and fronto-cingulate function) were negatively associated with noradrenergic turnover in nonparanoid and thought-disordered patients. High dopamine turnover related to speeded trail-making (frontal modulation of set switching) in those with many ideas-of-reference. In contrast, low dopamine turnover predicted poor recall in nonparanoid patients and those with little thought disorder. Serotonin metabolism did not independently contribute to the prediction any measure of cognitive performance. But, with regard to the relative activity between monoaminergic systems, increased HVA/5-HIAA ratios predicted visual-reproduction and Mooney's face-recognition performance (right-hemisphere functions) in highly symptomatic patients. Decreased HVA/MHPG predicted non-verbal recall. CONCLUSION Clinical state and function are differentially sensitive to overall levels of monoamine activity. In particular, right-lateralised cerebral function was sensitive to the relative activities of the monoamines. Increased noradrenergic activity was associated with enhanced frontal but impaired temporal lobe function in nonparanoid syndromes. Low dopaminergic activity predicted poor attentional set control in those with ideas-of-reference, but poor recall in nonparanoid patients. These data, especially the HVA/5-HIAA ratios, provide a basis for planning the nature of antipsychotic treatment aimed at patient specific symptom dimensions and cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Oades
- Biopsychology Research Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 ESSEN, Germany
| | - Bernd Röpcke
- Biopsychology Research Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 ESSEN, Germany
| | - Uwe Henning
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bergische Landstr. 2,40629 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ansgard Klimke
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bergische Landstr. 2,40629 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Oades RD, Klimke A, Henning U, Rao ML. Relations of clinical features, subgroups and medication to serum monoamines in schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002; 17:15-27. [PMID: 12404703 DOI: 10.1002/hup.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma and serum indices of monoaminergic activity reflect partly the illness of schizophrenia (e.g. HVA/deficit syndrome) and sometimes the symptoms (e.g. HVA/anhedonia). But, such studies have rarely taken both metabolites and parent amines or inter-amine activity ratios into account. We hypothesized that comparing the major symptom dimensions to measures of transmitter activity (with and without control for antipsychotic drug treatment) would show differential patterns of activity useful for the design of pharmacological treatments. METHODS Dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), their three major metabolites and prolactin were measured in the serum of 108 patients with schizophrenia and 63 matched controls: DA D2-receptor blocking-activity was estimated from a regression of butyrophenone displacement in striatum in vitro on to PET reports of drug-binding in vivo. Symptoms were factored into four dimensions (disorganized/thought disorder, nonparanoid/negative, ideas-of-reference and paranoid/positive symptoms). RESULTS (1). Patients' DA activity did not differ from controls: but their 5-HT and NA turnovers increased/decreased, respectively, and the DA/5HT-metabolite ratio was lower. Increased DA-D2-receptor occupancy was predicted by decreased DA-metabolism and its ratio to 5-HT-metabolism. (2). Patients had higher levels of NA, DA-metabolites and DA-/5-HT-metabolite ratios on atypical vs typical drugs. (3). Increased D2-occupancy was associated with lower DA metabolism in paranoid patients but was unrelated to relative increases of DA/5-HT- and NA-metabolism in nonparanoid patients. (4). Low DA-/5-HT-metabolite ratios, high prolactin and low DA-metabolism characterized thought-disordered patients. (5). High DA-/5-HT-metabolite ratios paralleled many ideas-of-reference. The metabolites were sensitive, respectively, to control for D2-occupancy and prolactin. CONCLUSIONS The role of DA in paranoid, and 5-HT in thought-disordered and ideas-of-reference dimensions point both to the mechanisms underlying the features typical of these subgroups and the type of medication appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Oades
- University of Essen Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Essen, Germany.
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Zhang ZJ, Peet M, Ramchand CN, Shah S, Reynolds GP. Plasma homovanillic acid in untreated schizophrenia--relationship with symptomatology and sex. J Psychiatr Res 2001; 35:23-8. [PMID: 11287053 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasma homovanillic acid (pHVA) concentrations are considered to reflect, in part, central dopamine metabolism and thus may be of value in assessing the role of dopamine neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Furthermore, some recent studies have suggested a relationship of pHVA with symptomatology. We have undertaken a study of pHVA in a large cohort of unmedicated DSM-IV schizophrenic patients in order to assess the relationship of pHVA to various clinical parameters. pHVA in 58 drug-free patients (10.11+/-0.52 ng/ml) was significantly elevated in comparison with 62 matched control subjects (8.77+/-0.39 ng/ml). pHVA was found to be higher in patients with a more negative syndrome. No significant correlation of pHVA with overall SAPS or SANS scores was apparent in the patients although, within the SANS subscales, a significant relationship to anhedonia-asociality was apparent. Interestingly, the male drug-free patients showed a correlation of pHVA with negative symptoms defined by SANS and several SANS subscales, while females showed no significant relationship with any SANS subscales. The results may suggest that an increased dopaminergic turnover is apparent in (male) schizophrenic patients with predominantly negative symptoms, providing some support for reports that this change in neuronal activity may be related to the neuropathological abnormalities seen in the disease, which may themselves differ between males and females. Such neuronal deficits of developmental or degenerative origin may thus result in an elevation/disinhibition of central dopamine metabolism in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK.
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Galinowski A, Castelnau C, Spreux-Varoquaux O, Bourdel MC, Olie JP, Loo H, Poirier MF. Evolution of plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) levels during treatment in schizo-affective disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2000; 24:1319-28. [PMID: 11125856 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(00)00140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Plasma Homovanillic Acid (p HVA) levels were measured by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) in 5 schizo-affective depressed patients receiving a standardized treatment. (lithium, chlorpromazine and clomipramine) during 4 weeks. 2. Four patients were pretreated, without a washout period. 3. No significant difference was observed between patients and normal controls at baseline. Under treatment, pHVA levels increased (p<0.02) with clinical improvement (MADRS and PANSS scores). 4. Although effects of medications prior to the study period were not controlled, these findings suggest that depressed schizo-affective patients may have normal pHVA levels that increase with clinical improvement, unlike schizophrenic patients whose increased pHVA concentrations decline with neuroleptic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galinowski
- University Clinic of Mental Health and Therapeutics, Sainte Anne Hospital (Paris), Cochin Port Royal Faculty of Medicine, France
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