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Wang Z, Hong C, Sun Z, Wu S, Liang B, Duan X, Liu WT, Wu S. Contrast-enhanced phase-resolved second harmonic generation microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2117-2120. [PMID: 38621090 DOI: 10.1364/ol.520814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The characterization of inverted structures (crystallographic, ferroelectric, or magnetic domains) is crucial in the development and application of novel multi-state devices. However, determining these inverted structures needs a sensitive probe capable of revealing their phase correlation. Here a contrast-enhanced phase-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is presented, which utilizes a phase-tunable Soleil-Babinet compensator and the interference between the SHG fields from the inverted structures and a homogeneous reference. By this means, such inverted structures are correlated through the π-phase difference of SHG, and the phase difference is ultimately converted into the intensity contrast. As a demonstration, we have applied this microscopy in two scenarios to determine the inverted crystallographic domains in two-dimensional van der Waals material MoS2. Our method is particularly suitable for applying in vacuum and cryogenic environments while providing optical diffraction-limited resolution and arbitrarily adjustable contrast. Without loss of generality, this contrast-enhanced phase-resolved SHG microscopy can also be used to resolve other non-centrosymmetric inverted structures, e.g. ferroelectric, magnetic, or multiferroic phases.
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Loew LM, Lewis A. Second Harmonic Imaging of Membrane Potential. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 859:473-92. [PMID: 26238065 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17641-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The non-linear optical effect known as second harmonic generation (SHG) has been recognized since the earliest days of the laser. But it has only been in the last 20 years that it has begun to emerge as a viable microscope imaging contrast mechanism for visualization of cell and tissue structure and function. This is because only small modifications are required to equip a standard laser scanning 2-photon microscope for second harmonic imaging microscopy (SHIM). SHG signals from certain membrane-bound dyes are highly sensitive to membrane potential, indicating that SHIM may become a valuable probe of cell physiology. However, for the current generation of dyes and microscopes, the small signal size limits the number of photons that can be collected during the course of a fast action potential. Better dyes and optimized microscope optics could ultimately lead to the ability to image neuronal electrical activity with SHIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Loew
- Department of Cell Biology, R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030-1507, USA,
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Fahmy K, Siebert F, Tavan P. Structural investigation of bacteriorhodopsin and some of its photoproducts by polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic methods-difference spectroscopy and photoselection. Biophys J 2010; 60:989-1001. [PMID: 19431812 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(91)82136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The direction of selected IR-transition moments of the retinal chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and functional active amino acid residues are determined for light- and dark-adapted BR and for the intermediates K and L of the photocycle. Torsions around single bonds of the chromophore are found to be present in all the investigated BR states. The number of twisted single bonds and the magnitude of these torsions decreases in the order K, L, light-adapted BR, dark-adapted BR. In the last, only the C(14)-C(15) single bond is twisted. The orientation of molecular planes and chemical bonds of such protein side chains, which are perturbed during the transition of light-adapted BR to the respective intermediates, are deduced and the results compared with the current three dimensional model of BR. Trp 86 and Trp 185 are found to form a rigid part of the protein, whereas Asp 96 and Asp 115 perform molecular rearrangements upon formation of the L-intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fahmy
- Institut für Biophysik und Strahlenbiologie der Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23, D-7800 Freiburg i. Brsg
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Reeve JE, Anderson HL, Clays K. Dyes for biological second harmonic generation imaging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13484-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c003720f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nemet BA, Nikolenko V, Yuste R. Second harmonic imaging of membrane potential of neurons with retinal. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2004; 9:873-81. [PMID: 15447008 DOI: 10.1117/1.1783353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to optically measure and image the membrane potential of neurons, using the nonlinear optical phenomenon of second harmonic generation (SHG) with a photopigment retinal as the chromophore [second harmonic retinal imaging of membrane potential (SHRIMP)]. We show that all-trans retinal, when adsorbed to the plasma membrane of living cells, can report on the local electric field via its change in SHG. Using a scanning mode-locked Ti-sapphire laser, we collect simultaneous two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and SHG images of retinal-stained kidney cells and cultured pyramidal neurons. Patch clamp experiments on neurons stained with retinal show an increase of 25% in SHG intensity per 100-mV depolarization. Our data are the first demonstration of optical measurements of membrane potential of mammalian neurons with SHG. SHRIMP could have wide applicability in neuroscience and, by modifying rhodopsin, could in principle be subject for developing genetically engineered voltage sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz A Nemet
- Columbia University, Department of Biological Sciences, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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Groma GI, Colonna A, Lambry JC, Petrich JW, Váró G, Joffre M, Vos MH, Martin JL. Resonant optical rectification in bacteriorhodopsin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7971-5. [PMID: 15148391 PMCID: PMC419541 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306789101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative role of retinal isomerization and microscopic polarization in the phototransduction process of bacteriorhodopsin is still an open question. It is known that both processes occur on an ultrafast time scale. The retinal trans-->cis photoisomerization takes place on the time scale of a few hundred femtoseconds. On the other hand, it has been proposed that the primary light-induced event is a sudden polarization of the retinal environment, although there is no direct experimental evidence for femtosecond charge displacements, because photovoltaic techniques cannot be used to detect charge movements faster than picoseconds. Making use of the known high second-order susceptibility chi(2) of retinal in proteins, we have used a nonlinear technique, interferometric detection of coherent infrared emission, to study macroscopically oriented bacteriorhodopsin-containing purple membranes. We report and characterize impulsive macroscopic polarization of these films by optical rectification of an 11-fs visible light pulse in resonance with the optical transition. This finding provides direct evidence for charge separation as a precursor event for subsequent functional processes. A simple two-level model incorporating the resonant second-order optical properties of retinal, which are known to be a requirement for functioning of bacteriorhodopsin, is used to describe the observations. In addition to the electronic response, long-lived infrared emission at specific frequencies was observed, reflecting charge movements associated with vibrational motions. The simultaneous and phase-sensitive observation of both the electronic and vibrational signals opens the way to study the transduction of the initial polarization into structural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géza I Groma
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
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Oh-E M, Yokoyama H, Kim D. Mapping molecular conformation and orientation of polyimide surfaces for homeotropic liquid crystal alignment by nonlinear optical spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 69:051705. [PMID: 15244835 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.051705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface-specific sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy and second-harmonic generation were used to study the structures of polyimide (PI) surfaces for homeotropic liquid crystal (LC) alignment and the molecular orientation of LC adsobates on these surfaces. The imide ring was perpendicular to the surface with one of CO bonds protruding out of the surface and the other pointing into the bulk rather than flat on the surface. The ester CO bond in the side chain was sticking out of the surface with a tilt angle of about 45 degrees -55 degrees from the surface normal, indicating that the rigid side chain core was, more or less, along the surface normal. The part of alkyl chain on the top of the side chain followed the orientation of the side chain core and protruded out of the surface with some gauche defects. The cyano biphenyl LC molecules were adsorbed on the PI preferentially with the terminal cyano group facing the PI surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Oh-E
- Yokoyama Nano-structured LC Project, ERATO, Japan Science & Technology Agency, 5-9-9 Tokodai, Tsukuba,Ibaraki-ken 300-2635, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Millard
- Department of Physiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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Zhang L, Zeng T, Claus RO, Cooper KL. Orientationally Enhanced Photocurrent and Electrooptic Modulation Effects in Bacteriorhodopsin/Polyvinyl Alcohol Thin Films. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011500x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangmin Zhang
- Fiber & Electro-Optics Research Center, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0356, and NanoSonic Inc., 1425 South Main Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
| | - Tingying Zeng
- Fiber & Electro-Optics Research Center, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0356, and NanoSonic Inc., 1425 South Main Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
| | - Richard O. Claus
- Fiber & Electro-Optics Research Center, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0356, and NanoSonic Inc., 1425 South Main Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
| | - Kristie L. Cooper
- Fiber & Electro-Optics Research Center, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0356, and NanoSonic Inc., 1425 South Main Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
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Hong SC, Oh-e M, Zhuang X, Shen YR, Ge JJ, Harris FW, Cheng SZ. Orientations of side chains and adsorbed liquid crystal molecules on a rubbed polyimide surface studied by optical second harmonic generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 63:051706. [PMID: 11414920 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.051706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Surface second harmonic generation was used to obtain approximate orientational distributions of the side chains and the adsorbed liquid crystal (LC) molecules on a rubbed side-chain polyimide surface. Both the side chains and the LC molecules appear to be well aligned in the rubbing direction but tilted away from the surface in the antirubbing direction. The latter yields a negative pretilt angle in a homogeneously aligned LC film sandwiched between two such surfaces. The side chains and the LC molecules, however, have antiparallel orientations at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Hong
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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Kimura-Suda H, Sassa T, Wada T, Sasabe H. Simultaneous Determination of Average Direction of Molecular Orientation and Effective Second Order Nonlinear Optical Constant (|d eff|) by Phase Measurements of Second Harmonic Generation. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003202q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kimura-Suda
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Frontier Research Program (FRP), RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, 758-65 Bibi, Chitose, Hokkaido, 066-8655, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sassa
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Frontier Research Program (FRP), RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, 758-65 Bibi, Chitose, Hokkaido, 066-8655, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Wada
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Frontier Research Program (FRP), RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, 758-65 Bibi, Chitose, Hokkaido, 066-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasabe
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Frontier Research Program (FRP), RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, 758-65 Bibi, Chitose, Hokkaido, 066-8655, Japan
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Oh-e M, Hong SC, Shen YR. Polar Ordering at an Interface between a Liquid Crystal Monolayer and a Rubbed Polyimide. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0011138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Oh-e
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Seok-Cheol Hong
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Y. R. Shen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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YAMADA S, NAKANO T. Electrostatic Interactions between Surfactants and Water Soluble Dyes at the Air/Water Interface as Studied by Second Harmonic Interferometry. ANAL SCI 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.16.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Lewis A, Khatchatouriants A, Treinin M, Chen Z, Peleg G, Friedman N, Bouevitch O, Rothman Z, Loew L, Sheres M. Second-harmonic generation of biological interfaces: probing the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin and imaging membrane potential around GFP molecules at specific sites in neuronal cells of C. elegans. Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(99)00128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Orientational structure in hemicyanine self-assembled films studied by absorption spectroscopy and optical second-harmonic generation. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moltke S, Nevzorov AA, Sakai N, Wallat I, Job C, Nakanishi K, Heyn MP, Brown MF. Chromophore orientation in bacteriorhodopsin determined from the angular dependence of deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of oriented purple membranes. Biochemistry 1998; 37:11821-35. [PMID: 9718305 DOI: 10.1021/bi980676v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of prosthetic groups in membrane proteins is of considerable importance in understanding their functional role in energy conversion, signal transduction, and ion transport. In this work, the orientation of the retinylidene chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) was investigated using 2H NMR spectroscopy. Bacteriorhodopsin was regenerated with all-trans-retinal stereospecifically deuterated in one of the geminal methyl groups on C1 of the cyclohexene ring. A highly oriented sample, which is needed to obtain individual bond orientations from 2H NMR, was prepared by forming hydrated lamellar films of purple membranes on glass slides. A Monte Carlo method was developed to accurately simulate the 2H NMR line shape due to the distribution of bond angles and the orientational disorder of the membranes. The number of free parameters in the line shape simulation was reduced by independent measurements of the intrinsic line width (1.6 kHz from T2e experiments) and the effective quadrupolar coupling constant (38. 8-39.8 kHz from analysis of the line shape of a powder-type sample). The angle between the C1-(1R)-1-CD3 bond and the purple membrane normal was determined with high accuracy from the simultaneous analysis of a series of 2H NMR spectra recorded at different inclinations of the uniaxially oriented sample in the magnetic field at 20 and -50 degrees C. The value of 68.7 +/- 2.0 degrees in dark-adapted bR was used, together with the previously determined angle of the C5-CD3 bond, to calculate the possible orientations of the cyclohexene ring in the membrane. The solutions obtained from 2H NMR were then combined with additional constraints from linear dichroism and electron cryomicroscopy to obtain the allowed orientations of retinal in the noncentrosymmetric membrane structure. The combined data indicate that the methyl groups on the polyene chain point toward the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and the N-H bond of the Schiff base to the extracellular side, i.e., toward the side of proton release in the pump pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moltke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunao YAMADA
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | - I-Yin Sandy LEE
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Kyushu University
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Guo Y, Ho PP, Tirksliunas A, Liu F, Alfano RR. Optical harmonic generation from animal tissues by the use of picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses. APPLIED OPTICS 1996; 35:6810-6813. [PMID: 21151266 DOI: 10.1364/ao.35.006810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Second- and third-harmonic generations of femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses have been measured from chicken skin, muscle, and fat tissues. The magnitude of the harmonic signals showed a strong structural dependence with the signal from skin interface being the strongest. The polarization dependence of the signal was also measured and found to be consistent with the fact that the tissue samples were highly scattering random media. The second-harmonic- and third-harmonic-generation conversion efficiencies were found to be in the range of ~10(-7) to ~10(-10).
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Song Q, Harms GS, Johnson CK. Chromophore Reorientation Relative to the Membrane Plane Detected by Time-Resolved Linear Dichroism during the Bacteriorhodopsin Photocycle in Oriented Purple Membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Greg S. Harms
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Carey K. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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21
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Eisenthal KB. Liquid Interfaces Probed by Second-Harmonic and Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 1996; 96:1343-1360. [PMID: 11848793 DOI: 10.1021/cr9502211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. B. Eisenthal
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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22
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Lewis A, Rousso I, Khachatryan E, Brodsky I, Lieberman K, Sheves M. Directly probing rapid membrane protein dynamics with an atomic force microscope: a study of light-induced conformational alterations in bacteriorhodopsin. Biophys J 1996; 70:2380-4. [PMID: 9172763 PMCID: PMC1225214 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(96)79805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that an atomic force microscope can be used to directly monitor rapid membrane protein dynamics. For this demonstration the membrane-bound proton pump, bacteriorhodopsin, has been investigated. It has been unequivocally shown that the light-induced dynamic alterations that have been observed do not arise from external artifacts such as heating of the sample by the incident light, but that these changes can be directly linked to the light-induced protein conformational alterations in this membrane. In essence, it has been shown that the light energy absorbed by bacteriorhodopsin is converted not only to chemical energy but also to mechanical energy. In summary a new ultrasensitive tool is described for monitoring the molecular dynamics of materials with wide applicability to fundamental and applied science.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lewis
- Division of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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23
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Krasnogholovets V, Taranenko V, Tomchuk P, Protsenko M. Molecular mechanism of light-induced proton transport in bacteriorhodopsin. J Mol Struct 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(95)08893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Stuart JA, Vought BW, Zhang CF, Birge RR. The active site of bacteriorhodopsin. Two-photon spectroscopic evidence for a positively charged chromophore binding site mediated by calcium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/bspy.350010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Andrews DL, Allcock P, Demidov AA. Theory of second harmonic generation in randomly oriented species. Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(94)00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schwarzberg E, Berkovic G, Marowsky G. Nonlinear interferometry and phase measurements for surface second-harmonic generation in a dispersive geometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00331924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The nonlinear optical phenomenon of second harmonic generation is shown to have intrinsic sensitivity to the voltage across a biological membrane. Our results demonstrate that this second order nonlinear optical process can be used to monitor membrane voltage with excellent signal to noise and other crucial advantages. These advantages suggest extensive use of this novel approach as an important new tool in elucidating membrane potential changes in biological systems. For this first demonstration of the effect we use a chiral styryl dye which exhibits gigantic second harmonic signals. Possible mechanisms of the voltage dependence of the second harmonic signal are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bouevitch
- Division of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Reorientation of bacteriorhodopsin in the native purple membrane was studied by time-resolved linear dichroism spectroscopy (TRLD) over the millisecond time regime. The time responses observed in TRLD are distinctly different from the isotropic transient absorption (TA) at wavelengths in the range 550-590 nm, where the bacteriorhodopsin ground state absorbs. In contrast, the TA and TRLD responses have nearly identical time dependence at 410 and 690 nm, where the intermediates M and O, respectively, principally contribute. These results demonstrate ground-state bacteriorhodopsin reorientation triggered by the photocycle. The TRLD and TA data are analyzed to test models for reorientational motion. Rotational diffusion of ground-state bacteriorhodopsin cannot account for the details of the data. Rather, the results are shown to be consistent with a reversible reorientation of "spectator" (nonexcited) members of the bacteriorhodopsin trimer in the purple membrane in response to the photocycling member of the trimer. This response may be associated with cooperativity in the trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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Heyn MP, Otto H. PHOTOSELECTION AND TRANSIENT LINEAR DICHROISM WITH ORIENTED IMMOBILIZED PURPLE MEMBRANES: EVIDENCE FOR MOTION OF THE C(20)-METHYL GROUP OF THE CHROMOPHORE TOWARDS THE CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE. Photochem Photobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb09734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Oesterhelt D, Bräuchle C, Hampp N. Bacteriorhodopsin: a biological material for information processing. Q Rev Biophys 1991; 24:425-78. [PMID: 1784713 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583500003863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Technology which makes use of biological materials has advanced dramatically in the last few decades. Production of specific biochemicals by selected microbial strains, the use of enzymes for stereospecific biosynthesis of materials and gene technological production of biologically important macromolecules are a few examples of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oesterhelt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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Castro A, Bhattacharyya K, Eisenthal KB. Energetics of adsorption of neutral and charged molecules at the air/water interface by second harmonic generation: Hydrophobic and solvation effects. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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McIntosh AR, Boucher F. Photochemically induced charge separation occurring in bacteriorhodopsin. Detection by time-resolved dielectric loss. Biophys J 1991; 60:1-7. [PMID: 1883930 PMCID: PMC1260033 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(91)82025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved dielectric loss (TRDL) measurements are reported for the photochemical excitation of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) in solid films of Halobacterium halobium purple membranes. These measurements provide an independent confirmation for the existence of an important component of charge separation in these membranes after photochemical excitation. The separation of charge is detected by the absorption of microwave energy by the multilayer films of purple membranes in a microwave cavity during flash photolysis experiments. The TRDL method has the advantage of being sensitive to charge separation occurring in both oriented and unoriented films of purple membranes. One disadvantage is that the water content of the samples must be minimized, however, there is some absorbed water present in our electrodeposited solid film samples. To the best of our knowledge, TRDL measurements have not been reported previously for photochemical charge separation in biological membranes. It is significant that an early decay component of TRDL in the 20-microseconds time domain corresponds to the relaxation of the negative charge displacement photocurrent in oriented samples of purple membranes. In addition, a component of charge separation persists during the first several hundred microseconds of the bR photocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R McIntosh
- Centre de recherche en photobiophysique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
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Phase measurements in surface nonlinear optics: The effect of laser beam quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00331823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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On the action spectrum of the photoelectric transients of bacteriorhodopsin in solid-state films. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Henderson R, Baldwin JM, Ceska TA, Zemlin F, Beckmann E, Downing KH. Model for the structure of bacteriorhodopsin based on high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy. J Mol Biol 1990; 213:899-929. [PMID: 2359127 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(05)80271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2134] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin occurs naturally as two-dimensional crystals. A three-dimensional density map of the structure, at near-atomic resolution, has been obtained by studying the crystals using electron cryo-microscopy to obtain electron diffraction patterns and high-resolution micrographs. New methods were developed for analysing micrographs from tilted specimens, incorporating methods previously developed for untilted specimens that enable large areas to be analysed and corrected for distortions. Data from 72 images, from both tilted and untilted specimens, were analysed to produce the phases of 2700 independent Fourier components of the structure. The amplitudes of these components were accurately measured from 150 diffraction patterns. Together, these data represent about half of the full three-dimensional transform to 3.5 A. The map of the structure has a resolution of 3.5 A in a direction parallel to the membrane plane but lower than this in the perpendicular direction. It shows many features in the density that are resolved from the main density of the seven alpha-helices. We interpret these features as the bulky aromatic side-chains of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan residues. There is also a very dense feature, which is the beta-ionone ring of the retinal chromophore. Using these bulky side-chains as guide points and taking account of bulges in the helices that indicate smaller side-chains such as leucine, a complete atomic model for bacteriorhodopsin between amino acid residues 8 and 225 has been built. There are 21 amino acid residues, contributed by all seven helices, surrounding the retinal and 26 residues, contributed by five helices, forming the proton pathway or channel. Ten of the amino acid residues in the middle of the proton channel are also part of the retinal binding site. The model also provides a useful basis for consideration of the mechanism of proton pumping and allows a consistent interpretation of a great deal of other experimental data. In particular, the structure suggests that pK changes in the Schiff base must act as the means by which light energy is converted into proton pumping pressure in the channel. Asp96 is on the pathway from the cytoplasm to the Schiff base and Asp85 is on the pathway from the Schiff base to the extracellular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Henderson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K
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Fahmy K, Siebert F, Großjean M, Tavan P. Photoisomerization in bacteriorhodopsin studied by FTIR, linear dichroism and photoselection experiments combined with quantum chemical theoretical analysis. J Mol Struct 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(89)80017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Castro A, Ong S, Eisenthal KB. Studies of molecular properties at the surface of a liquid jet by second harmonic generation. Chem Phys Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)85159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lin SW, Mathies RA. Orientation of the protonated retinal Schiff base group in bacteriorhodopsin from absorption linear dichroism. Biophys J 1989; 56:653-60. [PMID: 2819231 PMCID: PMC1280521 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(89)82712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear dichroism experiments are performed on light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BR568) films containing native retinal (A1) and its 3,4-dehydroretinal (A2) analogue to measure the angle between the chromophore transition dipole moment and the membrane normal. QCFF/pi calculations show that the angle between the transition moment and the long axis of the polyene is changed by 3.4 degrees when the C3-C4 bond is unsaturated. The difference vector between the two transition moments points in the same direction as the Schiff base (N----H) bond for the all-trans BR568 chromophore. Because the plane of the chromophore is perpendicular to the membrane plane, a comparison of the transition moment orientations in the A1- and A2-pigments enables us to determine the orientation of the N----H bond with respect to the absolute chromophore (N----C5 vector) orientation. The angles of the transition moments are 70.3 degrees +/- 0.4 degrees and 67.8 degrees +/- 0.4 degrees for the A1- and A2-pigments, respectively. The fact that the change in the transition moment angle (2.5 degrees) is close to the predicted 3.4 degrees supports the idea that the chromophore plane is nearly perpendicular to the membrane plane. The decreased transition moment angle in the A2-analogue requires that the N----H bond and the N----C5 vector point toward the same membrane surface. Available results indicate that the N----C5 vector points toward the exterior in BR568. With this assignment, we conclude that the N----H bond points toward the exterior surface and its most likely counterion Asp-212. This information makes possible the construction of a computer graphics model for the active site in BR568.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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