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González-Cuevas JA, Argüello R, Florentin M, André FM, Mir LM. Experimental and Theoretical Brownian Dynamics Analysis of Ion Transport During Cellular Electroporation of E. coli Bacteria. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:103-123. [PMID: 37651029 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli bacterium is a rod-shaped organism composed of a complex double membrane structure. Knowledge of electric field driven ion transport through both membranes and the evolution of their induced permeabilization has important applications in biomedical engineering, delivery of genes and antibacterial agents. However, few studies have been conducted on Gram-negative bacteria in this regard considering the contribution of all ion types. To address this gap in knowledge, we have developed a deterministic and stochastic Brownian dynamics model to simulate in 3D space the motion of ions through pores formed in the plasma membranes of E. coli cells during electroporation. The diffusion coefficient, mobility, and translation time of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and Cl- ions within the pore region are estimated from the numerical model. Calculations of pore's conductance have been validated with experiments conducted at Gustave Roussy. From the simulations, it was found that the main driving force of ionic uptake during the pulse is the one due to the externally applied electric field. The results from this work provide a better understanding of ion transport during electroporation, aiding in the design of electrical pulses for maximizing ion throughput, primarily for application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A González-Cuevas
- School of Engineering, National University of Asunción, Campus San Lorenzo, 2169, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
| | - Ricardo Argüello
- School of Engineering, National University of Asunción, Campus San Lorenzo, 2169, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Marcos Florentin
- School of Chemistry, National University of Asunción, Campus San Lorenzo, 2169, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Franck M André
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, UMR 9018 METSY, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Lluis M Mir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, UMR 9018 METSY, 94805, Villejuif, France
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Timmermans R, Mastwijk H, Berendsen L, Nederhoff A, Matser A, Van Boekel M, Nierop Groot M. Moderate intensity Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) as alternative mild preservation technology for fruit juice. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 298:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Palza H, Zapata PA, Angulo-Pineda C. Electroactive Smart Polymers for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E277. [PMID: 30654487 PMCID: PMC6357059 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The flexibility in polymer properties has allowed the development of a broad range of materials with electroactivity, such as intrinsically conductive conjugated polymers, percolated conductive composites, and ionic conductive hydrogels. These smart electroactive polymers can be designed to respond rationally under an electric stimulus, triggering outstanding properties suitable for biomedical applications. This review presents a general overview of the potential applications of these electroactive smart polymers in the field of tissue engineering and biomaterials. In particular, details about the ability of these electroactive polymers to: (1) stimulate cells in the context of tissue engineering by providing electrical current; (2) mimic muscles by converting electric energy into mechanical energy through an electromechanical response; (3) deliver drugs by changing their internal configuration under an electrical stimulus; and (4) have antimicrobial behavior due to the conduction of electricity, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Palza
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile.
- Millenium Nuclei in Soft Smart Mechanical Metamaterials, Universidad de Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Paula Andrea Zapata
- Grupo de Polímeros, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 8350709 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carolina Angulo-Pineda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile.
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Krishnaveni S, Subhashini R, Rajini V. Inactivation of bacteria suspended in water by using high frequency unipolar pulse voltage. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Krishnaveni
- Department of EEE; SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam-603 110; Chennai Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Subhashini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam-603 110; Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - V. Rajini
- Department of EEE; SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam-603 110; Chennai Tamil Nadu, India
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Coustets M, Ganeva V, Galutzov B, Teissie J. Millisecond duration pulses for flow-through electro-induced protein extraction from E. coli and associated eradication. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 103:82-91. [PMID: 25183448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed electric fields are used to induce membrane permeabilization on cells. In the case of species with cell wall (yeasts, microalgae), it was previously shown that when the pulse duration was several ms long, this resulted in a cytoplasmic soluble protein slow leakage. In this work, we show that a similar consequence can be obtained with different strains of E. coli. Experimental evidences of a resulting wall alteration are described. Pre-industrial flow process pilots are used. As the membrane electropermeabilization can be irreversible by applying a proper choice of the pulse parameters, this approach is used for bacterial inactivation in flow process. It is observed that sub-millisecond pulse trains are more cost effective than longer ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coustets
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne BP64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - V Ganeva
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne BP64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Sofia University, Dept. Biophysics and Radiobiology, Biological Faculty, 8 Dragan Tzankov blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B Galutzov
- Sofia University, Dept. Biophysics and Radiobiology, Biological Faculty, 8 Dragan Tzankov blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - J Teissie
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne BP64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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Haberl S, Jarc M, Štrancar A, Peterka M, Hodžić D, Miklavčič D. Comparison of Alkaline Lysis with Electroextraction and Optimization of Electric Pulses to Extract Plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:861-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Vorobiev E, Lebovka N. Pulse Electric Field-Assisted Extraction. ENHANCING EXTRACTION PROCESSES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b11241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Electroporation in Biological Cell and Tissue: An Overview. ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES FOR EXTRACTION FROM FOOD PLANTS AND BIOMATERIALS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79374-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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El Zakhem H, Lanoisellé JL, Lebovka N, Nonus M, Vorobiev E. Influence of temperature and surfactant on Escherichia coli inactivation in aqueous suspensions treated by moderate pulsed electric fields. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 120:259-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McLenachan S, Sarsero JP, Ioannou PA. Flow-cytometric analysis of mouse embryonic stem cell lipofection using small and large DNA constructs. Genomics 2007; 89:708-20. [PMID: 17449222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using the lipofection reagent LipofectAMINE 2000 we have examined the delivery of plasmid DNA (5-200 kb) to mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells by flow cytometry. To follow the physical uptake of lipoplexes we labeled DNA molecules with the fluorescent dye TOTO-1. In parallel, expression of an EGFP reporter cassette in constructs of different sizes was used as a measure of nuclear delivery. The cellular uptake of DNA lipoplexes is dependent on the uptake competence of mES cells, but it is largely independent of DNA size. In contrast, nuclear delivery was reduced with increasing plasmid size. In addition, linear DNA is transfected with lower efficiency than circular DNA. Inefficient cytoplasmic trafficking appears to be the main limitation in the nonviral delivery of large DNA constructs to the nucleus of mES cells. Overcoming this limitation should greatly facilitate functional studies with large genomic fragments in embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel McLenachan
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Valic B, Pavlin M, Miklavcic D. The effect of resting transmembrane voltage on cell electropermeabilization: a numerical analysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2004; 63:311-5. [PMID: 15110294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane voltage induced due to applied electric field superimposes to the resting transmembrane voltage of the cell. On the part of the cell membrane, where the transmembrane voltage exceeds the threshold transmembrane voltage, changes in the membrane occur, leading to increase in membrane permeability known as electropermeabilization. This part of the cell membrane represents the permeabilized area through which the transport of molecules occurs. In this paper we calculated numerically the permeabilized area for different electric field strength, resting transmembrane voltage, cell shape and cell orientation with respect to the applied electric field. Results show that when the transmembrane voltage is near the threshold transmembrane voltage, the permeabilized area of the cell is increased on the anodic side and decreased on the cathodic side due to the resting transmembrane voltage. In some cases, only anodic side of the cell is permeabilized. Therefore, by using bipolar pulses, the permeabilized area can be significantly increased and consequentially also the efficiency of electropermeabilization. However, when the induced transmembrane voltage is far above the threshold, the effect of the resting transmembrane voltage is negligible. These observations are valid for different cell shapes and orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaz Valic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Valic B, Golzio M, Pavlin M, Schatz A, Faurie C, Gabriel B, Teissié J, Rols MP, Miklavcic D. Effect of electric field induced transmembrane potential on spheroidal cells: theory and experiment. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2003; 32:519-28. [PMID: 12712266 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-003-0296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2002] [Revised: 12/20/2002] [Accepted: 02/14/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane potential on a cell exposed to an electric field is a critical parameter for successful cell permeabilization. In this study, the effect of cell shape and orientation on the induced transmembrane potential was analyzed. The transmembrane potential was calculated on prolate and oblate spheroidal cells for various orientations with respect to the electric field direction, both numerically and analytically. Changing the orientation of the cells decreases the induced transmembrane potential from its maximum value when the longest axis of the cell is parallel to the electric field, to its minimum value when the longest axis of the cell is perpendicular to the electric field. The dependency on orientation is more pronounced for elongated cells while it is negligible for spherical cells. The part of the cell membrane where a threshold transmembrane potential is exceeded represents the area of electropermeabilization, i.e. the membrane area through which the transport of molecules is established. Therefore the surface exposed to the transmembrane potential above the threshold value was calculated. The biological relevance of these theoretical results was confirmed with experimental results of the electropermeabilization of plated Chinese hamster ovary cells, which are elongated. Theoretical and experimental results show that permeabilization is not only a function of electric field intensity and cell size but also of cell shape and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaz Valic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
Bacterial chromosome is assembled and folded into one or several nucleoids, depending on the metabolic status of the cell. Development of reliable nucleoid isolation protocols has always been an objective for researchers. A rapid and reproducible procedure for isolation of E. coli nucleoids is described here, while the cell envelope is maintained. Membrane dispersions and vesicles were prepared by lysozyme-EDTA treatment with subsequent rupture of the spheroplasts by electric field. Under these conditions the yield of electroreleased nucleoids was around 90%. The extent of DNA-envelope contacts was determined by light microscopy employing phase contrast and fluorescence modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Süleymanoğlu
- Biophysics and Microscopy Group, Section of Molecular Cytology, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, BioCentrum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Joshi RP, Hu Q, Schoenbach KH, Hjalmarson HP. Theoretical predictions of electromechanical deformation of cells subjected to high voltages for membrane electroporation. PHYSICAL REVIEW E 2002; 65:021913. [PMID: 11863569 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.021913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An electromechanical analysis based on thin-shell theory is presented to analyze cell shape changes in response to external electric fields. This approach can be extended to include osmotic-pressure changes. Our calculations demonstrate that at large fields, the spherical cell geometry can be significantly modified, and even ellipsoidal forms would be inappropriate to account for the deformation. Values of the surface forces obtained from our calculations are in very good agreement with the 1--10 mN/m range for membrane rupture reported in the literature. The results, in keeping with reports in the literature, demonstrate that the final shape depends on membrane thickness. This has direct implications for tissues in which significant molecular restructuring can occur. It is also shown that, at least for the smaller electric fields, both the cellular surface area and volume change roughly in a quadratic manner with the electric field. Finally, it is shown that the bending moments are generally quite small and can be neglected for a simpler analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Joshi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0246, USA
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Teissié J, Eynard N, Vernhes MC, Bénichou A, Ganeva V, Galutzov B, Cabanes PA. Recent biotechnological developments of electropulsation. A prospective review. Bioelectrochemistry 2002; 55:107-12. [PMID: 11786352 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(01)00138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last 25 years, basic research has improved our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms triggered at the membrane level by electric pulses. Applied aspects may now be used under safe conditions. Electropulsation is known as a very efficient tool for obtaining gene transfer in many species to produce genetically modified organisms (GMO). This is routinely used for industrial purposes to transfer exogenous activities in bacteria, yeasts and plants. The method is simple and of a low cost. But electropulsation is not limited to this application for biotechnological purposes. It is known that the field-associated membrane alterations can be irreversible. The pulsed species cannot recover after the treatment. Their viability is strongly affected. This appears as a very promising technology for the eradication of pathogenic microorganisms. Recent developments are proposed for sterilization purposes. New flow technologies of field generation allow the treatment of large volumes of solution. When high flow rates are used, microorganisms are submitted both to a hydromechanical and to an electrical stress. The synergy of the two effects may be present when suitable pulsing conditions are chosen. Several examples for the treatment of domestic water and in the food industry are described. Walled microorganisms are affected not only at the membrane level. We observed that alterations are present on the cell wall. A very promising technology is the associated controlled leakage of the cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Large dimeric proteins such as beta-galactosidases can be extracted at a high yield. High volumes can be treated by using a flow process. Extraction of proteins is obtained with many systems including mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Teissié
- IPBS CNRS (UMR 5089), 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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16
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Joshi RP, Hu Q, Aly R, Schoenbach KH, Hjalmarson HP. Self-consistent simulations of electroporation dynamics in biological cells subjected to ultrashort electrical pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 64:011913. [PMID: 11461294 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.011913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2001] [Revised: 04/04/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The temporal dynamics of electroporation of cells subjected to ultrashort voltage pulses are studied based on a coupled scheme involving the Laplace, Nernst-Plank, and Smoluchowski equations. A pore radius dependent energy barrier for ionic transport, accounts for cellular variations. It is shown that a finite time delay exists in pore formation, and leads to a transient overshoot of the transmembrane potential V(mem) beyond 1.0 V. Pore resealing is shown to consist of an initial fast process, a 10(-4) s delay, followed by a much slower closing at a time constant of about 10(-1) s. This establishes a time-window during which the pores are mostly open, and hence, the system is most vulnerable to destruction by a second electric pulse. The existence of such a time window for effective killing by a second pulse is amply supported by our experimental data for E. coli cells. The time constant for the longer process also matches experiments. The study suggests that controlled manipulation of the pore "open times" can be achieved through multiple, ultrashort pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Joshi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0246, USA
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