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Atlante A, Valenti D. Mitochondrial Complex I and β-Amyloid Peptide Interplay in Alzheimer's Disease: A Critical Review of New and Old Little Regarded Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15951. [PMID: 37958934 PMCID: PMC10650435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia which is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline that severely interferes with daily activities of personal life. At a pathological level, it is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein structures in the brain-β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and Tau tangles-which interfere with communication between neurons and lead to their dysfunction and death. In recent years, research on AD has highlighted the critical involvement of mitochondria-the primary energy suppliers for our cells-in the onset and progression of the disease, since mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits precede the beginning of the disease and mitochondria are very sensitive to Aβ toxicity. On the other hand, if it is true that the accumulation of Aβ in the mitochondria leads to mitochondrial malfunctions, it is otherwise proven that mitochondrial dysfunction, through the generation of reactive oxygen species, causes an increase in Aβ production, by initiating a vicious cycle: there is therefore a bidirectional relationship between Aβ aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we focus on the latest news-but also on neglected evidence from the past-concerning the interplay between dysfunctional mitochondrial complex I, oxidative stress, and Aβ, in order to understand how their interplay is implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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2
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Du Z, Nam E, Lin Y, Hong M, Molnár T, Kondo I, Ishimori K, Baik MH, Lee YH, Lim MH. Unveiling the impact of oxidation-driven endogenous protein interactions on the dynamics of amyloid-β aggregation and toxicity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5340-5349. [PMID: 37234895 PMCID: PMC10208028 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cyt c), a multifunctional protein with a crucial role in controlling cell fate, has been implicated in the amyloid pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the interaction between Cyt c and amyloid-β (Aβ) with the consequent impact on the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ is not known. Here we report that Cyt c can directly bind to Aβ and alter the aggregation and toxicity profiles of Aβ in a manner that is dependent on the presence of a peroxide. When combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Cyt c redirects Aβ peptides into less toxic, off-pathway amorphous aggregates, whereas without H2O2, it promotes Aβ fibrillization. The mechanisms behind these effects may involve a combination of the complexation between Cyt c and Aβ, the oxidation of Aβ by Cyt c and H2O2, and the modification of Cyt c by H2O2. Our findings demonstrate a new function of Cyt c as a modulator against Aβ amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Du
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 PR China
| | - Eunju Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Tamás Molnár
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ikufumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Koichiro Ishimori
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology (UST) Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
- Research Headquarters, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu 41068 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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3
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Sbai O, Bazzani V, Tapaswi S, McHale J, Vascotto C, Perrone L. Is Drp1 a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1166879. [PMID: 37251647 PMCID: PMC10213291 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1166879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances highlight that inflammation is critical to Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathogenesis. Indeed, several diseases characterized by inflammation are considered risk factors for AD, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and traumatic brain injury. Moreover, allelic variations in genes involved in the inflammatory cascade are risk factors for AD. AD is also characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, which affects the energy homeostasis of the brain. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction has been characterized mostly in neuronal cells. However, recent data are demonstrating that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs also in inflammatory cells, promoting inflammation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn induce neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize the recent finding supporting the hypothesis of the inflammatory-amyloid cascade in AD. Moreover, we describe the recent data that demonstrate the link between altered mitochondrial dysfunction and the inflammatory cascade. We focus in summarizing the role of Drp1, which is involved in mitochondrial fission, showing that altered Drp1 activation affects the mitochondrial homeostasis and leads to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, promoting the inflammatory cascade, which in turn aggravates Amyloid beta (Ab) deposition and tau-induced neurodegeneration, showing the relevance of this pro-inflammatory pathway as an early event in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Sbai
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Joshua McHale
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Vascotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lorena Perrone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Aklima J, Onchaiya S, Saotome T, Velmurugan P, Motoichi T, Naima J, Kuroda Y, Ohta Y. Direct Analysis of Mitochondrial Damage Caused by Misfolded/Destabilized Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179881. [PMID: 36077279 PMCID: PMC9456338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control is essential for cellular homeostasis. In this study, we examined the effect of improperly folded proteins that do not form amyloid fibrils on mitochondria, which play important roles in ATP production and cell death. First, we prepared domain 3 of the dengue envelope protein in wild type and four mutants with widely different biophysical properties in misfolded/aggregated or destabilized states. The effects of the different proteins were detected using fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting, which revealed that three of the five proteins disrupted both inner and outer membrane integrity, while the other two proteins, including the wild type, did not. Next, we examined the common characteristics of the proteins that displayed toxicity against mitochondria by measuring oligomer size, molten globule-like properties, and thermal stability. The common feature of all three toxic proteins was thermal instability. Therefore, our data strongly suggest that thermally unstable proteins generated in the cytosol can cause cellular damage by coming into direct contact with mitochondria. More importantly, we revealed that this damage is not amyloid-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Aklima
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sawaros Onchaiya
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomonori Saotome
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Punitha Velmurugan
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Taihei Motoichi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Jannatul Naima
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kuroda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohta
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Ayyalasomayajula N, Bandaru LJM, Chetty CS, Dixit PK, Challa S. Mitochondria-Mediated Moderation of Apoptosis by EGCG in Cytotoxic Neuronal Cells Induced by Lead (Pb) and Amyloid Peptides. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3582-3593. [PMID: 34796416 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The developmental, epigenetic, and epidemiological studies on lead (Pb) toxicity have reported a strong connection between lead exposure and the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The amyloid peptides were the main triggering elements, in the generation of extracellular plaques through which multiple cellular signaling events such as apoptosis and primarily oxidant-antioxidant balancing system will be affected, which leads to neuronal cell death. Our previous studies indicated that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), abundantly present in green tea, was found to be effective in alleviating the metal-induced neurotoxicity at the cellular level in terms of cell viability and apoptosis The aim of this study was to explore the protective mechanism of EGCG on the markers of oxidant-antioxidant system and mitochondria, which are involved in metal-induced neuronal cell death. Initially, the IC50 values for lead(Pb-5 µM), amyloid peptides (AP(1-40)-60 µM; AP(1-40)-8 µM), and EC50 value for EGCG(50 µM) were determined by both time- (12 h, 24 h, 48 h) and concentration-dependent manner and analyzed by MTT assay. The experimental groups were designed initially by treating with Pb and APs individually and in different combinations along with the presence of EGCG and are compared to the Pb and AP treated group without EGCG exposure. The cell lysates were used for analyzing oxidative stress markers by standardized laboratory protocol and the expression of mitochondrial markers such as VDAC and cytochrome C which were analyzed by both western blot and real-time PCR. Our results indicate that the EGCG-treated group has shown a significant increase in antioxidant marker expression levels (GSH, SOD, catalase, vitamin C) and a decrease in oxidative stress marker (NOS, MDA) levels when compared to the group without EGCG treatment (p < 0.05). Similarly, a significant decrease in expression levels of VDAC and cytochrome c were observed in the EGCG-treated group when compared to the group without EGCG treatment (p < 0.05). Our approach revealed that EGCG protects SH-SY5Y cells from Pb- and AP-induced cytotoxicity by regulating voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) expression and oxidant-antioxidant system and inhibits neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chellu S Chetty
- Department of Natural Sciences, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA, USA
| | | | - Suresh Challa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, 50007, India.
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Wilkins HM, Troutwine BR, Menta BW, Manley SJ, Strope TA, Lysaker CR, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Influences Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Localization and Amyloid-β Secretion. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:381-394. [PMID: 34806611 PMCID: PMC9212216 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ), which derives from the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), forms plaques and serves as a fluid biomarker in Alzheimer's disease (AD). How Aβ forms from AβPP is known, but questions relating to AβPP and Aβ biology remain unanswered. AD patients show mitochondrial dysfunction, and an Aβ/AβPP mitochondria relationship exists. OBJECTIVE We considered how mitochondrial biology may impact AβPP and Aβ biology. METHODS SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with AβPP constructs. After treatment with FCCP (uncoupler), Oligomycin (ATP synthase inhibitor), or starvation Aβ levels were measured. β-secretase (BACE1) expression was measured. Mitochondrial localized full-length AβPP was also measured. All parameters listed were measured in ρ0 cells on an SH-SY5Y background. iPSC derived neurons were also used to verify key results. RESULTS We showed that mitochondrial depolarization routes AβPP to, while hyperpolarization routes AβPP away from, the organelle. Mitochondrial AβPP and cell Aβ secretion inversely correlate, as cells with more mitochondrial AβPP secrete less Aβ, and cells with less mitochondrial AβPP secrete more Aβ. An inverse relationship between secreted/extracellular Aβ and intracellular Aβ was observed. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate mitochondrial function alters AβPP localization and suggest enhanced mitochondrial activity promotes Aβ secretion while depressed mitochondrial activity minimizes Aβ secretion. Our data complement other studies that indicate a mitochondrial, AβPP, and Aβ nexus, and could help explain why cerebrospinal fluid Aβ is lower in those with AD. Our data further suggest Aβ secretion could serve as a biomarker of cell or tissue mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Benjamin R. Troutwine
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Blaise W. Menta
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Sharon J. Manley
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Taylor A. Strope
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Colton R. Lysaker
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Guan PP, Cao LL, Yang Y, Wang P. Calcium Ions Aggravate Alzheimer's Disease Through the Aberrant Activation of Neuronal Networks, Leading to Synaptic and Cognitive Deficits. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:757515. [PMID: 34924952 PMCID: PMC8674839 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.757515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, leading to the formation of β-amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although calcium ions (Ca2+) promote the formation of APs and NFTs, no systematic review of the mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the development and progression of AD has been published. Therefore, the current review aimed to fill the gaps between elevated Ca2+ levels and the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, we mainly focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the neuronal networks of neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, and autophagy. Furthermore, the roles of Ca2+ transporters located in the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and lysosome in mediating the effects of Ca2+ on activating neuronal networks that ultimately contribute to the development and progression of AD are discussed. Finally, the drug candidates derived from herbs used as food or seasoning in Chinese daily life are summarized to provide a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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8
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ABAD/17β-HSD10 reduction contributes to the protective mechanism of huperzine a on the cerebral mitochondrial function in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Demirev AV, Song HL, Cho MH, Cho K, Peak JJ, Yoo HJ, Kim DH, Yoon SY. V232M substitution restricts a distinct O-glycosylation of PLD3 and its neuroprotective function. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:182-194. [PMID: 31121321 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between Val232Met variant of phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still obscure. While it may not affect directly the amyloid precursor protein function, PLD3 could be regulating multiple cellular compartments. Here, we investigated the function of wild-type human PLD3 (PLD3WT) and the Val232Met variant (PLD3VM) in the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) in a Drosophila melanogaster model of AD. We expressed PLD3WT in CNS of the Aβ-model flies and monitored its effect on the ER stress, cell apoptosis and recovery the Aβ-induced cognitive impairment. The expression reduced ER stress and neuronal apoptosis, which resulted in normalized antioxidative phospholipids levels and brain protection. A specific O-glycosylation at pT271 in PLD3 is essential for its normal trafficking and cellular localization. The V232 M substitution impairs this O-glycosylation, leading to enlarged lysosomes and plausibly aberrant protein recycling. PLD3VM was less neuroprotective, and while, PLD3WT expression enhances the lysosomal functions, V232 M attenuated PLD3's trafficking to the lysosomes. Thus, the V232 M mutation may affect AD pathogenesis. Further understanding of the mechanistic role of PLD3 in AD could lead to developing novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ha-Lim Song
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ADEL Institute of Science and Technology (AIST), ADEL, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Cho
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmin Cho
- ADEL Institute of Science and Technology (AIST), ADEL, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Peak
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hou Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Yong Yoon
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ADEL Institute of Science and Technology (AIST), ADEL, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Bjørklund G, Aaseth J, Dadar M, Chirumbolo S. Molecular Targets in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7032-7044. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Briston T, Hicks AR. Mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative proteinopathies: mechanisms and prospects for therapeutic intervention. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:829-842. [PMID: 29986938 PMCID: PMC6103456 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative proteinopathies are a group of pathologically similar, progressive disorders of the nervous system, characterised by structural alterations within and toxic misfolding of susceptible proteins. Oligomerisation of Aβ, tau, α-synuclein and TDP-43 leads to a toxin gain- or loss-of-function contributing to the phenotype observed in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Misfolded proteins can adversely affect mitochondria, and post-mitotic neurones are especially sensitive to metabolic dysfunction. Misfolded proteins impair mitochondrial dynamics (morphology and trafficking), preventing functional mitochondria reaching the synapse, the primary site of ATP utilisation. Furthermore, a direct association of misfolded proteins with mitochondria may precipitate or augment dysfunctional oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial quality control, causing redox dyshomeostasis observed in disease. As such, a significant interest lies in understanding mechanisms of mitochondrial toxicity in neurodegenerative disorders and in dissecting these mechanisms with a view of maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in disease. Recent advances in understanding mitochondrially controlled cell death pathways and elucidating the mitochondrial permeability pore bioarchitecture are beginning to present new avenues to target neurodegeneration. Novel mitochondrial roles of deubiquitinating enzymes are coming to light and present an opportunity for a new class of proteins to target therapeutically with the aim of promoting mitophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The brain is enormously metabolically active, placing a large emphasis on maintaining ATP supply. Therefore, identifying mechanisms to sustain mitochondrial function may represent a common intervention point across all proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Briston
- Neurology Innovation Centre, Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, U.K.
| | - Amy R Hicks
- Neurology Innovation Centre, Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, U.K
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12
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Murata T, Yamaguchi M, Kohno S, Takahashi C, Kakimoto M, Sugimura Y, Kamihara M, Hikita K, Kaneda N. Regucalcin confers resistance to amyloid-β toxicity in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:349-360. [PMID: 29511612 PMCID: PMC5832982 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid‐β (Aβ), a primary component of amyloid plaques, has been widely associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The Ca2+‐binding protein regucalcin (RGN) plays multiple roles in maintaining cell functions by regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis, various signaling pathways, and gene expression systems. Here, we investigated the functional role of RGN against Aβ‐induced cytotoxicity in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. Overexpression of RGN reduced Aβ‐induced apoptosis by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. It also attenuated Aβ‐induced reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage and decreased Aβ‐induced nitric oxide (NO) overproduction, upregulation of inducible NO synthase by nuclear factor‐κB, and nitrosative damage. Interestingly, the genetic disruption of RGN increased the susceptibility of neuronally differentiated PC12 cells to Aβ toxicity. Thus, RGN possesses antioxidant activity against Aβ‐induced oxidative and nitrosative stress and may play protective roles against Aβ‐induced neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiyasu Murata
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) CA USA
| | - Susumu Kohno
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University Ishikawa Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University Ishikawa Japan
| | - Mitsumi Kakimoto
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Yukiko Sugimura
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Mako Kamihara
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Kiyomi Hikita
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Norio Kaneda
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Krelin Y, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Arif T. Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 As an Emerging Drug Target for Novel Anti-Cancer Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2017; 7:154. [PMID: 28824871 PMCID: PMC5534932 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells share several properties, high proliferation potential, reprogramed metabolism, and resistance to apoptotic cues. Acquiring these hallmarks involves changes in key oncogenes and non-oncogenes essential for cancer cell survival and prosperity, and is accompanied by the increased energy requirements of proliferating cells. Mitochondria occupy a central position in cell life and death with mitochondrial bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and signaling are critical for tumorigenesis. Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) is situated in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and serving as a mitochondrial gatekeeper. VDAC1 allowing the transfer of metabolites, fatty acid ions, Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and cholesterol across the OMM and is a key player in mitochondrial-mediate apoptosis. Moreover, VDAC1 serves as a hub protein, interacting with diverse sets of proteins from the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria that together regulate metabolic and signaling pathways. The observation that VDAC1 is over-expressed in many cancers suggests that the protein may play a pivotal role in cancer cell survival. However, VDAC1 is also important in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, mediating release of apoptotic proteins and interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-xL, and hexokinase (HK), which are also highly expressed in many cancers. Strategically located in a “bottleneck” position, controlling metabolic homeostasis and apoptosis, VDAC1 thus represents an emerging target for anti-cancer drugs. This review presents an overview on the multi-functional mitochondrial protein VDAC1 performing several functions and interacting with distinct sets of partners to regulate both cell life and death, and highlights the importance of the protein for cancer cell survival. We address recent results related to the mechanisms of VDAC1-mediated apoptosis and the potential of associated proteins to modulate of VDAC1 activity, with the aim of developing VDAC1-based approaches. The first strategy involves modification of cell metabolism using VDAC1-specific small interfering RNA leading to inhibition of cancer cell and tumor growth and reversed oncogenic properties. The second strategy involves activation of cancer cell death using VDAC1-based peptides that prevent cell death induction by anti-apoptotic proteins. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of treatments and drugs leading to enhanced VDAC1 expression or targeting VDAC1 to induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yakov Krelin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Wilkins HM, Swerdlow RH. Amyloid precursor protein processing and bioenergetics. Brain Res Bull 2016; 133:71-79. [PMID: 27545490 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to amyloid beta (Aβ) is of great interest to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field. Decades of research define how APP is altered to form Aβ, and how Aβ generates oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils. Numerous signaling pathways and changes in cell physiology are known to influence APP processing. Existing data additionally indicate a relationship exists between mitochondria, bioenergetics, and APP processing. Here, we review data that address whether mitochondrial function and bioenergetics modify APP processing and Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA.
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15
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Li XH, Deng YY, Li F, Shi JS, Gong QH. Neuroprotective effects of sodium hydrosulfide against β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1152-60. [PMID: 27511125 PMCID: PMC5029968 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to be caused by the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). The accumulation of Aβ has been shown to cause learning and memory impairment in rats, and it has been shown that hydrogen sulfide donors, such as sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) can attenuate these effects. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully eludicated. This study was designed to investigate whether NaHS attenuates the inflammation and apoptosis induced by Aβ. We demonstrated that NaHS attenuated Aβ25–35-induced neuronal reduction and apoptosis, and inhibited the activation of pro-caspase-3. It also decreased the protein expresion of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) in the hippocampus of the rats. In addition, NaHS upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and PPAR-γ, but it did not affect the expression of PPAR-β. Moreover, the Aβ25–35-exposed rats exhibited a decrease in IκB-α degradation and an increase in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 phosphorylation levels, whereas these effects were attenuated by NaHS. Our data suggest that NaHS prevents Aβ-induced neurotoxicity via the upregulation of PPAR-α and PPAR-γ and the inhibition of PDE5. Hence NaHS may prove to be beneficial in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Shan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Hai Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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16
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Smilansky A, Dangoor L, Nakdimon I, Ben-Hail D, Mizrachi D, Shoshan-Barmatz V. The Voltage-dependent Anion Channel 1 Mediates Amyloid β Toxicity and Represents a Potential Target for Alzheimer Disease Therapy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30670-83. [PMID: 26542804 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), found in the mitochondrial outer membrane, forms the main interface between mitochondrial and cellular metabolisms, mediates the passage of a variety of molecules across the mitochondrial outer membrane, and is central to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. VDAC1 is overexpressed in post-mortem brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. The development and progress of AD are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the cytotoxic effects of accumulated amyloid β (Aβ). In this study we demonstrate the involvement of VDAC1 and a VDAC1 N-terminal peptide (VDAC1-N-Ter) in Aβ cell penetration and cell death induction. Aβ directly interacted with VDAC1 and VDAC1-N-Ter, as monitored by VDAC1 channel conductance, surface plasmon resonance, and microscale thermophoresis. Preincubated Aβ interacted with bilayer-reconstituted VDAC1 and increased its conductance ∼ 2-fold. Incubation of cells with Aβ resulted in mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death. However, the presence of non-cell-penetrating VDAC1-N-Ter peptide prevented Aβ cellular entry and Aβ-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Likewise, silencing VDAC1 expression by specific siRNA prevented Aβ entry into the cytosol as well as Aβ-induced toxicity. Finally, the mode of Aβ-mediated action involves detachment of mitochondria-bound hexokinase, induction of VDAC1 oligomerization, and cytochrome c release, a sequence of events leading to apoptosis. As such, we suggest that Aβ-mediated toxicity involves mitochondrial and plasma membrane VDAC1, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis induction. The VDAC1-N-Ter peptide targeting Aβ cytotoxicity is thus a potential new therapeutic strategy for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Smilansky
- From the Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and
| | - Liron Dangoor
- From the Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and
| | - Itay Nakdimon
- From the Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and
| | - Danya Ben-Hail
- From the Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and
| | - Dario Mizrachi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- From the Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel and
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17
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015. [PMID: 26221414 PMCID: PMC4499633 DOI: 10.1155/2015/509654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Currently, there is no effective treatment for AD, which indicates the necessity to understand the pathogenic mechanism of this disorder. Extracellular aggregates of amyloid precursor protein (APP), called Aβ peptide and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), formed by tau protein in the hyperphosphorylated form are considered the hallmarks of AD. Accumulative evidence suggests that tau pathology and Aβ affect neuronal cells compromising energy supply, antioxidant response, and synaptic activity. In this context, it has been showed that mitochondrial function could be affected by the presence of tau pathology and Aβ in AD. Mitochondria are essential for brain cells function and the improvement of mitochondrial activity contributes to preventing neurodegeneration. Several reports have suggested that mitochondria could be affected in terms of morphology, bioenergetics, and transport in AD. These defects affect mitochondrial health, which later will contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we will discuss evidence that supports the importance of mitochondrial injury in the pathogenesis of AD and how studying these mechanisms could lead us to suggest new targets for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention against neurodegeneration.
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18
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Yin X, Cai J, Feng H, Wu Z, Zou J, Cai Q. A novel VS2nanosheet-based biosensor for rapid fluorescence detection of cytochrome c. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01971g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A VS2/aptamer-based cytochromecsensor was successfully constructed by first applying the DNA-adsorbing ability/fluorescence-quenching properties of VS2in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Jin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Hongyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Zeming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Jianmei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
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19
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Plácido AI, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI, Pereira CMF. Enhanced Amyloidogenic Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein and Cell Death Under Prolonged Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Brain Endothelial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:571-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Rao VK, Carlson EA, Yan SS. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a potential drug target for neurodegeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1267-72. [PMID: 24055979 PMCID: PMC3991756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) plays a central role in alterations of mitochondrial structure and function leading to neuronal injury relevant to aging and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). mPTP putatively consists of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) and cyclophilin D (CypD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase intra-cellular calcium and enhance the formation of mPTP that leads to neuronal cell death in AD. CypD-dependent mPTP can play a crucial role in ischemia/reperfusion injury. The interaction of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) with CypD potentiates mitochondrial and neuronal perturbation. This interaction triggers the formation of mPTP, resulting in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired mitochondrial respiration function, increased oxidative stress, release of cytochrome c, and impaired axonal mitochondrial transport. Thus, the CypD-dependent mPTP is directly linked to the cellular and synaptic perturbations observed in the pathogenesis of AD. Designing small molecules to block this interaction would lessen the effects of Aβ neurotoxicity. This review summarizes the recent progress on mPTP and its potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valasani Koteswara Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Emily A Carlson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Shirley Shidu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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21
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Sarkar P, Zaja I, Bienengraeber M, Rarick KR, Terashvili M, Canfield S, Falck JR, Harder DR. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids pretreatment improves amyloid β-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H475-84. [PMID: 24285116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00001.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) has long been implicated as a causative protein in Alzheimer's disease. Cellular Aβ accumulation is toxic and causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which precedes clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease pathology. In the present study, we explored the possible use of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxide metabolites of arachidonic acid, as therapeutic target against Aβ-induced mitochondrial impairment using cultured neonatal hippocampal astrocytes. Inhibition of endogenous EET production by a selective epoxygenase inhibitor, MS-PPOH, caused a greater reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential in the presence of Aβ (1, 10 μM) exposure versus absence of Aβ. MS-PPOH preincubation also aggravated Aβ-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Preincubation of the cells with either 14,15- or 11,12-EET prevented this mitochondrial depolarization and fragmentation. EET pretreatment also further improved the reduction observed in mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the presence of Aβ. Preincubation of the cells with EETs significantly improved cellular respiration under basal condition and in the presence of the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP). The uncoupling of ATP synthase from the electron transfer chain that occurred in Aβ-treated cells was also prevented by preincubation with EETs. Lastly, cellular reactive oxygen species production, a hallmark of Aβ toxicity, also showed significant reduction in the presence of EETs. We have previously shown that Aβ reduces EET synthesis in rat brain homogenates and cultured hippocampal astrocytes and neurons (Sarkar P, Narayanan J, Harder DR. Differential effect of amyloid beta on the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase activity in rat brain. Neuroscience 194: 241-249, 2011). We conclude that reduction of endogenous EETs may be one of the mechanisms through which Aβ inflicts toxicity and thus supplementing the cells with exogenous EETs improves mitochondrial dynamics and prevents metabolic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Sarkar
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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22
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Kim IK, Lee KJ, Rhee S, Seo SB, Pak JH. Protective effects of peroxiredoxin 6 overexpression on amyloid β-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:836-46. [PMID: 23937564 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.833330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress triggered by amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation contributes substantially to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we examined the involvement of the antioxidant activity of peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx 6) in protecting against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in rat PC12 cells. Treatment of PC12 cells with Aβ25-35 resulted in a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity that was associated with increased accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death, including activation of Caspase 3 and 9, inactivation of poly ADP-ribosyl polymerse (PARP), and dysregulation of Bcl-2 and Bax. This apoptotic signaling machinery was markedly attenuated in PC12 cells that overexpress wild-type Prdx 6, but not in cells that overexpress the C47S catalytic mutant of Prdx 6. This indicates that the peroxidase activity of Prdx 6 protects PC12 cells from Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective role of the antioxidant Prdx 6 suggests its therapeutic and/or prophylactic potential to slow the progression of AD and limit the extent of neuronal cell death caused by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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23
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Newington JT, Rappon T, Albers S, Wong DY, Rylett RJ, Cumming RC. Overexpression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase A in nerve cells confers resistance to amyloid β and other toxins by decreasing mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species production. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37245-58. [PMID: 22948140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.366195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that nerve cell lines selected for resistance to amyloid β (Aβ) peptide exhibit elevated aerobic glycolysis in part due to increased expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). Here, we show that overexpression of either PDK1 or LDHA in a rat CNS cell line (B12) confers resistance to Aβ and other neurotoxins. Treatment of Aβ-sensitive cells with various toxins resulted in mitochondrial hyperpolarization, immediately followed by rapid depolarization and cell death, events accompanied by increased production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, cells expressing either PDK1 or LDHA maintained a lower mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased ROS production with or without exposure to toxins. Additionally, PDK1- and LDHA-overexpressing cells exhibited decreased oxygen consumption but maintained levels of ATP under both normal culture conditions and following Aβ treatment. Interestingly, immunoblot analysis of wild type mouse primary cortical neurons treated with Aβ or cortical tissue extracts from 12-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice showed decreased expression of LDHA and PDK1 when compared with controls. Additionally, post-mortem brain extracts from patients with Alzheimer disease exhibited a decrease in PDK1 expression compared with nondemented patients. Collectively, these findings indicate that key Warburg effect enzymes play a central role in mediating neuronal resistance to Αβ or other neurotoxins by decreasing mitochondrial activity and subsequent ROS production. Maintenance of PDK1 or LDHA expression in certain regions of the brain may explain why some individuals tolerate high levels of Aβ deposition without developing Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Newington
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Gao X, Zheng CY, Qin GW, Tang XC, Zhang HY. S-52, a novel nootropic compound, protects against β-amyloid induced neuronal injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1981-8. [PMID: 22714678 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced oxidative DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction may initiate and contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of S-52, a novel nootropic compound, on Aβ-induced mitochondrial failure. In an established paradigm of moderate cellular injury induced by Aβ, S-52 was observed to attenuate the toxicity of Aβ to energy metabolism, mitochondrial membrane structure, and key enzymes in the electron transport chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, S-52 also effectively inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation dose dependently not only in Aβ-harmed cells but also in unharmed, normal cells. The role of S-52 as a scavenger of free radicals is involved in the antioxidative effect of this compound. The beneficial effects on mitochondria and oxidative stress extend the neuroprotective effects of S-52. The present study provides crucial information for better understanding the beneficial profiles of this compound and discovering novel potential drug candidates for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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25
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Lloret A, Badia MC, Giraldo E, Ermak G, Alonso MD, Pallardó FV, Davies KJA, Viña J. Amyloid-β toxicity and tau hyperphosphorylation are linked via RCAN1 in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 27:701-9. [PMID: 21876249 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) toxicity and tau hyperphosphorylation are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). How their molecular relationships may affect the etiology, progression, and severity of the disease, however, has not been elucidated. We now report that incubation of fetal rat cortical neurons with Aβ upregulates expression of the Regulator of Calcineurin gene RCAN1, and this is mediated by Aβ-induced oxidative stress. Calcineurin (PPP3CA) is a serine-threonine phosphatase that dephosphorylates tau. RCAN1 proteins inhibit this phosphatase activity of calcineurin. Increased expression of RCAN1 also causes upregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), a tau kinase. Thus, increased RCAN1 expression might be expected to decrease phospho-tau dephosphorylation (via calcineurin inhibition) and increase tau phosphorylation (via increased GSK3β activity). Indeed, we find that incubation of primary cortical neurons with Aβ results in increased phosphorylation of tau, unless RCAN1 gene expression is silenced, or antioxidants are added. Thus we propose a mechanism to link Aβ toxicity and tau hyperphosphorylation in AD: In our hypothesis, Aβ causes mitochondrial oxidative stress and increases production of reactive oxygen species, which result in an upregulation of RCAN1 gene expression. RCAN1 proteins then both inhibit calcineurin and induce expression of GSK3β. Both mechanisms shift tau to a hyperphosphorylated state. We also find that lymphocytes from persons whose ApoE genotype is ε4/ε4 (with high risk of developing AD) show higher levels of RCAN1 and phospho-tau than those carrying the ApoE ε3/ε3 or ε3/ε4 genotypes. Thus upregulation of RCAN1 may be a valuable biomarker for AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lloret
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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26
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Kapay NA, Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Popova OV, Zorov DB, Skrebitsky VG, Skulachev VP. In vivo injected mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone antioxidant SkQR1 prevents β-amyloid-induced decay of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:1367-70. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911120108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Devi L, Ohno M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of the β-secretase-cleaved C-terminal fragment of APP in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:417-24. [PMID: 21933711 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease. Emerging evidence indicates that amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides enter mitochondria and may thereby disrupt mitochondrial function in brains of AD patients and transgenic model mice. However, it remains to be determined whether the β-cleaved C-terminal fragment (C99), another neurotoxic fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APP), may accumulate in mitochondria of neurons affected by AD. Using immunoblotting, digitonin fractionation and immunofluorescence labeling techniques, we found that C99 is targeted to mitochondria, in particular, to the mitoplast (i.e., inner membrane and matrix compartments) in brains of AD transgenic mice (5XFAD model). Furthermore, full-length APP (fl-APP) was also identified in mitochondrial fractions of 5XFAD mice. Remarkably, partial deletion of the β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1(+/-)) almost completely abolished mitochondrial targeting of C99 and fl-APP in 5XFAD mice at 6 months of age. However, substantial amounts of C99 and fl-APP accumulation remained in mitochondria of 12-month-old BACE1(+/-)·5XFAD mouse brains. Consistent with these changes in mitochondrial C99/fl-APP levels, BACE1(+/-) deletion age-dependently rescued mitochondrial dysfunction in 5XFAD mice, as assessed by cytochrome c release from mitochondria, reduced redox or complex activities and oxidative DNA damage. Moreover, BACE1(+/-) deletion also improved memory deficits as tested by the spontaneous alternation Y-maze task in 5XFAD mice at 6 months but not at 12 months of age. Taken together, our findings suggest that mitochondrial accumulation of C99 and fl-APP may occur through BACE1-dependent mechanisms and contribute to inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairments associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Devi
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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Baloyannis SJ. Mitochondria are related to synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:305395. [PMID: 21922047 PMCID: PMC3171689 DOI: 10.4061/2011/305395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological alterations of mitochondria may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, been associated with oxidative stress and Aβ-peptide-induced toxicity. We proceeded to estimation of mitochondria on electron micrographs of autopsy specimens of Alzheimer's disease. We found substantial morphological and morphometric changes of the mitochondria in the neurons of the hippocampus, the neocortex, the cerebellar cortex, the thalamus, the globus pallidus, the red nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the climbing fibers. The alterations consisted of considerable changes of the cristae, accumulation of osmiophilic material, and modification of the shape and size. Mitochondrial alterations were prominent in neurons, which showed a depletion of dendritic spines and loss of dendritic branches. Mitochondrial alterations are not related with the accumulation of amyloid deposits, but are prominent whenever fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus exists. Morphometric analysis showed also that mitochondria are significantly reduced in neurons, which demonstrated synaptic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros J Baloyannis
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
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29
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Costa RO, Ferreiro E, Martins I, Santana I, Cardoso SM, Oliveira CR, Pereira CMF. Amyloid β-induced ER stress is enhanced under mitochondrial dysfunction conditions. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:824.e5-16. [PMID: 21704433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria crosstalk is involved in amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced apoptosis. Now we show that mitochondrial dysfunction affects the ER stress response triggered by Aβ using cybrids that recreate the defect in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity detected in platelets from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. AD and control cybrids were treated with Aβ or classical ER stressors and the ER stress-mediated apoptotic cell death pathway was accessed. Upon treatment, we found increased glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) levels and caspase-4 activation (ER stress markers) which were more pronounced in AD cybrids. Treated AD cybrids also exhibited decreased cell survival as well as increased caspase-3-like activity, poli-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) levels and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells. Finally, we showed that Aβ-induced caspase-3 activation in both cybrid cell lines was prevented by dantrolene, thus implicating ER Ca(2+) release in ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction occurring in AD patients due to COX inhibition potentiates cell susceptibility to Aβ-induced ER stress. This study further supports the close communication between ER and mitochondria during apoptosis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui O Costa
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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30
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Mairuae N, Hall Ii EC, Cheepsunthorn P, Lee SY, Connor JR. The H63D HFE gene variant promotes activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway via mitochondria dysfunction following β-amyloid peptide exposure. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:3079-89. [PMID: 20734416 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that the expression of the HFE allelic variant H63D may be a risk factor or genetic modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The H63D variant alters cellular iron homeostasis and increases baseline oxidative stress. The elevated cellular stress milieu, we have proposed, may alter cellular responses to genetic and environmental determinants of AD. Accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) is one of the most prominent pathogenic characteristics of AD. Several studies have demonstrated that Aβ can induce neuronal cell death through apoptosis. In this study, we provide evidence that an Aβ(25-35) fragment, which contains the cytotoxic sequence of the amyloid peptide, activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells expressing the HFE allelic variant H63D to a greater extent than in cells with wild-type (WT) HFE. Specifically, Aβ(25-35) peptide exposure significantly induced Bax translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria in H63D-expressing cells compared with WT cells. This translocation was associated with increased cytochrome c release from mitochondria and an increase in active caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity in H63D cells. Consequently, there is increased apoptosis in cells expressing the H63D variant as opposed to cells expressing WT HFE. We also found increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ(1-42) peptide in the mitochondrial compartment as well as increased mitochondrial stress in H63D-expressing cells compared with WT. These findings support our hypothesis that the presence of the HFE H63D allele enables factors that trigger neurodegenerative processes associated with AD and predisposes cells to cytotoxcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nootchanat Mairuae
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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31
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Bruban J, Maoui A, Chalour N, An N, Jonet L, Feumi C, Tréton J, Sennlaub F, Behar-Cohen F, Mascarelli F, Dinet V. CCR2/CCL2-mediated inflammation protects photoreceptor cells from amyloid-β-induced apoptosis. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:55-72. [PMID: 21220018 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is characterized by the formation of drusen containing amyloid-β (Aβ) and the degeneration of photoreceptors. To explore the largely unknown role of Aβ in the retina, we investigated the effects on photoreceptors of the oligomeric form of Aβ(1-42). Subretinal injection of the Aβ peptide induced misplaced expression of recoverin and synaptophysin in the photoreceptors, oxidative stress in their inner and outer segments, and finally apoptosis. Aβ did not induce cell death in purified photoreceptor cell cultures, but did so in retinal cell cultures, thereby suggesting that the cellular environment plays a role in Aβ-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Subretinal injection of Aβ was followed by activation and migration of microglial cells and then by photoreceptor apoptosis. Microglial cells phagocytosed rhodopsin-containing debris and Aβ in the subretinal space. Quantitative RT-PCR allowed us to identify a specific gene expression profile associated with the Aβ-induced progression of retinal degeneration and consistent with oxidative stress, inflammation, and an apoptotic program. The gene most highly upregulated in Aβ-injected retinas was that for the chemokine CCL2, and its absence or that of its cognate receptor CCR2 greatly reduced migration of activated microglial cells to the site of retinal injury and profoundly worsened photoreceptor degeneration and disorganization of the retinal pigment epithelium in Aβ-injected retinas. Our study pinpoints the roles of Aβ and of CCL2/CCR2 axis-dependent inflammation in photoreceptor apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bruban
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMRS 872, F-75006 Paris, France
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32
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Kosenko E, Poghosyan A, Kaminsky Y. Subcellular compartmentalization of proteolytic enzymes in brain regions and the effects of chronic β-amyloid treatment. Brain Res 2011; 1369:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Unlocking the Door to Neuronal Woes in Alzheimer's Disease: Aβ and Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1936-1948. [PMID: 27713335 PMCID: PMC4033960 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid-β peptide has deleterious effects on mitochondrial function and contributes to energy failure, respiratory chain impairment, neuronal apoptosis, and generation of reactive oxygen species in Alzheimer’s disease. The mechanisms underlying amyloid-β induced mitochondrial stress remain unclear. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial permeability transition pore is important for maintenance of mitochondrial and neuronal function in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Cyclophilin D (Cyp D) plays a central role in opening mitochondrial permeability transition pore, ultimately leading to cell death. Interaction of amyloid-β with cyclophilin D triggers or enhances the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, consequently exacerbating mitochondrial and neuronal dysfunction, as shown by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired mitochondrial respiration function, and increased oxidative stress and cytochrome c release. Blockade of cyclophilin D by genetic abrogation or pharmacologic inhibition protects mitochondria and neurons from amyloid-β induced toxicity, suggesting that cyclophilin D dependent mitochondrial transition pore is a therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease.
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34
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Yang EJ, Kim SI, Ku HY, Lee DS, Lee JW, Kim YS, Seong YH, Song KS. Syringin from stem bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla protects Aβ(25–35)-induced toxicity in neuronal cells. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:531-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Dong W, Huang F, Fan W, Cheng S, Chen Y, Zhang W, Shi H, He H. Differential effects of melatonin on amyloid-beta peptide 25-35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal neurons at different stages of culture. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:117-25. [PMID: 20041986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid (Abeta) is strongly involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mitochondria play an important role in neurodegenerative disorders. To determine whether any different effect of melatonin on cultured neurons treated with Abeta in vitro and which may be produced through its different action on mitochondria at different stages of culture, we investigated the damage of cultured rat hippocampal neurons mitochondrial function induced by Abeta in young neurons [days in vitro 10 (DIV 10)] and senescent neurons (DIV 25) and the protective effect of melatonin. Rat hippocampal neurons were incubated with amyloid-beta peptide 25-35 (Abeta25-35) alone or pretreatment with melatonin. Cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim), ATP and the activity of the respiratory chain complexes were measured. Data showed that Abeta25-35 caused a reduction in Deltapsim, inhibited the activity of the respiratory chain complexes and led to ATP depletion, melatonin attenuated Abeta25-35-induced mitochondrial impairment in young neurons, whereas melatonin had no effect on Abeta25-35-induced mitochondrial damage in senescent neurons. These results demonstrate that melatonin has differential effect on Abeta25-35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction at different stages of culture and suggest that melatonin is useful for the prevention of AD, rather than treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Dong
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Du H, Yan SS. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore in Alzheimer's disease: cyclophilin D and amyloid beta. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1802:198-204. [PMID: 19616093 PMCID: PMC3280723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Abeta) plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Increasing evidence indicates mitochondria as an important target of Abeta toxicity; however, the effects of Abeta toxicity on mitochondria have not yet been fully elucidated. Recent biochemical studies in vivo and in vitro implicate mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) formation involvement in Abeta-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. mPTP formation results in severe mitochondrial dysfunction such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, intracellular calcium perturbation, decrease in mitochondrial respiration, release of pro-apoptotic factors and eventually cell death. Cyclophilin D (CypD) is one of the more well-known mPTP components and recent findings reveal that Abeta has significant impact on CypD-mediated mPTP formation. In this review, the role of Abeta in the formation of mPTP and the potential of mPTP inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in AD treatment are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Du
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Surgery, and The Taub institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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37
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Moreira PI, Carvalho C, Zhu X, Smith MA, Perry G. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a trigger of Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:2-10. [PMID: 19853658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are uniquely poised to play a pivotal role in neuronal cell survival or death because they are regulators of both energy metabolism and cell death pathways. Extensive literature exists supporting a role for mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses evidence indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction has an early and preponderant role in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy in Alzheimer's disease is also discussed. As a result of insufficient digestion of oxidatively damaged macromolecules and organelles by autophagy, neurons progressively accumulate lipofuscin that could exacerbate neuronal dysfunction. Since autophagy is the major pathway involved in the degradation of protein aggregates and defective organelles, an intense interest in developing autophagy-related therapies is growing among the scientific community. The final part of this review is devoted to discuss autophagy as a potential target of therapeutic interventions in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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38
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Kaminsky YG, Marlatt MW, Smith MA, Kosenko EA. Subcellular and metabolic examination of amyloid-beta peptides in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis: evidence for Abeta(25-35). Exp Neurol 2009; 221:26-37. [PMID: 19751725 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) is a central player in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. It aggregates to form the core of Alzheimer disease-associated plaques found in coordination with tau deposits in diseased individuals. Despite this clinical relevance, no single hypothesis satisfies and explicates the role of Abeta in toxicity and progression of the disease. To explore this area, investigators have focused on mechanisms of cellular dysfunction, aggregation, and maladaptive responses. Extensive research has been conducted using various methodologies to investigate Abeta peptides and oligomers, and these multiple facets have provided a wealth of data from specific models. Notably, the utility of each experiment must be considered in regards to the brain environment. The use of Abeta(25-35) in studies of cellular dysfunction has provided data indicating that the peptide is indeed responsible for multiple disturbances to cellular integrity. We will review how Abeta peptide induces oxidative stress and calcium homeostasis, and how multiple enzymes are deleteriously impacted by Abeta(25-35). Understanding and discussing the origin and properties of Abeta peptides is essential to evaluating their effects on various intracellular metabolic processes. Attention will also be specifically directed to metabolic compartmentation in affected brain cells, including mitochondrial, cytosolic, nuclear, and lysosomal enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury G Kaminsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, RAS, Pushchino, Russia.
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39
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Cheng HY, Hsieh MT, Tsai FS, Wu CR, Chiu CS, Lee MM, Xu HX, Zhao ZZ, Peng WH. Neuroprotective effect of luteolin on amyloid β protein (25-35)-induced toxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons. Phytother Res 2009; 24 Suppl 1:S102-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Cardoso S, Oliveira C. Inhibition of NF-kB Renders Cells more Vulnerable to Apoptosis Induced by Amyloid ß Peptides. Free Radic Res 2009; 37:967-973. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760310001595757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Maselli A, Matarrese P, Straface E, Canu S, Franconi F, Malorni W. Cell sex: a new look at cell fate studies. FASEB J 2008; 23:978-84. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maselli
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
- National Laboratory of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems Osilo Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Elisabetta Straface
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Canu
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - Flavia Franconi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research University of Sassari Sassari Italy
- National Laboratory of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems Osilo Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
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42
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Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates β-amyloid-induced apoptosis in mutant PS1 M146L cells. Neurosci Lett 2008; 443:145-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Cyclophilin D deficiency attenuates mitochondrial and neuronal perturbation and ameliorates learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med 2008; 14:1097-105. [PMID: 18806802 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin D (CypD, encoded by Ppif) is an integral part of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, whose opening leads to cell death. Here we show that interaction of CypD with mitochondrial amyloid-beta protein (Abeta) potentiates mitochondrial, neuronal and synaptic stress. The CypD-deficient cortical mitochondria are resistant to Abeta- and Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial swelling and permeability transition. Additionally, they have an increased calcium buffering capacity and generate fewer mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the absence of CypD protects neurons from Abeta- and oxidative stress-induced cell death. Notably, CypD deficiency substantially improves learning and memory and synaptic function in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and alleviates Abeta-mediated reduction of long-term potentiation. Thus, the CypD-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition pore is directly linked to the cellular and synaptic perturbations observed in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Blockade of CypD may be a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease.
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44
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Lloret A, Badía MC, Mora NJ, Ortega A, Pallardó FV, Alonso MD, Atamna H, Viña J. Gender and age-dependent differences in the mitochondrial apoptogenic pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:2019-25. [PMID: 18387371 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related mitochondrial oxidative stress is highly gender dependent. The aim of this study was to determine the role of gender in the mitochondrial contribution to neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used mitochondria isolated from brains of Wistar rats to study the toxicity of ss-amyloid peptide (Ass), and found that it increases mitochondrial peroxide production, nitration and oxidation of proteins, and release of cytochrome c. The toxic effects occurred in young males and in old females but not in young females, indicating their resistance to Ass. This resistance was abolished with age. These toxic effects of Ass were prevented by heme. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism for the contribution of Abeta to the mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress seen in AD, as well as for the mitochondria-dependent pathway of apoptosis in AD. Gender and age-related differences seen in the development of AD can also be partially explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lloret
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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45
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Tournefolic acid B attenuates amyloid beta protein-mediated toxicity by abrogating the calcium overload in mitochondria and retarding the caspase 8-truncated Bid-cytochrome c pathway in rat cortical neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 586:35-43. [PMID: 18374914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of tournefolic acid B (TAB) on amyloid beta protein-mediated neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Amyloid beta protein 25-35 elicited neuronal death as determined by calcein/ethidium homodimer-1 staining. 10 microM amyloid beta protein 25-35 caused cell death at a level of 41.5+/-3.8% by MTT reduction. 50 microM TAB attenuated the amyloid beta protein 25-35-induced cell death by 49.7+/-11.1%. TAB also abrogated amyloid beta protein-induced activation of caspases 8 and 9 by about 50-60%. Furthermore, TAB significantly diminished the amyloid beta protein 25-35-induced elevation of calcium level in mitochondria, whereas it did not affect the calcium level in cytosol or endoplasmic reticulum. TAB markedly retarded the amyloid beta protein-mediated release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Amyloid beta protein 25-35 elevated mitochondrial truncated BH3 interacting domain death agonist (tBid) and decreased the level of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2alpha (Bcl-2alpha) in mitochondria. Moreover, amyloid beta protein induced a slight up-regulation of Bcl-2 agonist killer 1 (Bak) in cytosol. 50 microM TAB decreased the amyloid beta protein-induced elevation of mitochondrial tBid and the level of Bak, whereas it did not affect the amyloid beta protein-mediated decrease in mitochondrial Bcl-2alpha. Caspase 8 inhibitor significantly inhibited the amyloid beta protein-mediated increase in mitochondrial tBid and the release of cytochrome c. Therefore, TAB blocked the overload of calcium in mitochondria and impaired the amyloid beta protein-mediated activation of the caspase 8-tBid-cytochrome c pathway, thereby conferring its neuroprotective effects on amyloid beta protein-mediated neurotoxicity.
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46
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Xu J, Shi C, Li Q, Lam WP, Wai MSM, Yew DT. Effects of beta-amyloid peptide and estrogen on platelet mitochondrial function of Sprague-Dawley rats. Platelets 2007; 18:460-8. [PMID: 17763155 DOI: 10.1080/09537100701206808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) peptides play a central role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. They are known to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation, resulting in apoptosis of neuronal cells. In the present experiment, an Abeta-induced damage model of platelets was established to observe the effects of Abeta, estradiol benzoate (EB) and genistein on platelets and platelet mitochondria. It was found that after the addition of Abeta, platelet number, platelet mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were lowered while no protective effects of EB and genistein had been observed. The platelets could serve as a biomarker for detection of mitochondrial function and age related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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47
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Crouch PJ, Cimdins K, Duce JA, Bush AI, Trounce IA. Mitochondria in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Rejuvenation Res 2007; 10:349-57. [PMID: 17708691 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two significant risk factors are inextricably linked with Alzheimer's disease: advancing age, and accumulation of the amyloid-beta peptide. Over the age of 65 the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease increases almost exponentially with age, and the amyloid-beta rich neuritic plaques of the Alzheimer's disease brain are a histopathological hallmark of the disease. Since its identification as a major constituent of neuritic plaques amyloid-beta has attracted intense research focus as the primary causative agent in the development of Alzheimer's disease. As a result, numerous reports now exist to propose potential neurotoxic mechanisms mediated by amyloid-beta. Despite these research efforts, there is still a scarcity of information on the biologic link between aging and amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease, and although increasing evidence indicates that intracellular amyloid-beta is acutely toxic, there is also a paucity of information on the mechanisms of neurotoxicity mediated by intracellular amyloid-beta. Functional decline of mitochondria with aging is well established, and growing evidence attributes this decline to loss of mitochondrial DNA integrity in postmitotic cells including neurons. Oxidative stress due to mitochondrial failure may drive increased amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid-beta precursor protein, contributing to a loss of amyloid-beta precursor protein functionality and increased amyloid-beta production. Importantly, recent data show that amyloid-beta accumulates within mitochondria of the Alzheimer's disease brain. We speculate that age-related somatic mutation of mitochondrial DNA may be an important factor underlying sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Crouch
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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48
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Ferreiro E, Costa R, Marques S, Cardoso SM, Oliveira CR, Pereira CMF. Involvement of mitochondria in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptotic cell death pathway triggered by the prion peptide PrP(106-126). J Neurochem 2007; 104:766-76. [PMID: 17995926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prion disorders are progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by extensive neuronal loss and by the accumulation of the pathogenic form of prion protein, designated PrP(Sc). Recently, we have shown that PrP(106-126) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation and apoptotic death. In order to further clarify the role of mitochondria in ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway triggered by the PrP peptide, we investigated the effects of PrP(106-126) on the Ntera2 human teratocarcinoma cell line that had been depleted of their mitochondrial DNA, termed NT2 rho0 cells, characterized by the absence of functional mitochondria, as well as on the parental NT2 rho+ cells. In this study, we show that PrP(106-126) induces ER stress in both cell lines, given that ER Ca2+ content is low, glucose-regulated protein 78 levels are increased and caspase 4 is activated. Furthermore, in parental NT2 rho+ cells, PrP(106-126)-activated caspase 9 and 3, induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and increased the number of apoptotic cells. Dantrolene was shown to protect NT2 rho+ from PrP(106-126)-induced cell death, demonstrating the involvement of Ca2+ release through ER ryanodine receptors. However, in PrP(106-126)-treated NT2 rho0 cells, apoptosis was not able to proceed. These results demonstrate that functional mitochondria are required for cell death as a result of ER stress triggered by the PrP peptide, and further elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuronal loss that occurs in prion disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Ferreiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Chen D, Huang X, Liu L, Shi N. Deltamethrin induces mitochondrial membrane permeability and altered expression of cytochrome C in rat brain. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:368-72. [PMID: 17304643 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Deltamethrin is a type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticide and is used extensively. Numerous studies have demonstrated that deltamethrin can cause severe central nervous system symptoms. The mechanism of neuro-toxicity caused by deltamethrin is still poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of deltamethrin on the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway in rat brain. The cortex and hippocampus mitochondrial membrane potential, permeability transition, expression of cytochrome c and activity of cytochrome c oxidase was assayed at 5, 24, 48 and 72 h following deltamethrin treatment. The study observed that the membrane potential, change of absorbance at 540 nm (A(540)), intensities of cytochrome c in mitochondria and activity of cytochrome c oxidase in the cortex and hippocampus of treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. The results of the study demonstrated that deltamethrin induced a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased permeability, and reduced the expression of cytochrome c, thus depressing the activity of cytochrome c oxidase significantly. It indicates that deltamethrin may have an effect on mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of nerve cells in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Department of Toxicology, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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Zhao Y, Cui JG, Lukiw WJ. Natural secretory products of human neural and microvessel endothelial cells: Implications in pathogenic "spreading" and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2007; 34:181-92. [PMID: 17308351 DOI: 10.1385/mn:34:3:181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurons, glia, and endothelial cells of the cerebral microvasculature co-exist in intimate proximity in nervous tissues, and their homeostatic interactions in health, as well as coordinated response to injury, have led to the concept that they form the basic elements of a functional neurovascular unit. During the course of normal cellular metabolism, growth, and development, each of these brain cell types secrete various species of potentially neurotoxic peptides and factors, events that increase in magnitude as brain cells age. This article reviews contemporary research on the secretory products of the three primary cell types that constitute the neurovascular unit in deep brain regions. We provide some novel in vitro data that illustrate potentially pathogenic paracrine effects within primary cells of the neurovascular unit. For example, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta was found to stimulate amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide release from human neural cells, and human brain microvessel endothelial cells exposed to transient hypoxia were found to secrete IL-1beta at concentrations known to induce Abeta42 peptide release from human neural cells. Hypoxia and excessive IL-1beta and Abeta42 abundance are typical pathogenic stress factors implicated in the initiation and development of common, chronic neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. These data support the hypothesis that paracrine effects of stressed constituent cells of the neurovascular unit may contribute to "spreading effects" characteristic of progressive neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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