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Solár P, Zamani A, Lakatosová K, Joukal M. The blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit in subarachnoid hemorrhage: molecular events and potential treatments. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:29. [PMID: 35410231 PMCID: PMC8996682 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following a stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), has been studied extensively. The main components of this reaction are endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes that affect microglia, neurons, and vascular smooth muscle cells. SAH induces alterations in individual BBB cells, leading to brain homeostasis disruption. Recent experiments have uncovered many pathophysiological cascades affecting the BBB following SAH. Targeting some of these pathways is important for restoring brain function following SAH. BBB injury occurs immediately after SAH and has long-lasting consequences, but most changes in the pathophysiological cascades occur in the first few days following SAH. These changes determine the development of early brain injury as well as delayed cerebral ischemia. SAH-induced neuroprotection also plays an important role and weakens the negative impact of SAH. Supporting some of these beneficial cascades while attenuating the major pathophysiological pathways might be decisive in inhibiting the negative impact of bleeding in the subarachnoid space. In this review, we attempt a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular changes in the BBB following SAH and their possible modulation by various drugs and substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solár
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alemeh Zamani
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Lakatosová
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Stokum JA, Cannarsa GJ, Wessell AP, Shea P, Wenger N, Simard JM. When the Blood Hits Your Brain: The Neurotoxicity of Extravasated Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5132. [PMID: 34066240 PMCID: PMC8151992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage in the central nervous system (CNS), including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), remains highly morbid. Trials of medical management for these conditions over recent decades have been largely unsuccessful in improving outcome and reducing mortality. Beyond its role in creating mass effect, the presence of extravasated blood in patients with CNS hemorrhage is generally overlooked. Since trials of surgical intervention to remove CNS hemorrhage have been generally unsuccessful, the potent neurotoxicity of blood is generally viewed as a basic scientific curiosity rather than a clinically meaningful factor. In this review, we evaluate the direct role of blood as a neurotoxin and its subsequent clinical relevance. We first describe the molecular mechanisms of blood neurotoxicity. We then evaluate the clinical literature that directly relates to the evacuation of CNS hemorrhage. We posit that the efficacy of clot removal is a critical factor in outcome following surgical intervention. Future interventions for CNS hemorrhage should be guided by the principle that blood is exquisitely toxic to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A. Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Gregory J. Cannarsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Aaron P. Wessell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Phelan Shea
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Nicole Wenger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
- Departments of Pathology and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Coulibaly AP, Provencio JJ. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: an Overview of Inflammation-Induced Cellular Changes. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:436-445. [PMID: 31907877 PMCID: PMC7283430 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease that leads to poor neurological outcomes and is characterized by both vascular and neural pathologies. Recent evidence demonstrates that inflammation mediates many of the vascular and neural changes observed after SAH. Although most studies focus on inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, the ultimate effectors of inflammation in SAH are parenchymal brain and peripheral immune cells. As such, the present review will summarize our current understanding of the cellular changes of both CNS parenchymal and peripheral immune cells after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Coulibaly
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J J Provencio
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Zheng VZ, Wong GKC. Neuroinflammation responses after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A review. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 42:7-11. [PMID: 28302352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important cause of stroke mortality and morbidity, especially in the young stroke population. Recent evidences indicate that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in both early brain injury and the delayed brain deterioration after SAH, including cellular and molecular components. Cerebral vasospasm (CV) can lead to death after SAH and independently correlated with poor outcome. Neuroinflammation is evidenced to contribute to the etiology of vasospasm. Besides, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) commonly occurs in the SAH patients, with the presence of non-infectious fever and systematic complications. In this review, we summarize the evidences that indicate the prominent role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of SAH. That may provide the potential implications on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Zhiyuan Zheng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - George Kwok Chu Wong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Amri F, Ghouili I, Tonon MC, Amri M, Masmoudi-Kouki O. Hemoglobin-Improved Protection in Cultured Cerebral Cortical Astroglial Cells: Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Caspase Activation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:67. [PMID: 28443065 PMCID: PMC5385367 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in triggering astroglial cell death in diverse neuropathological conditions such as ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies indicate that hemoglobin (Hb) is expressed in both resting and reactive glia cells, but nothing is known regarding a possible role of Hb on astroglial cell survival. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential glioprotective effect of Hb on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured rat astrocytes. Our study demonstrates that administration of graded concentrations of Hb (10-12 to 10-6 M) to H2O2-treated astrocytes reduces cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. H2O2 treatment induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), a drop of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and a stimulation of caspase-3/7 activity. Exposure of H2O2-treated cells to Hb was accompanied by marked attenuations of ROS and NO surproductions, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and caspase-3/7 activity increase. The protective action of Hb was blocked by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89, the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine, and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that Hb is a glioprotective factor that protects astrocytes from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and suggest that Hb may confer neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. The anti-apoptotic activity of Hb on astrocytes is mediated through the PKA, PKC, and MAPK transduction pathways and can be accounted for by inhibition of oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Amri
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, UR/11ES09 Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Ghouili
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, UR/11ES09 Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Mohamed Amri
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, UR/11ES09 Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, UR/11ES09 Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
- *Correspondence: Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki,
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Sehba FA, Friedrich V. Early events after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2015; 120:23-8. [PMID: 25366594 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04981-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The first 72 h after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a critical period for the patient. Most of the deaths in the SAH patient population occur during this time, and a number of key events activate and trigger mechanisms that not only contribute to early brain injury but evolve over time and participate in the delayed complications. This review highlights the contribution of key events to the early brain injury and to overall outcome after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima A Sehba
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurosciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA,
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Chen S, Feng H, Sherchan P, Klebe D, Zhao G, Sun X, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang JH. Controversies and evolving new mechanisms in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 115:64-91. [PMID: 24076160 PMCID: PMC3961493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a serious and significant health problem in the United States and worldwide. The mechanisms contributing to brain injury after SAH remain unclear. Traditionally, most in vivo research has heavily emphasized the basic mechanisms of SAH over the pathophysiological or morphological changes of delayed cerebral vasospasm after SAH. Unfortunately, the results of clinical trials based on this premise have mostly been disappointing, implicating some other pathophysiological factors, independent of vasospasm, as contributors to poor clinical outcomes. Delayed cerebral vasospasm is no longer the only culprit. In this review, we summarize recent data from both experimental and clinical studies of SAH and discuss the vast array of physiological dysfunctions following SAH that ultimately lead to cell death. Based on the progress in neurobiological understanding of SAH, the terms "early brain injury" and "delayed brain injury" are used according to the temporal progression of SAH-induced brain injury. Additionally, a new concept of the vasculo-neuronal-glia triad model for SAH study is highlighted and presents the challenges and opportunities of this model for future SAH applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Kasseckert SA, Shahzad T, Miqdad M, Stein M, Abdallah Y, Scharbrodt W, Oertel M. The mechanisms of energy crisis in human astrocytes after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2013; 72:468-74; discussion 474. [PMID: 23151619 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31827d0de7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium (Ca2+) is a cofactor of multiple cellular processes. The mechanisms that lead to elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration are unclear. OBJECTIVE To illuminate how bloody cerebrospinal fluid (bCSF) from patients with intraventricular hemorrhage causes cell death of cultured human astrocytes. METHODS Cultured astrocytes were incubated with bCSF. In control experiments, native CSF was used. Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was measured by fura-2 fluorescence. Apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by staining with Hoechst-3342 and propidium iodide. RESULTS Incubation of astrocytes with bCSF provoked a steep Ca2+ concentration peak that was followed by a slow Ca2+ rise during the observation period of 50 minutes. Necrosis, but not apoptosis, was induced. Blockade of ATP-sensitive P2 receptors with suramin inhibited the bCSF-induced initial Ca2+ peak and necrosis. Blockade of P1 receptors with 8-phenyltheophylline or of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid had no significant effect. Preincubation with xestospongin D, a blocker of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, prevented the initial Ca2+ rise and reduced the rate of necrosis. Preemptying of the endoplasmic reticulum with thapsigargin protected astrocytes from the bCSF-induced Ca2+ peak. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pores opening with cyclosporin A reduced the rate of astrocytic necrosis significantly, although it did not influence the initial Ca peak. CONCLUSION bCSF elicits a steep, transient Ca rise when administered to human astrocytes by activation of ATP-sensitive P2 receptors and subsequent inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Ca release from endoplasmic reticulum. This massive Ca overload leads to subsequent mitochondrial permeability transition pores opening and necrosis of the cells.
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9
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Staurosporine induces different cell death forms in cultured rat astrocytes. Radiol Oncol 2012; 46:312-20. [PMID: 23411778 PMCID: PMC3572888 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-012-0036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Astroglial cells are frequently involved in malignant transformation. Besides apoptosis, necroptosis, a different form of regulated cell death, seems to be related with glioblastoma genesis, proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion. In the present work we elucidated mechanisms of necroptosis in cultured astrocytes, and compared them with apoptosis, caused by staurosporine. Materials and methods Cultured rat cortical astrocytes were used for a cell death studies. Cell death was induced by different concentrations of staurosporine, and modified by inhibitors of apoptosis (z-vad-fmk) and necroptosis (nec-1). Different forms of a cell death were detected using flow cytometry. Results We showed that staurosporine, depending on concentration, induces both, apoptosis as well as necroptosis. Treatment with 10−7 M staurosporine increased apoptosis of astrocytes after the regeneration in a staurosporine free medium. When caspases were inhibited, apoptosis was attenuated, while necroptosis was slightly increased. Treatment with 10−6 M staurosporine induced necroptosis that occurred after the regeneration of astrocytes in a staurosporine free medium, as well as without regeneration period. Necroptosis was significantly attenuated by nec-1 which inhibits RIP1 kinase. On the other hand, the inhibition of caspases had no effect on necroptosis. Furthermore, staurosporine activated RIP1 kinase increased the production of reactive oxygen species, while an antioxidant BHA significantly attenuated necroptosis. Conclusion Staurosporine can induce apoptosis and/or necroptosis in cultured astrocytes via different signalling pathways. Distinction between different forms of cell death is crucial in the studies of therapy-induced necroptosis.
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Laird MD, Wakade C, Alleyne CH, Dhandapani KM. Hemin-induced necroptosis involves glutathione depletion in mouse astrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1103-14. [PMID: 18706498 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating neurological injury associated with significant mortality. Astrocytic inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of ICH, although the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the hemoglobin oxidation by-product, hemin, concentration dependently induced necroptotic cell death in cortical astrocytes within 5 h of treatment. Hemin-induced cell death was preceded by increased inflammatory gene expression (COX-2, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, iNOS). Inhibition of the NF-kappaB transcription factor reversed inflammatory gene expression and attenuated cell death after hemin treatment, suggesting a possible role for inflammatory mediators in astrocytic injury. Superoxide production paralleled the increase in iNOS expression, and inhibition of either iNOS (aminoguanidine or iminopiperdine) or superoxide (apocynin) significantly reduced cell death. Similarly, reduced formation of peroxynitrite, the damaging product of nitric oxide and superoxide, significantly reduced hemin injury. Hemin-induced peroxidative injury was associated with a rapid depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH), culminating in lipid peroxidation and cell death, effects that were reduced by cotreatment with exogenous GSH, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or the glutathione peroxidase mimetic ebselen. Together, these studies suggest a novel role for GSH depletion in necroptotic astrocyte injury after a hemorrhagic injury and indicate that therapeutic targeting of GSH may exert a beneficial effect after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Laird
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Entin-Meer M, Rephaeli A, Yang X, Nudelman A, VandenBerg SR, Haas-Kogan DA. Butyric acid prodrugs are histone deacetylase inhibitors that show antineoplastic activity and radiosensitizing capacity in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 4:1952-61. [PMID: 16373710 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone modification has emerged as a promising approach to cancer therapy. We explored the efficacy of a novel class of histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Treatment of glioma cell lines with two butyric acid derivatives, pivaloylomethyl butyrate (AN-9) and butyroyloxymethyl butyrate (AN-1), induced hyperacetylation, increased p21(Cip1) expression, inhibited proliferation, and enhanced apoptosis. Histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced apoptosis was mediated primarily by caspase-8. Treatment of cells with AN-1 or AN-9 for 24 hours before exposure to gamma-irradiation potentiated further caspase-8 activity and resultant apoptosis. Clonogenic survival curves revealed marked reductions in cell renewal capacity of U251 MG cells exposed to combinations of AN-1 and radiation. Preliminary in vivo experiments using human glioma cell lines grown as xenografts in mouse flanks suggest in vivo efficacy of AN-9. The data suggest that novel butyric acid prodrugs provide a promising treatment strategy for malignant gliomas as single agents and in combination with radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Entin-Meer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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Calvert JW, Zhou C, Nanda A, Zhang JH. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on apoptosis in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 95:2072-80. [PMID: 14555671 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a transient exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) attenuated the neuronal injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. This study was undertaken to determine whether HBO offers this neuroprotection by reducing apoptosis in injured brain tissue. Seven-day-old rat pups were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2 h of hypoxia (8% oxygen). Apoptotic cell death was examined in the injured cortex and hippocampus tissue. Caspase-3 expression and activity increased at 18 and 24 h after the hypoxia-ischemia insult. At 18-48 h, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage occurred, which reduced the band at 116 kDa and enhanced the band at 85 kDa. There was a time-dependent increase in the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. A single HBO treatment (100% oxygen, 3 ATA for 1 h) 1 h after hypoxia reduced the enhanced caspase-3 expression and activity, attenuated the PARP cleavage, and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells observed in the cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of HBO is at least partially mediated by the reduction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Calvert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Lousiana 71130, USA
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Sun Y, Zhou C, Polk P, Nanda A, Zhang JH. Mechanisms of erythropoietin-induced brain protection in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:259-70. [PMID: 14747752 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000110049.43905.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin, a hemotopoietic growth factor, has brain protective actions. This study investigated the mechanisms of Recombinant Human EPO (rhEPO)-induced brain protection in neonates. An established rat hypoxia-ischemia model was used by ligation of the right common carotid artery of 7-day-old pups, followed by 90 minute of hypoxia (8% 02 and 92% N2) at 37 degrees C. Animals were divided into three groups: control, hypoxia-ischemia, and hypoxia-ischemia plus rhEPO treatment. In rhEPO treated pups, 300 units rhEPO was administered intraperitoneally 24 hours before hypoxia. rhEPO treatment (300 units) was administered daily for an additional 2 days. ELISA and immunohistochemistry examined the expression of EPO and EPOR. Brain weight, morphology, TUNEL assay, and DNA laddering evaluated brain protection. rhEPO abolished mortality (from 19% to 0%) during hypoxia insult, increased brain weight from 52% to 88%, reduced DNA fragmentation, and decreased TUNEL-positive cells. Real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry revealed an enhanced expression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in ischemic brain hemisphere. Double labeling of TUNEL with HSP27 showed most HSP27 positive cells were negative to TUNEL staining. rhEPO reduces brain injury, especially apoptotic cell death after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, partially mediated by the activation of HSP27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, 71130, USA
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