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Klenova AV, Volodin IA, Volodina EV, Ranneva SV, Amstislavskaya TG, Lipina TV. Vocal and physical phenotypes of calsyntenin2 knockout mouse pups model early-life symptoms of the autism spectrum disorder. Behav Brain Res 2021; 412:113430. [PMID: 34182007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study discovered a novel acoustic phenotype in Calsyntenin2 deficient knockout (Clstn2-KO) pups in the neurodevelopment period of 5-9 postnatal days (PND 5-9). The narrowband ultrasonic calls (nUSVs) were less complex (mostly one-note, shorter in duration and higher in peak frequency) in Clsnt2-KO than in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 J pups. The wideband ultrasonic calls (wUSVs) were produced substantially more often by Clstn2-KO than WT pups. The clicks were longer in duration and higher in peak frequency and power quartiles in Clstn2-KO pups. The elevated discomfort due to additional two-minute maternal separation coupled with experimenter's touch, resulted in significantly higher call rates of both nUSVs and clicks in pups of both genotypes and sexes compared to the previous two-minute maternal separation, whereas the call rate of wUSVs was not affected. In Clstn2-KO pups, the prevalence of emission of wUSVs retained at both sex and both degrees of discomfort, thus providing a reliable quantitative acoustic indicator for this genetic line. Besides the acoustic differences, we also detected the increased head-to-body ratio in Clstn2-KO pups. Altogether, this study demonstrated that lack of such synaptic adhesion protein as calsyntenin2 affects neurodevelopment of vocalization in a mouse as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Klenova
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Ilya A Volodin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia; Department of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology of Mammals, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Elena V Volodina
- Department of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology of Mammals, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Svetlana V Ranneva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Department of Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine» (SRINM), Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Lipina
- Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Guseva D, Angelov DN, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Ablation of adhesion molecule L1 in mice favours Schwann cell proliferation and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:2180-95. [PMID: 19541848 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion molecule L1 is one of the few adhesion molecules known to be beneficial for repair processes in the adult central nervous system of vertebrates by promoting axonal growth and neuronal survival. In the peripheral nervous system, L1 is up-regulated by myelination-competent Schwann cells and regenerating axons after nerve damage but its functional role has remained unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that L1 is, as in the central nervous system, beneficial for nerve regeneration in the peripheral nervous system by performing combined functional and histological analyses of adult L1-deficient mice (L1y/-) and wild-type (L1y/+) littermates. Contrary to our hypothesis, quantitative video-based motion analysis revealed better locomotor recovery in L1y/- than in L1y/+ mice at 4-12 weeks after transection and surgical repair of the femoral nerve. Motoneuron regeneration in L1y/- mice was also enhanced as indicated by attenuated post-traumatic loss of motoneurons, enhanced precision of motor reinnervation, larger cell bodies of regenerated motoneurons and diminished loss of inhibitory synaptic input to motoneurons. In search of mechanisms underlying the observed effects, we analysed peripheral nerves at short time-periods (3-14 days) after transection and found that Schwann cell proliferation is strongly augmented in L1y/- versus L1y/+ mice. L1-deficient Schwann cells showed increased proliferation than wild-type Schwann cells, both in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest a novel role for L1 in nerve regeneration. We propose that L1 negatively regulates Schwann cell proliferation after nerve damage, which in turn restricts functional recovery by limiting the trophic support for regenerating motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Hoschouer EL, Yin FQ, Jakeman LB. L1 cell adhesion molecule is essential for the maintenance of hyperalgesia after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2008; 216:22-34. [PMID: 19059398 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a loss of normal motor and sensory function, leading to severe disability and reduced quality of life. A large proportion of individuals with SCI also suffer from neuropathic pain symptoms. The causes of abnormal pain sensations are not well understood, but can include aberrant sprouting and reorganization of injured or spared sensory afferent fibers. L1 is a cell adhesion molecule that contributes to axonal outgrowth, guidance and fasciculation in development as well as synapse formation and plasticity throughout life. In the present study, we used L1 knockout (KO) mice to determine whether this adhesion molecule contributes to sensory dysfunction after SCI. Both wild-type (WT) and KO mice developed heat hyperalgesia following contusion injury, but the KO mice recovered normal response latencies beginning at 4 weeks post-injury. Histological analyses confirmed increased sprouting of sensory fibers containing calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) in the deep dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord and increased numbers of interneurons expressing protein kinase C gamma (PKCgamma) in WT mice 6 weeks after injury. In contrast, L1 KO mice had less CGRP(+) fiber sprouting, but even greater numbers of PKCgamma(+) interneurons at the 6 week time point. These data demonstrate that L1 plays a role in maintenance of thermal hyperalgesia after SCI in mice, and implicate CGRP(+) fiber sprouting and the upregulation of PKCgamma expression as potential contributors to this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Hoschouer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Deumens R, Lübbers M, Jaken RJP, Meijs MFL, Thurlings RM, Honig WMM, Schachner M, Brook GA, Joosten EAJ. Mice lacking L1 have reduced CGRP fibre in-growth into spinal transection lesions. Neurosci Lett 2007; 420:277-81. [PMID: 17540505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Repair strategies for spinal cord injury often focus on promoting regeneration of injured axons and stimulating subsequent functional recovery. Although many of these strategies have proven their merits, less is known about potential unwanted side-effects, such as sprouting of nociceptive CGRP immunoreactive axons, which may bring about pain-related behavior. Sprouting of CGRP axons into lesion sites spontaneously occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI). Using L1-deficient mice we show a reduction of such CGRP growth response. This reduction was specific for CGRP axons since the overall neurofilament positive fibre in-growth into the spinal lesion site was not affected. Our results may have important implications on the development and assessment of repair strategies that should not only stimulate functional recovery, but also prevent the development of pain or autonomic dysreflexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Deumens
- Pain Management and Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, and European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Jakeman LB, Chen Y, Lucin KM, McTigue DM. Mice lacking L1 cell adhesion molecule have deficits in locomotion and exhibit enhanced corticospinal tract sprouting following mild contusion injury to the spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:1997-2011. [PMID: 16630048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
L1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules that is associated with axonal growth, including formation of the corticospinal tract (CST). The present study describes the effects of L1 deletion on hindlimb function in locomotion, and examines the role of L1 in recovery and remodeling after contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. Uninjured adult L1 knockout (Y/-) mice had impaired performance on locomotor tests compared with their wild-type littermates (Y/+). Anterograde tracing demonstrated that CST axons project to thoracic, but not lumbar, levels of the spinal cord of Y/- mice, and revealed a diversion of these fibers from their position in the base of the dorsal columns. Retrograde tracing also revealed reduced numbers of descending projections from paraventricular hypothalamus and red nuclei to the lumbar spinal cord in Y/- mice. SCI at the mid-thoracic level produced a lesion encompassing the center of the spinal cord, including the site of the dorsal CST and surrounding gray matter (GM). The injury caused lasting deficits in fine aspects of locomotion. There was no effect of genotype on final lesion size or the growth of axons into the lesion area. However, injured Y/- mice demonstrated a robust expansion of CST projections throughout the GM of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord rostral to the lesion compared with Y/+ littermates. Thus, L1 is important for the development of multiple spinal projections and also contributes to the restriction of CST sprouting rostral to the site of a SCI in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn B Jakeman
- Spinal Trauma and Repair Laboratories, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Itoh K, Fushiki S, Kamiguchi H, Arnold B, Altevogt P, Lemmon V. Disrupted Schwann cell-axon interactions in peripheral nerves of mice with altered L1-integrin interactions. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 30:131-6. [PMID: 16039871 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule L1 is important for peripheral nerve development. Mice lacking the 6th Ig domain of L1 (L1-6D mice) lose L1 homophilic binding and RGD dependent LI-integrin binding [Itoh,K., Cheng, L., Kamei, Y., Fushiki, S., Kamiguchi, H., Gutwein, P.,Stoeck, A., Arnold, B., Altevogt, P., Lemmon, V., 2004. Brain development in mice lacking Li-L homophilic adhesion. J. Cell Biol.165, 145-154]. We examined the ultrastructure of sciatic nerves from L1-6D at postnatal day 7 and 8 weeks. Unmyelinated axons frequently detached at the edge of Schwann cells, and naked axons were observed. Myelin was thinner in L1-6D and abnormal, multiple axons wrapped in a single myelin sheath were routinely observed. Previous work has shown that L1 on axons interacts with a heterophilic binding partner on Schwann cells to facilitate normal peripheral nerve formation. Taken together, it is likely that L1 on axons binds integrins on Schwann cells, resulting in interactions between axons and Schwann cells that are essential for ensheathment and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Itoh
- Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Strekalova H, Buhmann C, Kleene R, Eggers C, Saffell J, Hemperly J, Weiller C, Müller-Thomsen T, Schachner M. Elevated levels of neural recognition molecule L1 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer disease and other dementia syndromes. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:1-9. [PMID: 16298234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study we surveyed a total of 218 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with different neurological diseases including Alzheimer disease, non-Alzheimer forms of dementia, other neurodegenerative diseases without dementia and normal controls to quantitate by capture ELISA the concentrations of the immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecules L1 and NCAM, and characterized by immunoblot analysis the molecular forms of L1 and NCAM. We found a significant increase of L1 and a strong tendency for increase of the soluble fragments of NCAM in the CSF of Alzheimer patients compared to the normal control group. The proteolytic fragments of L1, but not NCAM were also elevated in patients with vascular dementia and dementia of mixed type. Higher L1 concentrations were observed irrespective of age and gender. NCAM concentrations were independent of gender, but positively correlated with age and, surprisingly, also with incidence of multiple sclerosis. Thus, there was an influence of Alzheimer and non-Alzheimer dementias and neurodegeneration on L1, whereas age and neurodegeneration influenced NCAM concentrations. These observations point to an abnormal processing and/or shedding of L1 and NCAM in dementia-related neurodegeneration and age, respectively, reflecting changes in adhesion molecule-related cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strekalova
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Petersson P, Granmo M, Schouenborg J. Properties of an Adult Spinal Sensorimotor Circuit Shaped Through Early Postnatal Experience. J Neurophysiol 2004; 92:280-8. [PMID: 14985408 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00063.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, information about the three-dimensional shape and mechanical properties of the body is laid down in the synaptic connectivity of sensorimotor systems through adaptive mechanisms. This functional adaptation occurs through alteration of connection properties. Here, we characterize the differences between strong and weak connections in the nociceptive withdrawal reflex in adult decerebrate spinal rats, representing the preserved end product of the developmental adaptation process. Stronger excitatory reflex connections from the skin onto a muscle had relatively higher gain in their input-output relations, shorter onset latencies (up to ∼150 ms) and lower trial-to-trial variability in relation to response amplitude (SD ∼ mean1/2) than weaker pathways. Although inhibitory and excitatory nociceptive receptive fields of a muscle overlap to some degree, the results indicate that the inhibitory input is not a major determinant of the gain distribution within the excitatory receptive field and vice versa. The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, d-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (0.1–1 μg), applied topically on the spinal cord reduced the gain, whereas the response amplitude was mainly reduced by an absolute number by the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor antagonist, 6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline-2,3-dione (1–10 μg). The results indicate that NMDA receptors have a critical role in gain regulation in the nociceptive withdrawal reflex system. It is suggested that after normal postnatal experience-dependent adaptation, the number of connections from a given skin site onto the reflex encoding interneurons is a major determinant of the difference in gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Petersson
- Section for Neurophysiology, Department of Physiological, University of Lund, Sweden.
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Itoh K, Cheng L, Kamei Y, Fushiki S, Kamiguchi H, Gutwein P, Stoeck A, Arnold B, Altevogt P, Lemmon V. Brain development in mice lacking L1-L1 homophilic adhesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 165:145-54. [PMID: 15067019 PMCID: PMC2172083 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200312107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new mouse line has been produced in which the sixth Ig domain of the L1 cell adhesion molecule has been deleted. Despite the rather large deletion, L1 expression is preserved at normal levels. In vitro experiments showed that L1–L1 homophilic binding was lost, along with L1-α5β1 integrin binding. However, L1–neurocan and L1–neuropilin binding were preserved and sema3a responses were intact. Surprisingly, many of the axon guidance defects present in the L1 knockout mice, such as abnormal corticospinal tract and corpus callosum, were not observed. Nonetheless, when backcrossed on the C57BL/6 strain, a severe hydrocephalus was observed and after several generations, became an embryonic lethal. These results imply that L1 binding to L1, TAG-1, or F3, and L1-α5β1 integrin binding are not essential for normal development of a variety of axon pathways, and suggest that L1–L1 homophilic binding is important in the production of X-linked hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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