1
|
Xu L, Wang S, Zhang L, Liu B, Zheng S, Yao M. Cobratoxin Alleviates Cancer-Induced Bone Pain in Rats via Inhibiting CaMKII Signaling Pathway after Acting on M4 Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1422-1432. [PMID: 35420768 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a common pain in clinics, which can reduce the quality of life and increase the mortality of patients, but the treatment of CIBP is limited. This study was designed to investigate the analgesic effect of α-cobratoxin on CIBP and further to explore the molecular target and potential signal pathway. As shown by the mechanical allodynia test in a CIBP rat model, administration of α-cobratoxin produced significant analgesia in a dose-dependent manner, and the analgesic effects were blocked by pretreatment with an intrathecal injection of M4 mAChR-siRNA or intraperitoneal injection of tropicamide, an antagonist of M4 muscarinic cholinergic receptor. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording showed that α-cobratoxin can decrease the spontaneous firing and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents of SDH neurons in CIBP rats. In primary lumber SDH neurons, intracellular calcium measurement revealed that α-cobratoxin decreased intracellular calcium concentration, and immunofluorescence demonstrated that M4 muscarinic cholinergic receptor and CaMKII/CREB were co-expressed. In the CIBP model and primary SDH neurons, Western blot showed that the levels of p-CaMKII and p-CREB were increased by α-cobratoxin and the effect of α-cobratoxin was antagonized by M4 mAChR-siRNA. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed that α-cobratoxin downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines through M4 muscarinic cholinergic receptor in SDH. These results suggest that α-cobratoxin may activate M4 muscarinic cholinergic receptor, triggering the inhibition of SDH neuronal excitability via CaMKII signaling pathway, thereby resulting in antagonistic effects in the CIBP rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longsheng Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Shizhen Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Nursing, Huaian 223001, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of central laboratory, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Suzhou University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Shang Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grauer SM, Sanoja R, Poulin D, Rashid H, Jochnowitz N, Calhoun M, Zwilling D, Varty GB, Rosahl TW, Meziane H, Mittlelhaeuser C, Mazzola R, Morrow J, Smith SM, Henze D, Marcus J. Antinociceptive effects of potent, selective and brain penetrant muscarinic M4 positive allosteric modulators in rodent pain models. Brain Res 2020; 1737:146814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
3
|
Fiorino DF, Garcia-Guzman M. Muscarinic pain pharmacology: realizing the promise of novel analgesics by overcoming old challenges. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:191-221. [PMID: 22222700 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23274-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The antinociceptive and analgesic effects of muscarinic receptor ligands in human and nonhuman species have been evident for more than half a century. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the roles of different muscarinic subtypes in pain modulation and their mechanism of action along the pain signaling pathway, including peripheral nociception, spinal cord pain processing, and supraspinal analgesia. Extensive preclinical and clinical validation of these mechanisms points to the development of selective muscarinic agonists as one of the most exciting and promising avenues toward novel pain medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis F Fiorino
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, CA 92127, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiong Y, Zhao X, Sun Q, Li R, Li C, Ye J. Antinociceptive mechanism of the spirocyclopiperazinium compound LXM-10 in mice and rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 95:192-7. [PMID: 20100504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drugs typically used to treat pain are limited by their undesirable side effects, which has prompted a search for mechanistically different analgesic agents. We report the antinociception effect of the spirocyclopiperazinium compound LXM-10 via activation of peripheral alpha7 nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in mice. This effect was attenuated by hexamethonium, atropine methylnitrate, methyllycaconitine citrate, tropicamide, bicuculline, and phaclofen. Competition receptor-binding assays in vitro showed that LXM-10 binds with high affinity alpha7 nAchR and with low affinity M4 receptors. Our findings show that the antinociception signaling pathway of LXM-10 underlies activation of peripheral alpha7 nicotinic and possibly of M4 muscarinic receptors, which activate GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors, resulting in antinociceptive effects without obvious side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai YQ, Chen SR, Han HD, Sood AK, Lopez-Berestein G, Pan HL. Role of M2, M3, and M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes in the spinal cholinergic control of nociception revealed using siRNA in rats. J Neurochem 2009; 111:1000-10. [PMID: 19780895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are involved in the control of nociception in the spinal cord. The M(2), M(3), and M(4) mAChR subtypes are present in the spinal dorsal horn. However, the role of the individual subtypes in the anti-nociceptive effect produced by mAChR agonists is uncertain. Here, we determined the contribution of M(2), M(3), and M(4) subtypes to spinal muscarinic analgesia by using small-interference RNA (siRNA) targeting specific mAChR subtypes in rats. The neuronal uptake and distribution of a chitosan-siRNA conjugated fluorescent dye in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion were confirmed after intrathecal injection. The control and gene-specific siRNA-chitosan complexes were injected intrathecally for three consecutive days. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that treatment with siRNA targeting M(2), M(3), or M(4) subtype produced a large reduction in the corresponding mRNA levels in the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal spinal cord. Also, the protein levels of the mAChR subtypes in the spinal cord were significantly down-regulated by siRNA treatment, as determined by the immunoprecipitation and receptor-binding assay. Treatment with the M(2)-siRNA caused a large reduction in the inhibitory effect of muscarine on the nociceptive withdrawal threshold. Furthermore, M(4) knockdown at the spinal level significantly reduced the anti-nociceptive effect of muscarine. However, the anti-nociceptive effect of muscarine was not significantly changed by the M(3)-specific siRNA. Our study suggests that chitosan nanoparticles can be used for efficient delivery of siRNA into the neuronal tissues in vivo. Our findings also provide important functional evidence that M(2) and M(4), but not M(3), contribute to nociceptive regulation by mAChRs at the spinal level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Qing Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schechtmann G, Song Z, Ultenius C, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Cholinergic mechanisms involved in the pain relieving effect of spinal cord stimulation in a model of neuropathy. Pain 2008; 139:136-145. [PMID: 18472215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the pain relieving effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on neuropathic pain remain unclear. We have previously demonstrated that suppression of tactile hypersensitivity produced by SCS may be potentiated by i.t. clonidine in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Since the analgesic effect of this drug is mediated mainly via cholinergic mechanisms, a study exploring the possible involvement of the spinal cholinergic system in SCS was undertaken. The effect of SCS was assessed with von Frey filaments in rats displaying tactile hypersensitivity after partial ligation of the sciatic nerve and both SCS-responding and non-responding as well as normal rats were subjected to microdialysis in the dorsal horn. Acetylcholine (ACh) was analyzed with HPLC before, during and after SCS. SCS produced significantly increased release of ACh in the dorsal horn in rats responding to SCS whereas the release was unaffected in the non-responding animals. Furthermore, the basal release of ACh was significantly lower in nerve lesioned than in normal rats. In another group of rats it was found that the response to SCS was completely eliminated by i.t. atropine and a muscarinic M(4) receptor antagonist while a partial attenuation was produced by M(1) and M(2) antagonists. Blocking of nicotinic receptors did not influence the SCS effect. In conclusion, the attenuating effect of SCS on pain related behavior is associated with the activation of the cholinergic system in the dorsal horn and mediated via muscarinic receptors, particularly M(4,) while nicotinic receptors appear not to be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Schechtmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Emilio Bermejo P, Fraile Pereda A. Neurolépticos en el tratamiento de la migraña. Med Clin (Barc) 2008; 130:704-9. [DOI: 10.1157/13120768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Xiao Y, Yang XF, Xu MY. Effect of acetylcholine on pain-related electric activities in hippocampal CA1 area of normal and morphinistic rats. Neurosci Bull 2008; 23:323-8. [PMID: 18064061 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-007-0048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the electric activities of pain-excitation neurons (PEN) and pain-inhibitation neurons (PIN) in the hippocampal CA1 area of normal rats or morphinistic rats, and to explore the role of ACh in regulation of pain perception in CA1 area under normal condition and morphine addiction. METHODS The trains of electric impulses applied to sciatic nerve were set as noxious stimulation. The discharges of PEN and PIN in the CA1 area were recorded extracellularly by glass microelectrode. We observed the influence of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of ACh and atropine on the noxious stimulation-evoked activities of PEN and PIN in the CA1 area. RESULTS Noxious stimulation enhanced the electric activity of PEN and depressed that of PIN in the CA1 area of both normal and addiction rats. In normal rats, ACh decrease the pain-evoked discharge frequency of PEN, while increased the frequency of PIN. These effects reached the peak value at 4 min after injection of ACh. In morphinistic rats, ACh also inhibited the PEN electric activity and potentialized the PIN electric activity, but the maximum effect appeared at 6 min after administration. The ACh-induced responses were significantly blocked by muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. CONCLUSION Cholinergic neurons and muscarinic receptors in the hippocampal CA1 area are involved in the processing of nociceptive information and they may play an analgesia role in pain modulation. Morphine addiction attenuated the sensitivity of pain-related neurons to the noxious information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dallanoce C, De Amici M, Barocelli E, Bertoni S, Roth BL, Ernsberger P, De Micheli C. Novel oxotremorine-related heterocyclic derivatives: Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology at the muscarinic receptor subtypes. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7626-37. [PMID: 17889543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A set of novel heterocyclic ligands (6-27) structurally related to Oxotremorine 2 was designed, synthesized and tested at muscarinic receptor subtypes (mAChRs). In the binding experiments at cloned human receptors (hm1-5), compounds 7 and 15 evidenced a remarkable affinity and selectivity for the hm2 subtype. The in vitro functional assays, performed on a selected group of derivatives at M(1), M(2), and M(3) tissue preparations, singled out the 3-butynyloxy-5-methylisoxazole trimethylammonium salt 7 as a potent unselective muscarinic agonist [pEC(50): 7.40 (M(1)), 8.18 (M(2)), and 8.14 (M(3))], whereas its 5-phenyl analogue 12 behaved as a muscarinic antagonist, slightly selective for the M(1) subtype [pK(B): 6.88 (M(1)), 5.95 (M(2)), 5.53 (M(3))]. Moreover, the functional data put in evidence that the presence of the piperidine ring may generate a functional selectivity, e.g., an M(1) antagonist/M(2) partial agonist/M(3) full agonist profile (compound 21), at variance with the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt (compound 22) which behaved as a muscarinic agonist at all M(1-3) receptors, with an appreciable selectivity for the cardiac M(2) receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Dallanoce
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica "Pietro Pratesi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano 20133, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jones PG, Dunlop J. Targeting the cholinergic system as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pain. Neuropharmacology 2007; 53:197-206. [PMID: 17543355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine mediates its effects through both the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (ligand-gated ion channels) and the G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors. It plays pivotal roles in a diverse array of physiological processes and its activity is controlled through enzymatic degradation by acetylcholinesterase. The effects of receptor agonists and enzyme inhibitors, collectively termed cholinomimetics, in antinociception/analgesia are well established. These compounds successfully inhibit pain signaling in both humans and animals and are efficacious in a number of different preclinical and clinical pain models, suggesting a broad therapeutic potential. In this review we examine and discuss the evidence for the therapeutic exploitation of the cholinergic system as an approach to treat pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Jones
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang HM, Li DP, Chen SR, Pan HL. M2, M3, and M4 receptor subtypes contribute to muscarinic potentiation of GABAergic inputs to spinal dorsal horn neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313:697-704. [PMID: 15640398 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.079939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cholinergic system and muscarinic receptors are important for regulation of nociception. Activation of spinal muscarinic receptors produces analgesia and inhibits dorsal horn neurons through potentiation of GABAergic inputs. To determine the role of receptor subtypes in the muscarinic agonist-induced synaptic GABA release, spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) were recorded in lamina II neurons using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in rat spinal cord slices. The muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine-M dose-dependently (1-10 microM) increased GABAergic sIPSCs but not miniature IPSCs. The potentiating effect of oxotremorine-M on sIPSCs was completely blocked by atropine. In rats pretreated with intrathecal pertussis toxin to inactive inhibitory G (i/o) proteins, 3 microM oxotremorine-M had no significant effect on sIPSCs in 31 of 55 (56%) neurons tested. In the remaining 24 (44%) neurons in pertussis toxin-treated rats, oxotremorine-M caused a small increase in sIPSCs, and this effect was completely abolished by subsequent application of 25 nM 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), a relatively selective M(3) subtype antagonist. Furthermore, himbacine (1 microM), a relatively specific antagonist for M(2) and M(4) subtypes, produced a large reduction in the stimulatory effect of oxotremorine-M on sIPSCs, and the remaining effect was abolished by 4-DAMP. Additionally, the M(4) receptor antagonist MT-3 toxin (100 nM) significantly attenuated the effect of oxotremorine-M on sIPSCs. Collectively, these data suggest that M(2) and M(4) receptor subtypes play a predominant role in muscarinic potentiation of synaptic GABA release in the spinal cord. The M(3) subtype also contributes to increased GABAergic tone in spinal dorsal horn by muscarinic agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, 17033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harte SE, Hoot MR, Borszcz GS. Involvement of the intralaminar parafascicular nucleus in muscarinic-induced antinociception in rats. Brain Res 2004; 1019:152-61. [PMID: 15306249 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The thalamic contribution to cholinergic-induced antinociception was examined by microinjecting the acetylcholine (ACh) agonist carbachol into the intralaminar nucleus parafascicularis (nPf) of rats. Pain behaviors organized at spinal (spinal motor reflexes), medullary (vocalizations during shock), and forebrain (vocalization afterdischarges, VADs) levels of the neuraxis were elicited by noxious tailshock. Carbachol (0.5, 1, and 2 microg/side) administered into nPf produced dose-dependent elevations of vocalization thresholds, but failed to elevate spinal motor reflex threshold. Injections of carbachol into adjacent sites dorsal or ventral to nPf failed to alter vocalization thresholds. Elevations in vocalization thresholds produced by intra-nPf carbachol were reversed in a dose-dependent manner by local administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (30 and 60 microg/side). These results provide the first direct evidence supporting the involvement of the intralaminar thalamus in muscarinic-induced antinociception. Results are discussed in terms of the contribution of nPf to the processing of the affective dimension of pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Harte
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Freitas RL, de Oliveira RC, de Carvalho AD, Felippotti TT, Bassi GS, Elias-Filho DH, Coimbra NC. Role of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in an experimental model of epilepsy-induced analgesia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 79:367-76. [PMID: 15501314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2004] [Revised: 08/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The blockade of GABA-mediated Cl(-) influx with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was used in the present work to induce seizures in animals. The neurotransmission in the postictal period has been the focus of many studies, and there is evidence suggesting antinociceptive mechanisms following tonic-clonic seizures in both animals and men. The aim of this work was to study the involvement of acetylcholine in the antinociception induced by convulsions elicited by peripheral administration of PTZ (64 mg/kg). Analgesia was measured by the tail-flick test in eight albino Wistar rats per group. Convulsions were followed by significant increases in tail-flick latencies (TFLs) at least for 120 min of the postictal period. Peripheral administration of atropine (0.25, 1 and 4 mg/kg) caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in the TFL in seizing animals, as compared to controls. These data were corroborated by peripheral administration of mecamylamine, a nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker, at the same doses (0.25, 1 and 4 mg/kg) used for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist. The recruitment of the muscarinic receptor was made 10 min postconvulsions and in subsequent periods of postictal analgesia, whereas the involvement of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor was implicated only after 30 min postseizures. The cholinergic antagonists caused a minimal reduction in body temperature, but did not impair baseline TFL, spontaneous exploration or motor coordination in the rotarod test at the maximal dose of 4 mg/kg. These results indicate that acetylcholine may be involved as a neurotransmitter in postictal analgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Leonardo de Freitas
- Laboratório de Neuroanatomia e Neuropsicobiologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14049-900, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|