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Imbrogno S, Filice M, Cerra MC, Gattuso A. NO, CO and H 2 S: What about gasotransmitters in fish and amphibian heart? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13035. [PMID: 29338122 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulphide (H2 S), long considered only toxicant, are produced in vivo during the catabolism of common biological molecules and are crucial for a large variety of physiological processes. Mounting evidence is emerging that in poikilotherm vertebrates, as in mammals, they modulate the basal performance of the heart and the response to stress challenges. In this review, we will focus on teleost fish and amphibians to highlight the evolutionary importance in vertebrates of the cardiac control elicited by NO, CO and H2 S, and the conservation of the intracellular cascades they activate. Although many gaps are still present due to discontinuous information, we will use examples obtained by studies from our and other laboratories to illustrate the complexity of the mechanisms that, by involving gasotransmitters, allow beat-to-beat, short-, medium- and long-term cardiac homoeostasis. By presenting the latest data, we will also provide a framework in which the peculiar morpho-functional arrangement of the teleost and amphibian heart can be considered as a reference tool to decipher cardiac regulatory networks which are difficult to explore using more conventional vertebrates, such as mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Imbrogno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Calabria; Arcavacata di Rende; Italy
| | - M. Filice
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Calabria; Arcavacata di Rende; Italy
| | - M. C. Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Calabria; Arcavacata di Rende; Italy
| | - A. Gattuso
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Calabria; Arcavacata di Rende; Italy
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Regulation of vascular tone in rabbit ophthalmic artery: cross talk of endogenous and exogenous gas mediators. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:661-8. [PMID: 25451691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) modulate vascular tone. In view of their therapeutic potential for ocular diseases, we examined the effect of exogenous CO and H2S on tone of isolated rabbit ophthalmic artery and their interaction with endogenous and exogenous NO. Ophthalmic artery segments mounted on a wire myograph were challenged with cumulative concentrations of phenylephrine (PE) in the presence or absence of NG-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA) to inhibit production of NO, the CO-releasing molecules CORMs or the H2S-donor GYY4137. The maximal vasoconstriction elicited by PE reached 20-30% of that induced by KCl but was dramatically increased by incubation with LNNA. GYY4137 significantly raised PE-mediated vasoconstriction, but it did not change the response to PE in the presence of LNNA or the relaxation to sodium nitroprusside (SNP). CORMs concentration-dependently inhibited PE-induced constriction, an effect that was synergistic with endogenous NO (reduced by LNNA), but insensitive to blockade of guanylyl cyclase by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3,-α]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). In vascular tissues cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels seemed reduced by GYY4137 (not significantly), but were not changed by CORM. These data indicate that CO is able per se to relax isolated ophthalmic artery and to synergize with NO, while H2S counteracts the effect of endogenous NO. CO does not stimulate cGMP production in our system, while H2S may reduce cGMP production stimulated by endogenous NO. These findings provide new insights into the complexities of gas interactions in the control of ophthalmic vascular tone, highlighting potential pharmacological targets for ocular diseases.
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Vielma AH, Retamal MA, Schmachtenberg O. Nitric oxide signaling in the retina: what have we learned in two decades? Brain Res 2011; 1430:112-25. [PMID: 22133309 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two decades after its first detection in the retina, nitric oxide (NO) continues to puzzle visual neuroscientists. While its liberation by photoreceptors remains controversial, recent evidence supports three subtypes of amacrine cells as main sources of NO in the inner retina. NO synthesis was shown to depend on light stimulation, and mounting evidence suggests that NO is a regulator of visual adaptation at different signal processing levels. NO modulates light responses in all retinal neuron classes, and specific ion conductances are activated by NO in rods, cones, bipolar and ganglion cells. Light-dependent gap junction coupling in the inner and outer plexiform layers is also affected by NO. The vast majority of these effects were shown to be mediated by activation of the NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase and resultant cGMP elevation. This review analyzes the current state of knowledge on physiological NO signaling in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H Vielma
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Zhang J, He Y, Ding Y, Zhou H, Tang Y, Chen L, Zheng Y. Nitric oxide synthase expression in the medullary respiratory related nuclei and its involvement in CO-mediated central respiratory effects in neonatal rats. Brain Res Bull 2011; 84:258-63. [PMID: 21255634 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted in order to observe the potential participation of the nitric oxide synthase-NO pathway in CO-mediated regulation of respiration of neonatal rats. An immunofluorescent histochemical technique was used to examine the existence of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase, a key enzyme of synthesizing NO, in medullary respiratory nuclei. The rhythmic respiratory-like discharges of hypoglossal rootlets of medullary slices were recorded to test the role of the nitric oxide synthase in CO-mediated respiratory effects. We observed neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressed in the medullary respiratory nuclei in conjunction with CO lengthened expiratory duration, decreased respiratory frequency, and increased inspiratory amplitude. These CO-mediated respiratory effects could be partially eliminated by prior treatment of the slices with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. The results suggest that nitric oxide synthase-NO pathway might be involved in the CO-mediated central regulation of respiration at the level of medulla oblongata in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Stagni E, Bucolo C, Motterlini R, Drago F. Morphine-induced ocular hypotension is modulated by nitric oxide and carbon monoxide: role of mu3 receptors. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26:31-5. [PMID: 20148660 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2009.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent findings generated from our laboratory have demonstrated the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in morphine-induced reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). The present study was designed to investigate the possible involvement of carbon monoxide (CO) in morphine-induced reduction of IOP and the role of mu(3) opioid receptors. METHODS New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. They were pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1%, 30 microL), or an inhibitor of heme oxygenase (HO), zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPP-IX; 0.1 mg/kg; i.v.). The same animals were then treated with morphine (100 microg/30 microL) with or without NO or CO donors administration, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and tricarbonylchloro(glycinato)ruthenium(II) (CORM-3), respectively. A separate set of animals were pretreated with the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (100 microg/30 microL), or the micro(3) opioid receptor inhibitor, L-glutathione (GSH, 1%, 30 microL), in the presence of SNP or CORM-3 followed by morphine administration. IOP measurements were taken at different times after monolateral instillation of morphine. RESULTS Morphine induced a significant decrease in IOP and pretreatment with ZnPP-IX or L-NAME significantly prevented this effect whereas administration of NO or CO donors amplified morphine-induced decrease in IOP. This effect was partially abrogated both by pretreatment with ZnPP-IX or L-NAME, and by pretreatment with naloxone and GSH suggesting that the decrease in IOP relies on exogenous NO and CO liberated from SNP and CORM-3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the endogenous NO/CO system and micro(3) receptors contribute to morphine-induced ocular hypotension and that the reduction of IOP elicited by morphine can be augmented by exogenous NO and CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Stagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Pong WW, Eldred WD. Interactions of the gaseous neuromodulators nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide in the salamander retina. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2356-64. [PMID: 19267415 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The three gaseous neuromodulators nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are endogenously produced in vertebrate retinas. The NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and CO/cGMP pathways have been previously shown to interact synergistically in the turtle retina to increase cGMP levels. In this study, we examined H2S as a modulator of cGMP-like immunoreactivity (-LI) and its interactions with the NO/CO/cGMP signaling pathways in the tiger salamander retina. Stimulation with NO donor or CO significantly increased cGMP-LI from basal levels in bipolar and amacrine cells and in stratified arborizations in the inner plexiform layer. Stimulation with a combination of NO donor and CO significantly increased cGMP-LI above that seen with either stimulation alone. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduced CO-induced cGMP-LI, suggesting that CO-induced cGMP-LI is not produced from direct activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Exogenous H2S alone, from the donor NaHS, did not significantly modify cGMP-LI in dosages ranging from 2 to 1,200 microM NaHS, but there was a significant decrease in NO-induced cGMP-LI in the presence of 200 muM NaHS. This reduction of NO-induced cGMP-LI was not significantly affected by the addition of CuCl2, suggesting that the decrease was not a result of H2S and NO sequestering to form a novel nitrosothiol. NaHS did not have any significant effect on CO-induced cGMP-LI levels. Our results concur with previous studies showing synergistic interactions between NO and CO/cGMP retinal signaling pathways. We now show that H2S inhibits NO-induced cGMP-LI but not CO-induced cGMP-LI. In conclusion, all three gaseous neuromodulators have interactive roles in modulating retinal cGMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie W Pong
- Laboratory of Visual Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Stagni E, Privitera MG, Bucolo C, Leggio GM, Motterlini R, Drago F. A water-soluble carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM-3) lowers intraocular pressure in rabbits. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 93:254-7. [PMID: 18977789 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.137034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) are a novel group of substances that are capable of modulating physiological functions via the liberation of CO. AIMS This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of CORM-3, a water-soluble CO-releasing agent, on two rabbit models of ocular hypertension. METHODS Ocular hypertension was induced by injecting alpha-chymotrypsin in the rabbit eye. The dose-response effect of CORM-3 on IOP was assessed by topical administration of the drug (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1%). Ocular hypertension was also obtained by weekly subconjunctival injection of betamethasone, and animals were treated topically with CORM-3. A group of animals in both models was treated with the inactive form of the drug (iCORM-3). RESULTS CORM-3 induced a dose-dependent reduction in IOP in rabbits treated with alpha-chymotrypsin. A similar reduction in IOP was observed in rabbits with betamethasone-induced ocular hypertension treated with the drug. Treatment with the iCORM-3 had no effect on IOP in both models. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with CORM-3 is associated with a reduction in IOP in two different rabbit models of ocular hypertension. These results support previous findings on the effect of haem oxygenase-derived CO on IOP and suggest a direct involvement of CO system in the regulation of ocular pressure probably through the modulation of aqueous humour dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Catania Medical School, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy
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Privitera MG, Potenza M, Bucolo C, Leggio GM, Drago F. Hemin, an Inducer of Heme Oxygenase-1, Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 23:232-9. [PMID: 17593006 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2006.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Carbon monoxide (CO) generated from heme may induce vasodilation and exert cyto-protective properties in the eye. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of hemin, a potent inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), on models of ocular hypertension in rabbits. METHODS Ocular hypertension was induced by injecting alpha-chymotrypsin in both eyes under local anesthesia. Only rabbits with an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 25 mmHg or more were used. The dose-response study of the hemin effect on IOP was made by an intravenous injection of the drug (50, 75, and 100 mg/kg) and subsequent IOP monitoring every 6 h. A separate set of animals was pretreated with the HO-1 inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPP-IX, 0.1 mg/kg) 6 h before the vehicle or a 100-mg/kg hemin injection. Ocular hypertension was also obtained by the subconjunctival injection of betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium (4 mg/mL) in both eyes every week for 4 weeks. Only animals with an IOP of 30 mmHg or more were included in the experimental session. A group of these animals was pretreated with ZnPP-IX (0.1 mg/kg) 6 h before the vehicle or a 100-mg/kg hemin injection, and IOP was assessed every 6 hours. RESULTS Hemin caused a significant dose-related reduction of IOP in rabbits with alpha-chymotrypsin-induced ocular hypertension. No significant effect was observed in the normotensive eyes of the control animals or on pupil diameter. Pretreatment with the HO-1 inhibitor, ZnPP-IX, abolished the decrease of IOP that was induced by the maximum dose of hemin (100 mg/kg). A similar reduction in IOP was observed in those rabbits with betamethasone-induced ocular hypertension who were treated with 100 mg/kg of hemin. Furthermore, pretreatment with ZnPP-IX prevented the hemin effect on IOP. CONCLUSIONS The induction of HO-1 by hemin leads to a reduction of IOP in the alpha-chymotrypsin and betamethasone models of ocular hypertension. These results suggest an involvement of CO in the regulation of ocular pressure in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Privitera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Catania Medical School, Catania, Italy
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Toda N, Ayajiki K. Phylogenesis of constitutively formed nitric oxide in non-mammals. REVIEWS OF PHYSIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 157:31-80. [PMID: 17236649 DOI: 10.1007/112_0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that nitric oxide (NO) in mammalian tissues is produced from L-arginine via catalysis by NO synthase (NOS) isoforms such as neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) that are constitutively expressed mainly in the central and peripheral nervous system and vascular endothelial cells, respectively. This review concentrates only on these constitutive NOS (cNOS) isoforms while excluding information about iNOS, which is induced mainly in macrophages upon stimulation by cytokines and polysaccharides. The NO signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the functional regulation of mammalian tissues and organs. Evidence has also been accumulated for the role of NO in invertebrates and non-mammalian vertebrates. Expression of nNOS in the brain and peripheral nervous system is widely determined by staining with NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) diaphorase or NOS immunoreactivity, and functional roles of NO formed by nNOS are evidenced in the early phylogenetic stages (invertebrates and fishes). On the other hand, the endothelium mainly produces vasodilating prostanoids rather than NO or does not liberate endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) (fishes), and the ability of endothelial cells to liberate NO is observed later in phylogenetic stages (amphibians). This review article summarizes various types of interesting information obtained from lower organisms (invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds) about the properties and distribution of nNOS and eNOS and also the roles of NO produced by the cNOS as an important intercellular signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Toda
- Toyama Institute for Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research, 7-13, 1-Chome, Azuchi-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Wu L, Wang R. Carbon Monoxide: Endogenous Production, Physiological Functions, and Pharmacological Applications. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:585-630. [PMID: 16382109 DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, studies have unraveled many aspects of endogenous production and physiological functions of carbon monoxide (CO). The majority of endogenous CO is produced in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO). Inducible HO (HO-1) and constitutive HO (HO-2) are mostly recognized for their roles in the oxidation of heme and production of CO and biliverdin, whereas the biological function of the third HO isoform, HO-3, is still unclear. The tissue type-specific distribution of these HO isoforms is largely linked to the specific biological actions of CO on different systems. CO functions as a signaling molecule in the neuronal system, involving the regulation of neurotransmitters and neuropeptide release, learning and memory, and odor response adaptation and many other neuronal activities. The vasorelaxant property and cardiac protection effect of CO have been documented. A plethora of studies have also shown the importance of the roles of CO in the immune, respiratory, reproductive, gastrointestinal, kidney, and liver systems. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the production and mediate the physiological actions of CO has greatly advanced. Many diseases, including neurodegenerations, hypertension, heart failure, and inflammation, have been linked to the abnormality in CO metabolism and function. Enhancement of endogenous CO production and direct delivery of exogenous CO have found their applications in many health research fields and clinical settings. Future studies will further clarify the gasotransmitter role of CO, provide insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of many CO abnormality-related diseases, and pave the way for innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies based on the physiologic effects of CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wu
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd., Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
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