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Ogihara A, Abe T, Shimoda K, Sasaki T, Kudo H. Messenger RNA transcription levels of neuronal soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor complex components in the olfactory nerve system of the anadromous Pacific salmon, masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1635-1650. [PMID: 38775866 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Anadromous Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) are known for homing behavior to their natal rivers based on olfactory imprinted memories during seaward migration. The SNARE complex is a regulator of vesicle exocytosis from the presynaptic membrane. Our previous study suggested that its component genes (Snap25, Stx1, and Vamp2) are more highly expressed in the olfactory nervous system (ONS) during the migration stages associated with olfactory imprinting in the evolutionary species of Pacific salmon, such as chum (O. keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon. Masu salmon (O. masou) has a significantly different life history from these species, living longer in rivers and being a more primitive Pacific salmon species. In this study, the transcription of snare mRNAs in the ONS was analyzed using mainly male wild masu salmon. Five cDNAs encoding masu salmon SNAREs, which are well conserved among vertebrates, were isolated and sequenced. Each snare mRNA was highly expressed in age 1+ (yearling) parr prior to smoltification, particularly in the olfactory bulb. Their transcription status was significantly different from that of chum and pink salmon, which showed high expression in earlier under-yearling juveniles. The present results and our previous studies indicate that snare mRNAs are highly transcripted until the seaward migration, reflecting neural development and neuroplasticity of the ONS for olfactory imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ogihara
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimoda
- Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Eniwa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sasaki
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kudo
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
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Abe T, Ichimura M, Kudo H. Gene expression levels of synaptic exocytosis regulator synaptophysin in the brain and the olfactory organ of anadromous salmon. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:461-469. [PMID: 35301620 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anadromous Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) are known for their homing behavior based on olfactory imprinting, which is formed during their seaward migration. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE/Snare) complex is a minimum unit of vesicle exocytosis from the pre-synaptic membrane. Its component genes (synaptosome-associated protein 25, syntaxin 1, and vesicle-associated membrane protein 2) are more strongly expressed in the olfactory nervous system (olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, and telencephalon) at the migration stages related to olfactory imprinting and/or retrieval in salmon. This study focused on the mRNA synthesis of synaptophysin (Syp), one of the Snare regulatory factors. syp is strongly expressed in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) olfactory nervous system during the seaward migration and temporarily increased during the homeward migration. In reference to our previous studies, these expression changes were similar to the snare genes in the chum salmon. Therefore, syp and Snare component genes were synchronously expressed reflecting the development and short-term plasticity of the olfactory nervous system that is essential for olfactory imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Shibetsu Salmon Museum, North 1, West 6, Shibetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Ichimura
- Shibetsu Salmon Museum, North 1, West 6, Shibetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kudo
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
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Molecular characterization and gene expression of syntaxin-1 and VAMP2 in the olfactory organ and brain during both seaward and homeward migrations of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 227:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abe T, Minowa Y, Kudo H. Molecular characterization and gene expression of synaptosome-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) in the brain during both seaward and homeward migrations of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 217:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Vindas MA, Madaro A, Fraser TWK, Höglund E, Olsen RE, Øverli Ø, Kristiansen TS. Coping with a changing environment: the effects of early life stress. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160382. [PMID: 27853554 PMCID: PMC5098979 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing rapid domestication of Atlantic salmon implies that individuals are subjected to evolutionarily novel stressors encountered under conditions of artificial rearing, requiring new levels and directions of flexibility in physiological and behavioural coping mechanisms. Phenotypic plasticity to environmental changes is particularly evident at early life stages. We investigated the performance of salmon, previously subjected to an unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) treatment at an early age (10 month old parr), over several months and life stages. The UCS fish showed overall higher specific growth rates compared with unstressed controls after smoltification, a particularly challenging life stage, and after seawater transfer. Furthermore, subjecting fish to acute stress at the end of the experiment, we found that UCS groups had an overall lower hypothalamic catecholaminergic and brain stem serotonergic response to stress compared with control groups. In addition, serotonergic activity was negatively correlated with final growth rates, which implies that serotonin responsive individuals have growth disadvantages. Altogether, our results may imply that a subdued monoaminergic response in stressful farming environments may be beneficial, because in such situations individuals may be able to reallocate energy from stress responses into other life processes, such as growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Vindas
- Uni Environment, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Author for correspondence: Marco A. Vindas e-mail:
| | | | - Thomas W. K. Fraser
- Department of Production Animal and Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Höglund
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf E. Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Vindas MA, Johansen IB, Folkedal O, Höglund E, Gorissen M, Flik G, Kristiansen TS, Øverli Ø. Brain serotonergic activation in growth-stunted farmed salmon: adaption versus pathology. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160030. [PMID: 27293782 PMCID: PMC4892444 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Signalling systems activated under stress are highly conserved, suggesting adaptive effects of their function. Pathologies arising from continued activation of such systems may represent a mismatch between evolutionary programming and current environments. Here, we use Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in aquaculture as a model to explore this stance of evolutionary-based medicine, for which empirical evidence has been lacking. Growth-stunted (GS) farmed fish were characterized by elevated brain serotonergic activation, increased cortisol production and behavioural inhibition. We make the novel observation that the serotonergic system in GS fish is unresponsive to additional stressors, yet a cortisol response is maintained. The inability of the serotonergic system to respond to additional stress, while a cortisol response is present, probably leads to both imbalance in energy metabolism and attenuated neural plasticity. Hence, we propose that serotonin-mediated behavioural inhibition may have evolved in vertebrates to minimize stress exposure in vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Vindas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Uni Research AS, PO Box 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ida B. Johansen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Folkedal
- Institute of Marine Research, 5984 Matredal, Norway
| | - Erik Höglund
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Aquaculture, Technical University of Denmark, North Sea Center, PO Box 101, 9850 Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Bisesi JH, Sweet LE, van den Hurk P, Klaine SJ. Effects of an antidepressant mixture on the brain serotonin and predation behavior of hybrid striped bass. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:938-945. [PMID: 26076900 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants have been found in measurable concentrations in final treated wastewater effluent and receiving waters throughout the world. Studies have shown that these concentrations are typically not overtly toxic, but the psychotropic mode of action of these chemicals warrants examination of their behavioral effects. Exposure of hybrid striped bass to the antidepressants fluoxetine or venlafaxine alone has been shown to cause decreased brain serotonin levels and increased time to capture prey at concentrations typically 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than environmentally relevant concentrations. In the present study, equally effective doses of fluoxetine and venlafaxine were used to perform a mixture study, using a toxic unit approach to determine whether these antidepressants may act in an additive manner at lower concentrations. The results indicated that mixtures of these antidepressants caused decreased brain serotonin and increased time to capture prey at concentrations lower than reported in previous studies. Low concentration mixtures caused an additive effect on brain serotonin levels and time to capture prey, whereas higher concentrations were less than additive. The results were consistent with the dose addition concept, with higher concentration mixtures potentially saturating the effects on serotonin in the brain. Results from the present study indicate that antidepressants have the potential to be additive on the biochemical and individual scale, which necessitates more robust analysis of antidepressant mixtures and their potential to act together in low concentration scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Bisesi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren E Sweet
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA
| | - Peter van den Hurk
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen J Klaine
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Sandbakken M, Ebbesson L, Stefansson S, Helvik JV. Isolation and characterization of melanopsin photoreceptors of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3727-44. [PMID: 22522777 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsins constitute a recently described group of vertebrate opsin photoreceptors that are involved in nonvisual photoreception. Here we describe the identification of six melanopsin genes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a valuable teleost model for studying nonvisual photoreception and the basis of photoperiodism. The results show that genes belonging to two different groups, the mammalian-like (Opn4m) and the Xenopus-like (Opn4x) melanopsins have been duplicated in teleosts. In addition, two pairs of salmon duplicates were identified, presumably originating from the salmon lineage whole genome duplication event. The expression pattern of melanopsins was studied by in situ hybridization. The results show that Opn4m and Opn4x melanopsins are differentially expressed in the brain and retina, indicating a functional divergence. In the retina, Opn4m and Opn4x melanopsin are differentially expressed in ganglion, amacrine, and horizontal cells. In the brain, Opn4m is expressed in the dorsal thalamus and in the nucleus lateralis tuberis of the hypothalamus, which is closely connected to and involved in the regulation of pituitary function. Opn4x melanopsins are expressed in the dopaminergic, hypophysiotrophic cell population of the suporaoptic/chiasmatic nucleus and in the serotonergic cell population of the left habenula. The results suggest that melanopsin photoreceptors can be involved in signaling of photoperiodic information through multiple pathways, involving both the retina and possibly as deep-brain photoreceptors directly transmitting photoperiodic information to the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Sandbakken
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, High Technology Centre N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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Grassie C, Braithwaite VA, Nilsson J, Nilsen TO, Teien HC, Handeland SO, Stefansson SO, Tronci V, Gorissen M, Flik G, Ebbesson LOE. Aluminum exposure impacts brain plasticity and behavior in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Exp Biol 2013; 216:3148-55. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.083550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Aluminum (Al) toxicity occurs frequently in natural aquatic ecosystems as a result of acid deposition and natural weathering processes. Detrimental effects of Al toxicity on aquatic organisms are well known and can have consequences for survival. Fish exposed to Al in low pH waters will experience physiological and neuroendocrine changes that disrupt homeostasis and alter behavior. To investigate the effects of Al exposure to both brain and behavior, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) kept in water treated with Al (pH 5.7, 0.37±0.04 µmol 1-1 of Al) for 2 weeks were compared to fish kept in a control condition (pH 6.7, <0.04 µmol 1-1 of Al). Fish exposed to Al and acidic conditions had increased Al accumulation in the gills and decreased gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity, which impaired osmoreguatory capacity and caused physiological stress, indicated by elevated plasma cortisol and glucose levels. Here we show for the first time that exposure to Al in acidic conditions also impaired learning performance in a maze task. Al toxicity reduced the expression of NeuroD1 transcript levels in the forebrain of exposed fish. As in mammals, these data show that exposure to chronic stress, such as acidified Al, can reduce neural plasticity during behavioral challenges in salmon, and may impair coping ability to new environments.
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Ebbesson LOE, Braithwaite VA. Environmental effects on fish neural plasticity and cognition. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:2151-2174. [PMID: 23252732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most fishes experiencing challenging environments are able to adjust and adapt their physiology and behaviour to help them cope more effectively. Much of this flexibility is supported and influenced by cognition and neural plasticity. The understanding of fish cognition and the role played by different regions of the brain has improved significantly in recent years. Techniques such as lesioning, tract tracing and quantifying changes in gene expression help in mapping specialized brain areas. It is now recognized that the fish brain remains plastic throughout a fish's life and that it continues to be sensitive to environmental challenges. The early development of fish brains is shaped by experiences with the environment and this can promote positive and negative effects on both neural plasticity and cognitive ability. This review focuses on what is known about the interactions between the environment, the telencephalon and cognition. Examples are used from a diverse array of fish species, but there could be a lot to be gained by focusing research on neural plasticity and cognition in fishes for which there is already a wealth of knowledge relating to their physiology, behaviour and natural history, e.g. the Salmonidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O E Ebbesson
- Uni Research AS, Thormøhlensgate 49B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
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Ebbesson LOE, Nilsen TO, Helvik JV, Tronci V, Stefansson SO. Corticotropin-releasing factor neurogenesis during midlife development in salmon: genetic, environmental and thyroid hormone regulation. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:733-41. [PMID: 21592238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmon parr-smolt transformation (smoltification) is a mid-life transitional stage between life in freshwater and seawater that entails a wide range of neural, endocrine and physiological modifications. In salmon, the neuroendocrine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system regulates pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone and thyrotrophin release. Four experimental groups of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were used to investigated CRF neurogenesis and its regulation during smoltification. We compared: (i) developmental stages (parr and early-smolt) in anadromous controls; (ii) a developmentally arrested model: anadromous reared under continuous light (LL) with anadromous controls; (iii) a natural hypoendocrine/incomplete smolt development salmon model (landlocked) with anadromous controls; and (iv) landlocked treated with thyroxine to anadromous control smolt levels. CRF neurogenesis between groups was studied with bromodeoxyuradine (BrdU) incorporation followed by double-labelling CRF and BrdU immunhistochemistry. The rate of CRF neurogenesis in the preoptic area (POA) increased from parr to early-smolts in anadromous salmon. By contrast, neurogenesis was inhibited in the LL group and reduced in the landlocked salmon. The administration of thyroxine in landlocked salmon to match anadromous levels increased the rate of CRF neurogenesis to anadromous levels. In conclusion, newly-formed CRF cells in the POA during smoltification are associated with increased retinal innervation to the POA and endocrine responsiveness to increased photoperiod. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the degree of salmon brain development. Thyroid hormones increase CRF neurogenesis during this critical period of development in salmon. We hypothesise that a positive-feedback of thyroid hormones on CRF neurogenesis may be an important event in reaching the developmental climax during critical periods.
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Yamamoto Y, Hino H, Ueda H. Olfactory imprinting of amino acids in lacustrine sockeye salmon. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8633. [PMID: 20062811 PMCID: PMC2799659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile salmon have an olfactory ability to imprint their natal stream odors, but neither the odor properties of natal stream water nor the imprinting timing and duration have been clarified as yet. Here we show, using electrophysiological and behavioral experiments, that one-year-old lacustrine sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) can be imprinted around the stage of parr-smolt transformation (PST) by a single amino acid, 1 microM L-proline (Pro), or L-glutamic acid (Glu). We also show by real-time PCR that changes occur in mRNA levels of the salmon olfactory imprinting-related gene (SOIG) around PST. The electro-olfactogram (EOG) responses of test fish exposed to Pro in March (before PST) and April-June (during PST) for 2 weeks were significantly (1.7-fold) greater than those of non-exposed control fish, but not those of test fish exposed in July (after PST). When Pro and control water were added to the water inlets of a two-choice test tank during the spawning season 2 years after the test water exposure, 80% of maturing and matured test fish exposed before and during PST showed a preference for Pro, whereas those exposed after PST did not. The EOG response of test fish exposed to Pro or Glu for 1 hour, 6 hours, 1 day, 7 days, or 14 days in May revealed that only the response after 14 days of exposure was significantly (1.8-fold) greater than the control. The expression levels of SOIG mRNA increased before and during PST, and decreased after PST. We conclude that one-year-old lacustrine sockeye salmon can be imprinted by a single amino acid before and during PST, and that imprinting requires exposure for at least 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Ecosystem, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere and Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hino
- Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Ecosystem, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere and Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Ecosystem, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere and Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Ojima D, Iwata M. Central administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone triggers downstream movement and schooling behavior of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry in an artificial stream. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 152:293-8. [PMID: 19068234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anadromous salmonids migrate downstream to the ocean (downstream migration). The neuroendocrine mechanism of triggering the onset of downstream migration is not well known. We investigated the effects of 14 chemicals, including neuropeptides, pineal hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators (growth hormone-releasing hormone: GHRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone: CRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, melatonin, N-acetyl serotonin, serotonin, beta-endorphin, enkephalin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, acetylcholine, and histamine) on the onset of downstream migration in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry. We defined downstream migration as a downstream movement (negative rheotaxis) with schooling behavior and counted the number of downstream movements and school size in experimental circulation tanks. An intracerebroventricular injection of GHRH, CRH, melatonin, N-acetyl serotonin, or serotonin stimulated the number of downstream movements. However, GHRH was the only chemical that also stimulated an increase in schooling behavior. These results suggest that CRH, melatonin, N-acetyl serotonin, and serotonin are involved in the stimulation of downstream movement in chum salmon, while GHRH stimulates both downstream movement and schooling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ojima
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology, School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Sanriku, Ofunato, Iwate 022-0101, Japan.
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14
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Mobley AS, Lucero MT, Michel WC. Cross-species comparison of metabolite profiles in chemosensory epithelia: an indication of metabolite roles in chemosensory cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:410-32. [PMID: 18361450 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies of chemosensory systems in vertebrates and invertebrates have greatly enhanced our understanding of anatomical and physiological constraints of chemical detection. Immunohistochemical comparisons of chemosensory systems are difficult to make across species due to limited cross-reactivity of mammalian-based antibodies. Immunostaining chemosensory tissues with glutaraldehyde-based antibodies generated against small metabolites in combination with hierarchical cluster analyses provide a novel approach for identifying and classifying cell types regardless of species. We used this "metabolite profiling" technique to determine whether metabolite profiles can be used to identify cell classes within and across different species including mouse, zebrafish, lobster and squid. Within a species, metabolite profiles for distinct cell classes were generally consistent. We found several metabolite-based cell classifications that mirrored function or receptor protein-based classifications. Although profiles of all six metabolites differed across species, we found that specific metabolites were associated with certain cell types. For example, elevated levels of glutathione were characteristic of nonsensory cells from vertebrates, suggesting an antioxidative role in non-neuronal cells in sensory tissues. Collectively, we found significantly different metabolite profiles for distinct cell populations in chemosensory tissue within all of the species studied. Based on their roles in other systems or cells, we discuss the roles of L-arginine, L-aspartate, L-glutamate, glycine, glutathione, and taurine within chemosensory epithelia.
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Götz ME, Malz CR, Dirr A, Blum D, Gsell W, Schmidt S, Burger R, Pohli S, Riederer P. Brain aging phenomena in migrating sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka nerka. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2005; 112:1177-99. [PMID: 15682270 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-004-0257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging, a process occurring in all vertebrates, is closely related to a loss in physical and functional abilities. There is widespread interest in clarifying the relevance of environmental, metabolic, and genetic factors for vertebrate aging. In the Pacific salmon a dramatic example of aging is known. Looking for changes in the salmon brain, perhaps even in the role of initiating the aging processes, we investigated several biochemical parameters that should reflect brain functional activity and stress response such as the neurotransmitters dopamine, and serotonin, and two of their respective metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, as well as glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and the extent of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling. The aging of migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka nerka) is accompanied by gradual increase in dopamine and serotonin turnover and a gradual decrease of brain total protein and glutathione levels. There appears to be an increased need for detoxification of reactive biological intermediates since activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase increase with age. However, our data do not support a major increase in apoptotic cell death during late aging but rather implicate an age related downward regulation of protein and glutathione synthesis and proteolysis increasing the need for autophagocytosis or heterophagocytosis in the course of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Götz
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Neurochemistry and NPF Center of Excellence Laboratories, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Bouça P, Míguez JM, Soengas JL. Intracerebroventricular Injections of Noradrenaline Affect Brain Energy Metabolism of Rainbow Trout. Physiol Biochem Zool 2003; 76:663-71. [PMID: 14671714 DOI: 10.1086/376429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To assess the role of noradrenaline (NA) as a possible regulator of brain energy metabolism in teleost fish, the impact of increased noradrenaline levels within the brain on several parameters of energy metabolism was assessed in rainbow trout brain. Accordingly, two different doses of noradrenaline, producing increases in brain NA levels comparable to those occurring in several physiological processes in nature, were selected. In a subsequent set of three different experiments, fish were intracerebroventricularly injected with 1 microL 100 g(-1) body weight of Cortland saline alone (control) or containing NA (5 nmol NA and 10 nmol NA); after 30 min, brain and plasma samples were taken to assess changes in parameters of energy metabolism due to NA treatment. The results obtained clearly show dose-dependent changes in NA-treated fish in several parameters, including decreased glycogen and ATP levels, increased lactate and pyruvate levels, decreased fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity, and increased pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Altogether, the present experiments show for the first time in a teleost fish evidence supporting that increased noradrenaline levels in the brain elicit metabolic changes in the brain (enhanced glycogenolysis and glycolysis), resulting in an increased energy demand. These metabolic changes may be related to those occurring under several physiological conditions in nature such as hypoxia, in which increased energy demand and increased noradrenaline levels occur in the brain simultaneously.
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Zielinski BS, Moretti N, Hua HN, Zaidi AU, Bisaillon AD. Serotonergic nerve fibers in the primary olfactory pathway of the larval sea lamprey,Petromyzon marinus. J Comp Neurol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000508)420:3<324::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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