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Ning MM, Lopez M, Sarracino D, Cao J, Karchin M, McMullin D, Wang X, Buonanno FS, Lo EH. Pharmaco-proteomics opportunities for individualizing neurovascular treatment. Neurol Res 2013; 35:448-56. [PMID: 23711324 PMCID: PMC4153693 DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurovascular disease often involves multi-organ system injury. For example, patent foramen ovale (PFO) related ischemic strokes involve not just the brain, but also the heart, the lung, and the peripheral vascular circulation. For higher-risk but high-reward systemic therapy (e.g., thrombolytics, therapeutic hypothermia (TH), PFO closure) to be implemented safely, very careful patient selection and close monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic efficacy are imperative. For example, more than a decade after the approval of therapeutic hypothermic and intravenous thrombolysis treatments, they both remain extremely under-utilized, in part due to lack of clinical tools for patient selection or to follow therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, in understanding the complexity of the global effects of clinical neurovascular diseases and their therapies, a systemic approach may offer a unique perspective and provide tools with clinical utility. Clinical proteomic approaches may be promising to monitor systemic changes in complex multi-organ diseases - especially where the disease process can be 'sampled' in clinically accessible fluids such as blood, urine, and CSF. Here, we describe a 'pharmaco-proteomic' approach to three major challenges in translational neurovascular research directly at bedside - in order to better stratify risk, widen therapeutic windows, and explore novel targets to be validated at the bench - (i) thrombolytic treatment for ischemic stroke, (ii) therapeutic hypothermia for post-cardiac arrest syndrome, and (iii) treatment for PFO related paradoxical embolic stroke. In the future, this clinical proteomics approach may help to improve patient selection, ensure more precise clinical phenotyping for clinical trials, and individualize patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- MM Ning
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M Lopez
- Thermo-Fisher BRIMS, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - J Cao
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA
| | - M Karchin
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA
| | - D McMullin
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA
| | - X Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - FS Buonanno
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - EH Lo
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Unekawa M, Tomita M, Tomita Y, Toriumi H, Miyaki K, Suzuki N. RBC velocities in single capillaries of mouse and rat brains are the same, despite 10-fold difference in body size. Brain Res 2010; 1320:69-73. [PMID: 20085754 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Employing high-speed camera laser-scanning confocal microscopy with RBC-tracking software, we previously showed that RBC velocities in intraparenchymal capillaries of rat cerebral cortex are distributed over a wide range. In the present work, we measured RBC velocities in mice, whose body weights are less than one-tenth of that of rats. In an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse, a cranial window was opened in the left temporo-parietal region. Intravenously administered FITC-labeled RBCs were automatically recognized and tracked frame-by-frame at 500fps, and the velocities of all RBCs recognized were calculated with our Matlab-domain software, KEIO-IS2. Among 15241 RBCs detected in the ROI in 21 mice, 1655 were identified as flowing in capillaries. The velocities of these RBCs ranged from 0.15 to 8.6mm/s, with a mean of 2.03+/-1.42mm/s. A frequency distribution plot showed that RBC velocities were clustered at around 1.0mm/s, tailing up to 8.6mm/s, and 59% of the RBCs in capillaries showed velocities within the range of 0.5 to 2.0mm/s. Unexpectedly, these characteristics of RBC velocities in mice were very similar to those of rats, despite differences in RBC diameter (6.0 vs. 6.5microm), body size (25 vs. 327g), heart rate (461 vs. 319bpm) and arterial blood pressure (86 vs. 84mmHg). We speculate that physical factors relating to oxygen exchange may constrain general RBC velocity in capillaries to a certain range for optimum oxygen exchange, regardless of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Matsumoto S, Shamloo M, Matsumoto E, Isshiki A, Wieloch T. Protein kinase C-gamma and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-alpha are persistently translocated to cell membranes of the rat brain during and after middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:54-61. [PMID: 14688616 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000095920.70924.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The levels of protein kinase C-gamma (PKC-gamma ) and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II-alpha (CaMKII-alpha) were measured in crude synaptosomal (P2), particulate (P3), and cytosolic (S3) fractions of the neocortex of rats exposed to 1-hour and 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 2-hour MCAO followed by 2-hour reperfusion. During MCAO, PKC levels increased in P2 and P3 in the most severe ischemic areas concomitantly with a decrease in S3. In the penumbra, PKCgamma decreased in S3 without any significant increases in P2 and P3. Total PKC-gamma also decreased in the penumbra but not in the ischemic core, suggesting that the protein is degraded by an energy-dependent mechanism, possibly by the 26S proteasome. The CaMKII-alpha levels increased in P2 but not P3 during ischemia and reperfusion in all ischemic regions, particularly in the ischemic core. Concomitantly, the levels in S3 decreased by 20% to 40% in the penumbra and by approximately 80% in the ischemic core. There were no changes in the total levels of CaMKII-alpha during MCAO. The authors conclude that during and after ischemia, PKC and CaMKII-alpha are translocated to the cell membranes, particularly synaptic membranes, where they may modulate cellular function, such as neurotransmission, and also affect cell survival. Drugs preventing PKC and/or CaMKII-alpha translocation may prove beneficial against ischemic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Mundy WR, Sutton LD. Characterization of a selective protein kinase C substrate derived from the MARCKS phosphorylation site domain for use in brain tissue homogenates. Anal Biochem 2000; 278:185-91. [PMID: 10660461 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play crucial roles in neuronal signal transduction and can regulate transmitter release, ion channels, neural development, and plasticity. In vitro assays of PKC are frequently used to associate PKC activity with cellular function, and the availability of selective PKC substrates can facilitate such studies. We have characterized a commercially available 12 amino acid peptide derived from the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS-PSD, Calbiochem) for use in crude rat brain homogenates. Assays were performed at 25 degrees C for 10 min (linear up to 12 min) using optimal concentrations of calcium and lipid cofactors. Kinetic analysis of MARCKS-PSD phosphorylation by PKC purified from rat brain gave a K(m) of 2.3 microM, which was similar to the K(m) of 2.8 microM obtained using rat brain cortical homogenates. The selective PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide reduced phosphorylation of MARCKS-PSD in a concentration-dependent manner, with greater than 95% inhibition at 1.0 microM. MARCKS-PSD was more potent than another widely used selective PKC substrate (neurogranin((28-43)) and was a good substrate for human recombinant PKC alpha, delta, and epsilon but not zeta. The ontogeny of PKC activity was examined in the cortex and cerebellum. PKC activity was low at birth and reached adult levels by 21 days of age in both regions. Calcium-independent PKC activity in brain homogenates could be measured with MARCKS-PSD and accounted for approximately 25 and 10% of total activity in 1-day-old and adult rat cortex, respectively. These results suggest that the MARCKS-PSD peptide can be used as a selective PKC substrate in rat brain homogenates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Mundy
- Neurotoxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Tohyama Y, Sako K, Yonemasu Y. Hypothermia attenuates the activation of protein kinase C in focal ischemic rat brain: dual autoradiographic study of [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate and iodo[14C]antipyrine. Brain Res 1998; 782:348-51. [PMID: 9519286 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Using phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) autoradiography, we investigated the effect of hypothermia or protein kinase C (PKC) activation in rat brain 2 h after focal ischemia. In normothermia, a significant increase of PDBu binding was observed in ischemic brain. Hypothermia suppressed the increase of PDBu binding in degree and extent. These observations suggest that intraischemic hypothermia attenuates the activation of PKC, and this may in part be participate in the protective effect of hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tohyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
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