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Bioprospecting for Biomolecules from Different Fungal Communities: An Introduction. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Influence of metals and metalloids on the composition and fluorescence quenching of the extracellular polymeric substances produced by the polymorphic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7155-7164. [PMID: 32577802 PMCID: PMC7374463 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous and widely distributed fungus in the environment, and exhibits substantial tolerance against toxic metals. However, the interactions between metals and metalloids with the copious extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by A. pullulans and possible relationships to tolerance are not well understood. In this study, it was found that mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se), as selenite, not only significantly inhibited growth of A. pullulans but also affected the composition of produced EPS. Lead (Pb) showed little influence on EPS yield or composition. The interactions of EPS from A. pullulans with the tested metals and metalloids depended on the specific element and their concentration. Fluorescence intensity measurements of the EPS showed that the presence of metal(loid)s stimulated the production of extracellular tryptophan-like and aromatic protein-like substances. Examination of fluorescence quenching and calculation of binding constants revealed that the fluorescence quenching process for Hg; arsenic (As), as arsenite; and Pb to EPS were mainly governed by static quenching which resulted in the formation of a stable non-fluorescent complexes between the EPS and metal(loid)s. Se showed no significant interaction with the EPS according to fluorescence quenching. These results provide further understanding of the interactions between metals and metalloids and EPS produced by fungi and their contribution to metal(loid) tolerance. Key points • Metal(loid)s enhanced production of tryptophan- and aromatic protein-like substances. • Non-fluorescent complexes formed between the EPS and tested metal(loid)s. • EPS complexation and binding of metal(loid)s was dependent on the tested element. • Metal(loid)-induced changes in EPS composition contributed to metal(loid) tolerance.
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Arnebrant K, Bååth E, Nordgren A. Copper Tolerance of Microfungi Isolated from Polluted and Unpolluted Forest Soil. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1987.12025478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Arnebrant
- Microbial Ecology, Department of Ecology, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - E. Bååth
- Microbial Ecology, Department of Ecology, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Nordgren
- Microbial Ecology, Department of Ecology, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Malcolm K, Dighton J, Barkay T. Mercury affects the phylloplane fungal community of blueberry leaves to a lesser extent than plant age. Mycology 2017; 9:49-58. [PMID: 30123661 PMCID: PMC6059040 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1397063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic heavy metal pollutant that is globally distributed due to atmospheric deposition to non-point source locations. Leaf surfaces directly sequester atmospheric Hg. Little is known of how phylloplane (leaf surface) fungi are influenced by Hg pollution. Through culture-based methodology, this study analysed fungal phylloplane community identity following a single-dose response to HgCl2 concentrations between 0 and 20 times ambient levels for New Jersey. Time passed following the Hg addition had a strong influence on the fungal phylloplane community, associated with natural successional changes. Mercury, however, did not significantly affect the phylloplane community identity. Notably, the control group was not significantly different than any of the Hg treatments. How the phylloplane functional group responds to Hg pollution has not been previously investigated and more research is needed to fully understand how Hg influences fungal phylloplane ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Malcolm
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Pinelands Field Station, New Lisbon, NJ, USA
| | - John Dighton
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Pinelands Field Station, New Lisbon, NJ, USA
| | - Tamar Barkay
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Rhee YJ, Hillier S, Pendlowski H, Gadd GM. Pyromorphite formation in a fungal biofilm community growing on lead metal. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:1441-51. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Rhee
- Geomicrobiology Group; College of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee Scotland UK
| | - Stephen Hillier
- Department of Environmental and Biochemical Sciences; The James Hutton Institute; Aberdeen Scotland UK
- Department of Soil and Environment; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Helen Pendlowski
- Department of Environmental and Biochemical Sciences; The James Hutton Institute; Aberdeen Scotland UK
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group; College of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee Scotland UK
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Gadd GM, Rhee YJ, Stephenson K, Wei Z. Geomycology: metals, actinides and biominerals. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2012; 4:270-96. [PMID: 23760792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Geomycology can be simply defined as 'the scientific study of the roles of fungi in processes of fundamental importance to geology' and the biogeochemical importance of fungi is significant in several key areas. These include nutrient and element cycling, rock and mineral transformations, bioweathering, mycogenic biomineral formation and interactions of fungi with clay minerals and metals. Such processes can occur in aquatic and terrestrial habitats, but it is in the terrestrial environment where fungi probably have the greatest geochemical influence. Of special significance are the mutualistic relationships with phototrophic organisms, lichens (algae, cyanobacteria) and mycorrhizas (plants). Central to many geomycological processes are transformations of metals and minerals, and fungi possess a variety of properties that can effect changes in metal speciation, toxicity and mobility, as well as mineral formation or mineral dissolution or deterioration. Some fungal transformations have beneficial applications in environmental biotechnology, e.g. in metal and radionuclide leaching, recovery, detoxification and bioremediation, and in the production or deposition of biominerals or metallic elements with catalytic or other properties. Metal and mineral transformations may also result in adverse effects when these processes result in spoilage and destruction of natural and synthetic materials, rock and mineral-based building materials (e.g. concrete), acid mine drainage and associated metal pollution, biocorrosion of metals, alloys and related substances, and adverse effects on radionuclide speciation, mobility and containment. The ubiquity and importance of fungi in biosphere processes underlines the importance of geomycology as an interdisciplinary subject area within microbiology and mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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Gadd GM. Geomycology: biogeochemical transformations of rocks, minerals, metals and radionuclides by fungi, bioweathering and bioremediation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:3-49. [PMID: 17307120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of the role that fungi have played and are playing in fundamental geological processes can be termed 'geomycology' and this article seeks to emphasize the fundamental importance of fungi in several key areas. These include organic and inorganic transformations and element cycling, rock and mineral transformations, bioweathering, mycogenic mineral formation, fungal-clay interactions, metal-fungal interactions, and the significance of such processes in the environment and their relevance to areas of environmental biotechnology such as bioremediation. Fungi are intimately involved in biogeochemical transformations at local and global scales, and although such transformations occur in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, it is the latter environment where fungi probably have the greatest influence. Within terrestrial aerobic ecosystems, fungi may exert an especially profound influence on biogeochemical processes, particularly when considering soil, rock and mineral surfaces, and the plant root-soil interface. The geochemical transformations that take place can influence plant productivity and the mobility of toxic elements and substances, and are therefore of considerable socio-economic relevance, including human health. Of special significance are the mutualistic symbioses, lichens and mycorrhizas. Some of the fungal transformations discussed have beneficial applications in environmental biotechnology, e.g. in metal leaching, recovery and detoxification, and xenobiotic and organic pollutant degradation. They may also result in adverse effects when these processes are associated with the degradation of foodstuffs, natural products, and building materials, including wood, stone and concrete. It is clear that a multidisciplinary approach is essential to understand fully all the phenomena encompassed within geomycology, and it is hoped that this review will serve to catalyse further research, as well as stimulate interest in an area of mycology of global significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Gadd
- Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
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Pawlowska TE, Charvat I. Heavy-metal stress and developmental patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:6643-9. [PMID: 15528529 PMCID: PMC525263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.11.6643-6649.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of global deposition of Cd, Pb, and Zn has decreased over the past few decades, but heavy metals already in the soil may be mobilized by local and global changes in soil conditions and exert toxic effects on soil microorganisms. We examined in vitro effects of Cd, Pb, and Zn on critical life stages in metal-sensitive ecotypes of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, including spore germination, presymbiotic hyphal extension, presymbiotic sporulation, symbiotic extraradical mycelium expansion, and symbiotic sporulation. Despite long-term culturing under the same low-metal conditions, two species, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus intraradices, had different levels of sensitivity to metal stress. G. etunicatum was more sensitive to all three metals than was G. intraradices. A unique response of increased presymbiotic hyphal extension occurred in G. intraradices exposed to Cd and Pb. Presymbiotic hyphae of G. intraradices formed presymbiotic spores, whose initiation was more affected by heavy metals than was presymbiotic hyphal extension. In G. intraradices grown in compartmentalized habitats with only a portion of the extraradical mycelium exposed to metal stress, inhibitory effects of elevated metal concentrations on symbiotic mycelial expansion and symbiotic sporulation were limited to the metal-enriched compartment. Symbiotic sporulation was more sensitive to metal exposure than symbiotic mycelium expansion. Patterns exhibited by G. intraradices spore germination, presymbiotic hyphal extension, symbiotic extraradical mycelium expansion, and sporulation under elevated metal concentrations suggest that AM fungi may be able to survive in heavy metal-contaminated environments by using a metal avoidance strategy.
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Influence of heavy metals on production and activity of pectinolytic enzymes in ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299002099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi from heavy metal polluted soils: their identification and growth in the presence of zinc ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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de Hoog GS, Yurlova NA. Conidiogenesis, nutritional physiology and taxonomy of Aureobasidium and Hormonema. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1994; 65:41-54. [PMID: 8060123 DOI: 10.1007/bf00878278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic criteria for the distinction of the slightly osmophilic species, Aureobasidium pullulans, and the opportunistic pathogen on conifers, Hormonema dematiodies, are provided. Reliable identification requires a combination of characters of conidiogenesis, expansion growth and assimilative abilities. Relationships with species of Kabatiella, and with the teleomorph genera Pringsheimia, Dothidea and Dothiora, all having Dothiora, all having Hormonemia-like cultural states, are discussed. An identification key is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S de Hoog
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands
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Deshpande MS, Rale VB, Lynch JM. Aureobasidium pullulans in applied microbiology: A status report. Enzyme Microb Technol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(92)90122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gadd G, White C, Mowll J. Heavy metal uptake by intact cells and protoplasts ofAureobasidium pullulans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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