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Molecular cloning and characterization of a glutathione S-transferase in the tropical liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica. J Helminthol 2009; 84:55-60. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x09990046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGlutathione S-transferase from an Indian isolate of Fasciola gigantica of buffalo origin was isolated and characterized. Total RNA was transcribed to cDNA by reverse transcription and an amplicon of 657 bp glutathione S-transferase gene was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The present isolate showed 99.1% sequence homology with the published sequence of the F. giganticaGST gene of cattle origin, with six nucleotide changes causing an overall change of four amino acids. Glutathione S-transferase protein was expressed in Escherichia coli using a prokaryotic expression vector pPROEXHTb. The recombinant protein was purified under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions by nickel nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) affinity chromatography. Recombinant GST protein detected F. gigantica infection in naturally infected buffaloes by dot-ELISA.
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Silva VD, Marco LMD, Afonso WO, Lopes DC, Januario J, Aguiar MJ, Starling ALP, Silvestre MP. Preparation of Low-phenylalanine Whey Hydrolysates, Using Papain and Pancreatin Immobilized on Activated Carbon and Alumina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2007.327.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Knox DP, Redmond DL, Skuce PJ, Newlands GF. The contribution of molecular biology to the development of vaccines against nematode and trematode parasites of domestic ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2001; 101:311-35. [PMID: 11707304 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid developments in molecular biology have had an enormous impact on the prospects for the development of vaccines to control the major nematode and trematode infestations of livestock. Vaccine candidates are purified using conventional protein chemistry techniques but the limitations imposed by the scarcity of parasite material provide an insurmountable barrier for commercial vaccine production by this means. The ability to purify mRNA from different parasite life-cycle stages and to prepare cDNA expression libraries from it has proven central to the identification of immunogenic parasite proteins. Potentially, protective parasite antigens can now be produced in recombinant form in a variety of vectors and this represents a key breakthrough on the road to commercial vaccine production. The contribution of molecular biology to this process is discussed using several examples, particularly in vaccine development against the pathogenic abomasal nematode of sheep and goats, Haemonchus contortus, and the liver fluke of sheep and cattle, Fasciola hepatica. The difficulties of producing recombinant proteins in the correct form, with appropriate post-translational modification and conformation, are discussed as well as emerging means of antigen delivery including DNA vaccination. The opportunities offered by genome and expressed sequence tag analyses programmes for antigen targeting are discussed in association with developing microarray and proteomics technologies which offer the prospect of large scale, rapid antigen screening and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Knox
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Todorova VK. Proteolytic enzymes secreted by larval stage of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2001; 47:141-5. [PMID: 10945739 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2000.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Excretory/secretory products (ES), collected from in vitro cultures of muscle larvae (L1) of Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) were examined for the presence of proteolytic enzymes. Several discrete proteinases in the size range of 25-55 kDa were identified by substrate gel electrophoresis and were characterised according to pH optima, substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity using azocasein assay. Serine, cysteine and metalloproteinases active at pH 5-7 were identified. The serine proteinases were found to predominate and some of them were found to be specific for the larval stage of the parasite. The results from the substrate analysis indicated the presence of collagenolytic and elastolytic activities. The proteinase activity was inhibited by IgG isolated from T. spiralis-infected mice, an observation of relevance to understanding host/parasite interactions and, ultimately, the development of anti-Trichinella vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Todorova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
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Ros-Moreno RM, Vázquez-López C, Giménez-Pardo C, de Armas-Serra C, Rodríguez-Caabeiro F. A study of proteases throughout the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2000; 47:49-54. [PMID: 10833016 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2000.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present report we study the proteolytic activity of the excretion-secretion and crude extracts of different stages of Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) Railliet, 1895, (muscle-stage larvae, adult worms before and after mating, and newborn larvae) using natural substrates (structural and hematic mammalian proteins). The analysis of the results allow us to set up a certain stage-specificity, as well as an important relationship between the protease patterns throughout the parasite life cycle and how the parasite may overcome both mechanical and humoral barriers within the host. Muscle-stage larvae present a great activity against structural proteins (collagen), while newborn larvae and adult worms degrade principally hematic proteins (hemoglobin, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G).
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ros-Moreno
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Rehman A, Jasmer DP. A tissue specific approach for analysis of membrane and secreted protein antigens from Haemonchus contortus gut and its application to diverse nematode species. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998; 97:55-68. [PMID: 9879887 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(98)00132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
General methods to conduct tissue specific analysis are largely lacking for nematodes. An approach is described that focused on isolation of membrane and secreted protein genes from the gut of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. The approach capitalized on a monoclonal antibody that recognizes multiple membrane and secreted worm proteins. Polyclonal antisera made against these proteins were used to screen expression cDNA libraries made either from adult worm gut or whole worm. The genes identified encode predicted or known membrane and secreted proteins from gut, including a cysteine protease, a zinc metallopeptidase and a previously described GA1 protein. Another gene, Hc40, was isolated from the whole worm cDNA library and is nearly identical to a vaccine patent sequence pBTA879. Tissue analysis demonstrated the intended focus on membrane and secreted proteins from parasite gut was achieved. Proteins related to each of those described were identified from other nematode species through data base analysis. Additionally, this analysis led to (1) identification of homologues of each gene in C. elegans; (2) deduction of a dimorphic structure in the Hc40 protein; (3) recognition of both monomorphic and dimorphic families of Hc40-related proteins; and (4) detection of two apparent classes of transcripts (mep1a and mep1b) that would each encode a divergent version of the putative zinc metallopeptidase MEP1. The tissue specific approach and information base described should generally contribute to investigations on nutrient digestion and related secretory processes in nematode gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rehman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-7040, USA
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Characterization of the Proteins Present in the Mucus of the Flatworm Artioposthia triangulata (Dendy). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(97)00328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Abstract
The immunological relationship between liver flukes and their mammalian hosts is being unravelled by in vivo and in vitro studies. Vaccine studies in cattle and sheep with purified antigens (fatty acid binding protein, FABP; glutathione S-transferase, GST; cathepsin L, CatL; hemoglobin) have shown that high reductions in worm burdens (31-72%) and egg production (69-98%) can be achieved, raising the realistic possibility that immunological control of Fasciola infection is a commercially achievable goal. Combination vaccines may also be feasible since a cocktail of CatL and hemoglobin elicits a significant 72% protection in cattle. Analysis of immune responses to Fasciola during infection in ruminants suggests that chronic infection correlates with a type 2 helper T cell response, implying that type 1 helper T cell responses are down-regulated in fasciolosis. Recent results studying the resistance of Indonesian Thin Tail (ITT) sheep to F. gigantica have shown that this breed exhibits high innate (or rapidly acquired) resistance to infection and acquires a higher level of resistance after a primary challenge. Initial studies suggest that the resistance of ITT sheep to F. gigantica may be determined by a major gene. Merino sheep also acquire resistance to F. gigantica. In contrast, ITT and Merino sheep do not exhibit resistance to F. hepatica. These results suggest that there are fundamental differences between these two species of Fasciola in the biology of their interaction with the sheep immune system. In vitro studies on immune mechanisms of killing of juvenile fluke have shown that juvenile larvae of F. hepatica are susceptible to antibody-dependent killing by activated rat macrophages in vitro which is mediated by nitric oxide. Future studies on the immune effector mechanisms expressed by resistant sheep which control infection by F. gigantica will lead to new knowledge which may allow the design of more effective vaccines for fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Spithill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Karanu FN, Rurangirwa FR, McGuire TC, Jasmer DP. Haemonchus contortus: inter- and intrageographic isolate heterogeneity of proteases in adult worm excretory-secretory products. Exp Parasitol 1997; 86:89-91. [PMID: 9149245 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1997.4158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F N Karanu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-7040, USA
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Jasmer DP, McGuire TC. Antigens with application toward immune control of blood-feeding parasitic nematodes. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1996; 152:251-68. [PMID: 8762603 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review considers progress toward immune control of nematode parasites that feed on mammalian host blood. Approaches to identify relevant parasite antigens include use of irradiated larvae, somatic antigens, metabolites, enzymes and gut antigens. Because significant immune protection has more recently been achieved using gut antigens of the blood-feeding parasite Haemonchus contortus, these antigens are considered in greater detail. Issues discussed are implications of gut antigens in immune control, potential mechanisms involved in this immunity, biochemical characteristics of gut antigens and potential application of gut antigens to immune control of other blood-feeding nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Jasmer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-7040, USA
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Proudman CJ, Trees AJ. Use of excretory/secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata cestodosis. Vet Parasitol 1996; 61:239-47. [PMID: 8720562 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Whole worm extract (WWE) and excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens of Anoplocephala perfoliata were characterised by SDS-PAGE and their use in the serodiagnosis of equine cestodosis was evaluated. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to compare WWE and E/S antigen as the capture layer in an antibody capture ELISA. E/S antigen gave the best differentiation between sera from tapeworm-positive and tapeworm-negative horses. The E/S-ELISA was optimised and validated against sera from horses of known tapeworm status. This assay gave a diagnostic sensitivity of 68% (n = 38) and a specificity in helminth-naive horses of 95% (n = 20). Western blot analysis of tapeworm-positive and tapeworm-negative sera revealed the immunoreactive proteins of E/S antigen to be those of 12 and 13 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Proudman
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
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Thompson DP, Klein RD, Geary TG. Prospects for rational approaches to anthelmintic discovery. Parasitology 1996; 113 Suppl:S217-38. [PMID: 9051937 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000077994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rational approaches to anthelmintic discovery include the design of screens for compounds directed at specific proteins in helminths that are pharmacologically distinguishable from their vertebrate homologues. The existence of several anthelmintics that selectively target the neuromusculature of helminths (e.g. levamisole, ivermectin, praziquantel, metrifonate), together with recent basic research in helminth physiology, have contributed to the recognition that neurobiology distinguishes these organisms from their vertebrate hosts. In this survey, we focus on mechanism-based screening and its application to anthelmintic discovery, with particular emphasis on targets in the neuromusculature of helminths. Few of these proteins have been exploited in chemotherapy. However, recent studies in comparative pharmacology and molecular biology, including the C. elegans genome project, have provided insights on potential new targets and, in some cases, molecular probes useful for their incorporation in mechanism-based screens.
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Todorova VK, Knox DP, Kennedy MW. Proteinases in the excretory/secretory products (ES) of adult Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology 1995; 111 ( Pt 2):201-8. [PMID: 7675535 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000064957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adult Trichinella spiralis were maintained in vitro using defined media and the material excreted/secreted (ES) during this time examined for proteolytic enzyme (proteinase) activity using an azocasein assay and gelatin-substrate gels. Several discrete proteinases in the size range 14-100 kDa were observed with optimal activity at pH 7.5. The use of a class-differentiating panel of proteinase inhibitors indicated that serine proteinases were predominant although some inhibition was evident in the presence of cysteine and metalloproteinase inhibitors. Of a panel of potential natural protein substrates tested, ES proteinases only degraded fibrinogen and plasminogen and degradation was, in part, susceptible to the action of serine, cysteine and aspartyl proteinase inhibitors. In addition, antibody harvested from immune but not normal mice inhibited ES proteinase activity, an observation of relevance to the immunobiology of Trichinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Todorova
- Wellcome Laboratories for Experimental Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden
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