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Ozdemir Z, Tras B, Uney K. Distribution of hydrophilic and lipophilic antibacterial drugs in skim milk, cream, and casein. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10694-10702. [PMID: 30316586 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the distribution of drugs to different milk fractions according to their physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic drugs tend to concentrate in skim milk, whereas lipophilic drugs tend to concentrate in cream. The concentration of a drug in casein is related to its degree of binding to milk proteins. Thus, we aimed to determine whether withdrawal time in whole milk differs from that in cream, casein, and skim milk. Amoxicillin and tylosin were selected as prototype hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, respectively. The study was conducted in vitro and in vivo to determine whether in vitro conditions reflect the distribution of drugs in the different milk fractions in vivo. The in vivo study was conducted using a crossover design on 6 healthy Holstein dairy cattle. First, amoxicillin (i.m., single dose, 14 mg/kg) was administered to cows. Following a 1-wk washout period, tylosin (i.m., single dose, 15 mg/kg) was administered. Concentrations of amoxicillin and tylosin in milk and milk fractions were measured using HPLC-UV. In the in vitro study, 0.04 to 400 μg/g of amoxicillin and 0.05 to 50 μg/g of tylosin were spiked to drug-free milk and the concentrations in milk and milk fractions were measured. In addition, the percentage of total protein in milk and milk fractions was determined. Amoxicillin accumulated more in skim milk than in cream and casein, both in vitro (92%) and in vivo (73%, skim milk-to-whole milk ratio). The distribution of tylosin in whole and skim milk was similar to that of amoxicillin in the in vitro study, in contrast to the accumulation of tylosin in cream seen in vivo. However, the accumulation ratio of tylosin in cream was lower than expected. By either method, tylosin was less concentrated in casein than in skim milk and cream. The percentage of total protein was similar in skim milk and whole milk and higher than in cream. Thus, amoxicillin accumulates less in cream and casein, suggesting that these fractions would pose a lower risk to the consumer. Tylosin was still present at the maximum residue limit (50 μg/kg) 24 h after injection in the casein fraction and 48 h after injection in the cream fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ozdemir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey.
| | - B Tras
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey
| | - K Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey
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Ozdemir Z, Tras B, Uney K, Eser Faki H, Besoluk TM. Determination of milk/plasma ratio and milk and plasma pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin after intramuscular administration in lactating cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:45-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ozdemir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya Turkey
| | - Bunyamin Tras
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Faki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya Turkey
| | - Tugba Melike Besoluk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya Turkey
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Burmańczuk A, Tomasz G, Gbylik-Sikorska M, Gajda A, Kowalski C. Withdrawal of Amoxicillin and Penicillin G Procaine from Milk after Intramammary Administration in Dairy Cows with Mastitis. J Vet Res 2017; 61:37-43. [PMID: 29978053 PMCID: PMC5894414 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are many veterinary products containing β-lactam antibiotics which are used for mastitis treatment in cows. The aim of the study was to determine whether mastitis could have any effect on amoxicillin (AMX) or penicillin G procaine (PEN) withdrawal period from milk, in the context of current maximum residue limits established by the European Commission. Material and Methods The study was conducted on 17 dairy Black and White cows with clinical mastitis during the lactation period. The first group (n = 8) received 200 mg of amoxicillin (AMX), whereas the second group (n = 9) received 200,000 IU/mg of penicillin G procaine (PEN) by intramammary administration. For the measurement of AMX and PEN concentrations in milk, the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was applied. Pharmacokinetic calculations were performed using Phoenix WinNonlin 6.4 software. Results The determined AMX and PEN half-life values in the mammary gland suggest that the drug withdrawal is at a level of 99.9% within 81 h (≈3.5 days) and 116 h (≈5 days) after administration of AMX and PEN, respectively. The present research indicates that, at 60 h after administration, the average PEN concentration in the milk from cows with clinical signs of mastitis may still reach 4.96 g/kg and that of AMX can even be 6.92 g/kg. Conclusion The results obtained confirm that, in mastitis cases, a 72-h withdrawal period is sufficient for elimination of AMX to a lower level than the established maximum residue limit (MRL) values. However, in the case of PEN, at 69 h after administration, the drug concentration may be close to that of the determined MRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Burmańczuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Pakistan
| | - Anna Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Pakistan
| | - Cezary Kowalski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Ruennarong N, Wongpanit K, Sakulthaew C, Giorgi M, Klangkaew N, Poapolathep A, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in Thai swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): a pilot study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:200-202. [PMID: 27292774 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of amoxicillin (AMX) in Thai swamp buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis, following single intramuscular administration at two dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 48 h. The plasma concentrations of AMX were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The concentrations of AMX in the plasma were determined up to 24 h after i.m. administration at both dosages. The Cmax values of AMX were 3.39 ± 0.18 μg/mL and 6.16 ± 0.18 μg/mL at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. The AUClast values increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The half-life values were 5.56 ± 0.40 h and 4.37 ± 0.23 h at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data and PK-PD index (T > MIC), i.m. administration of AMX at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w might be appropriate for the treatment of susceptible Mannheimia haemolytica infection in Thai swamp buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ruennarong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - K Wongpanit
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-industry, Chalermphrakiat, Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - C Sakulthaew
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - N Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Liu Y, Zhu K, Wang J, Huang X, Wang G, Li C, Cao J, Ding S. Simultaneous detection and comparative pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin, clavulanic acid and prednisolone in cows’ milk by UPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sinphithakkul P, Klangkaew N, Sanyathitiseree P, Giorgi M, Kumagai S, Poapolathep A, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus
) following intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:287-91. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Sinphithakkul
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kasetsart University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - N. Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kasetsart University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - P. Sanyathitiseree
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kasetsart University; Nakhon Pathom Thailand
| | - M. Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte); San Piero a Grado Italy
| | - S. Kumagai
- Research Center for Food Safety; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - A. Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kasetsart University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - S. Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kasetsart University; Bangkok Thailand
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Pharmacokinetics of sodium and trihydrate amoxicillin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in llamas (Lama glama). Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kim EY, Gebru E, Lee JS, Kim JC, Park SC. Pharmacokinetics of a florfenicol-tylosin combination after intravenous and intramuscular administration to beagle dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:463-6. [PMID: 21068517 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmacokinetic study of a commercial florfenicol-tylosin (2:1) combination product was conducted in six beagle dogs after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration at doses of 10 mg/kg (florfenicol) and 5 mg/kg (tylosin). Serum drug concentrations were determined by a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV detection. A rapid and nearly complete absorption of both drugs with a mean IM bioavailability of 103.9% (florfenicol) and 92.6% (tylosin), prolonged elimination half-life, and high tissue penetration with steady state volume of distribution of 2.63 l/kg (florfenicol) and 1.98 l/kg (tylosin) were observed. Additional studies, including pharmacodynamic and toxicological evaluation are required before recommendations can be made regarding the clinical application of the product in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Kim
- Gyeongbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, Daegu 702–210, Republic of Korea
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Reyns T, De Boever S, Schauvliege S, Gasthuys F, Meissonnier G, Oswald I, De Backer P, Croubels S. Influence of administration route on the biotransformation of amoxicillin in the pig. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32:241-8. [PMID: 19646088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comparison was made in the plasma concentration of the major metabolites of amoxicillin (AMO), i.e. amoxicilloic acid (AMA) and amoxicillin diketopiperazine-2',5'-dione (DIKETO) in portal and jugular venous plasma after oral (p.o.) and intravenous (i.v.) AMO administration to pigs, in order to study a possible presystemic degradation of AMO in the gastro-intestinal tract and liver. Almost identical plasma concentration-time curves were obtained for AMO and its metabolites in portal and jugular venous plasma, both after p.o. and i.v. AMO administration. Almost immediately after i.v. AMO administration, high AMA and DIKETO concentrations were measured in plasma, while after p.o. dosing, the metabolites appeared in plasma after almost complete absorption of AMO. No significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of AMO, AMA and DIKETO, derived from the concentration-time profiles in portal and jugular venous plasma were calculated, both after i.v. and p.o. AMO administration (P > 0.05). After p.o. administration, the half-life of elimination (t(1/2(el))) for AMA is at least two or three times the t(1/2(el)) of AMO (0.75 h for AMO vs. 2.69 h for AMA), indicating the slower clearance of the metabolite. It could be hypothesized that AMA is only eliminated by glomerular filtration, as its open beta-lactam structure might not be recognized by the transport carrier in the proximal tubule of the kidney. The results of the study indicate that AMO is not substantially metabolized presystemically in the gut and liver. Therefore, it may be assumed that the kidney may be the major organ for AMO biotransformation. Future in vivo and in vitro experiments should be performed to state this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reyns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Delis GA, Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou M, Theodosiadou E, Kounenis G, Batzias GC. Peripheral distribution of amoxicillin in sheep and influence of local inflammation. Vet J 2009; 185:310-6. [PMID: 19709911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin (AMX) in blood serum (SBS) and tissue cage fluid (TCF) was studied in sheep. Four tissue cages, prepared from silicone rubber tubing, were subcutaneously inserted in the neck area (two on each side) of the experimental animals and AMX was administered both intravenously (IV) and intramuscularly (IM) at the dose rate of 15mg/kg bodyweight. The impact of local inflammation on AMX distribution in TCF was studied after intra-cavity injection of a lambda carrageenan solution in one of the two tissue cages used after each administration. In contrast to the three-compartment AMX disposition after IV injection, two-compartment, absorption-limited pharmacokinetics was observed after IM administration. Non-inflamed and inflamed TCF data revealed, in all cases, the attainment of low, but prolonged concentrations and absence of an inflammation-induced effect on AMX penetration into and elimination from TCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Delis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Delis G, Batzias G, Kounenis G, Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou M. Application and validation of a LC/fluorescence method for the determination of amoxicillin in sheep serum and tissue cage fluid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:375-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reyns T, De Boever S, Baert K, Croubels S, Schauvliege S, Gasthuys F, De Backer P. Disposition and oral bioavailability of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 30:550-5. [PMID: 17991223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were studied in healthy, fasted pigs after single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) dosage of 20 mg/kg of amoxicillin and 5 mg/kg of clavulanic acid. The plasma concentrations of the drugs were determined by validated high-performance liquid chromatographic methods and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by compartmental and noncompartmental analyses. After i.v. administration of the two drugs, plasma concentration-time curves were best described by a three-compartmental open model for amoxicillin and a two-compartmental open model for clavulanic acid. Amoxicillin (with a t(1/2 gamma) = 1.03 h and a clearance of 0.58 L/h.kg) and clavulanic acid (with a t(1/2 beta) of 0.74 h and a clearance of 0.41 L/h.kg) were both rapidly eliminated from plasma. Both drugs had apparently the same volume of distribution of 0.34 L/kg. After p.o. administration of the two drugs, a noncompartmental model was used. Elimination half-lives of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were not significantly different, i.e. 0.73 and 0.67 h respectively. The mean maximal plasma concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were 3.14 and 2.42 mg/L, and these were reached after 1.19 and 0.88 h respectively. The mean p.o. bioavailability was found to be 22.8% for amoxicillin and 44.7% for clavulanic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reyns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biochemistry and Organ Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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