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Tian Y, Kong H, Ban X, Li C, Gu Z, Li Z. Distribution of Aromatic Amino Acid Residues in Substrate-Binding Regions Modulates Substrate Specificity of Microbial Debranching Enzymes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37463425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Debranching enzymes (DBEs) directly hydrolyze α-1,6-glucosidic linkages in glycogen, starch, and related polysaccharides, making them important in the starch processing industry. However, the ambiguous substrate specificity usually restricts synergistic catalysis with other amylases for improving starch utilization. Herein, a glycogen-debranching enzyme from Saccharolobus solfataricus (SsGDE) and two isoamylases from Pseudomonas amyloderamosa (PaISO) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrISO) were used to investigate the molecular mechanism of substrate specificity. Along with the structure-based computational analysis, the aromatic residues in the substrate-binding region of DBEs played an important role in binding substrates. The aromatic residues in SsGDE appeared clustered, contributing to a small substrate-binding region. In contrast, the aromatic residues in isoamylase were distributed dispersedly, forming a large active site. The distinct characteristics of substrate-binding regions in SsGDE and isoamylase might explain their substrate preferences for maltodextrin and amylopectin, respectively. By modulating the substrate-binding region of SsGDE, variants Y323F and V375F were obtained with significantly enhanced activities, and the activities of Y323F and V375F increased by 30 and 60% for amylopectin, and 20 and 23% for DE4 maltodextrin, respectively. This study revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the substrate specificity for SsGDE and isoamylases, providing a route for engineering enzymes to achieve higher catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiong Tian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Haocun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
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Yasuda A, Mizote A, Miyata M, Kurose M, Ogawa T, Sadakiyo T, Uchida S, Yamamoto T, Mitsuzumi H, Aga H, Yamamoto K. Development of a method for preparing cyclic nigerosylnigerose syrup and investigation of its value as a dietary fiber. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:780-791. [PMID: 35348590 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nigerosylnigerose (CNN) syrup, containing 76% water-soluble dietary fiber, was prepared from starch on an industrial scale, using isoamylase, 6-α-glucosyltransferase, 3-α-isomaltosyltransferase, and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. CNN syrup has a unique linkage pattern, consisting mainly of α-1,3 and α-1,6 glucoside linkages, and is characterized by its low weight average molecular weight (807) and moderate sweetness (relative sweetness = 25), unlike in well-known dietary fiber materials. The glass transition temperature of CNN is higher than that of the straight chain structures, maltotetraose and maltosyltrehalose. Even when 40% of normally added sucrose was replaced with CNN syrup, sponge cake puffed up sufficiently. The no observed adverse effect level for a single dose of CNN syrup was 0.88 and 0.89 g dry solid/kg body weight for men and women, respectively. The increase in blood glucose and insulin concentrations during consumption of CNN syrup was lower than that of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yasuda
- HAYASHIBARA CO., LTD., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizote
- HAYASHIBARA CO., LTD., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Miyata
- HAYASHIBARA CO., LTD., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kurose
- HAYASHIBARA CO., LTD., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Ogawa
- HAYASHIBARA CO., LTD., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Satoko Uchida
- HAYASHIBARA CO., LTD., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuo Yamamoto
- HAYASHIBARA CO., LTD., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Hajime Aga
- HAYASHIBARA CO., LTD., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koryu Yamamoto
- HAYASHIBARA CO., LTD., 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Nakamura Y, Kainuma K. On the cluster structure of amylopectin. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:291-306. [PMID: 34599732 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two opposing models for the amylopectin structure are historically and comprehensively reviewed, which leads us to a better understanding of the specific fine structure of amylopectin. Amylopectin is a highly branched glucan which accounts for approximately 65-85 of starch in most plant tissues. However, its fine structure is still not fully understood due to the limitations of current methodologies. Since the 1940 s, many scientists have attempted to elucidate the distinct structure of amylopectin. One of the most accepted concepts is that amylopectin has a structural element known as "cluster", in which neighboring side chains with a degree of polymerization of ≥ 10 in the region of their non-branched segments form double helices. The double helical structures are arranged in inter- and intra-clusters and are the origin of the distinct physicochemical and crystalline properties of starch granules. Several models of the cluster structure have been proposed by starch scientists worldwide during the progress of analytical methods, whereas no direct evidence so far has been provided. Recently, Bertoft and colleagues proposed a new model designated as "the building block and backbone (BB) model". The BB model sharply contrasts with the cluster model in that the structural element for the BB model is the building block, and that long chains are separately synthesized and positioned from short chains constituting the building block. In the present paper, we conduct the historical review of the cluster concept detailing how and when the concept was established based on experimental results by many scientists. Then, differences between the two opposing concepts are explained and both models are critically discussed, particularly from the point of view of the biochemical regulation of amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., Ltd, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-city, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan.
| | - Keiji Kainuma
- Science Academy of Tsukuba, 2-20-3 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0032, Japan
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Liu B, Lin R, Jiang Y, Jiang S, Xiong Y, Lian H, Zeng Q, Liu X, Liu ZJ, Chen S. Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Genes Associated with Starch Metabolism in Castanea henryi Seed (Fagaceae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1431. [PMID: 32093295 PMCID: PMC7073145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most important form of carbohydrate storage and is the major energy reserve in some seeds, especially Castanea henryi. Seed germination is the beginning of the plant's life cycle, and starch metabolism is important for seed germination. As a complex metabolic pathway, the regulation of starch metabolism in C. henryi is still poorly understood. To explore the mechanism of starch metabolism during the germination of C. henryi, we conducted a comparative gene expression analysis at the transcriptional level using RNA-seq across four different germination stages, and analyzed the changes in the starch and soluble sugar contents. The results showed that the starch content increased in 0-10 days and decreased in 10-35 days, while the soluble sugar content continuously decreased in 0-30 days and increased in 30-35 days. We identified 49 candidate genes that may be associated with starch and sucrose metabolism. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, two nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPS) genes and three starch synthases (SS) genes may be related to starch accumulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the expression levels of these genes. Our study combined transcriptome data with physiological and biochemical data, revealing potential candidate genes that affect starch metabolism during seed germination, and provides important data about starch metabolism and seed germination in seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Ruqiang Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yuting Jiang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Shuzhen Jiang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yuanfang Xiong
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Hui Lian
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Qinmeng Zeng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Xuedie Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Shipin Chen
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.L.); (R.L.); (Y.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
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5
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Effects of partial debranching and storage temperature on recrystallization of waxy maize starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:350-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Matsuki J, Wada M, Sasaki T, Yoza K, Tokuyasu K. Purification of Branched Dextrin from Nägeli Amylodextrin by Ethanol Precipitation and Characterization of Its Aggregation Property in Methanol-Water. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2019; 66:97-102. [PMID: 34429687 PMCID: PMC8367637 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2019_0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol precipitation process for purification of branched dextrin (BD) in Nägeli amylodextrin from waxy rice starch was developed. Temperature and ethanol concentration for precipitation were main parameters affecting the recovery and purity of BD, and the purification condition at 4 °C and 10 % (v/v) ethanol in water was adopted. After four-time precipitation, the BD recovery was 34.6 %, whereas the purity improved from 78.5 % at the initial to 94.5 % at the four-time purified BD (BD4). BD4 mainly showed a chain length distribution between 18 to 35 with a mode length of 25, which shifted after enzymatic debranching with isoamylase to that between 9 and 20 with a mode length of 14. Each purified BD was solubilized in water, and each solution was mixed with methanol-water at 25 °C to a final methanol concentration of 16 M. The flakes of BD precipitated with 16 M methanol exhibited an A-type crystal structure by an X-ray diffraction analysis, and the speed generation of white flakes in 16 M methanol dramatically increased as the purification time increased. The effect of addition of highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD) or sodium tetraborate on BD aggregation in 16 M methanol was also investigated, where the former retarded aggregation but the latter had no effect on the velocity. Thus, the purified BD enables rapid characterization of aggregation of double helix structures of A-type crystal structure, and screening of compounds which could affect the phenomena for prediction of potentials in starch modification as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsuki
- 1 Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Masahisa Wada
- 2 Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University.,3 Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University
| | - Tomoko Sasaki
- 1 Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Koichi Yoza
- 1 Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization.,4 Kagoshima-Osumi Food Technology Development Center
| | - Ken Tokuyasu
- 1 Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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7
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Abstract
Starch is a major food supply for humanity. It is produced in seeds, rhizomes, roots and tubers in the form of semi-crystalline granules with unique properties for each plant. Though the size and morphology of the granules is specific for each plant species, their internal structures have remarkably similar architecture, consisting of growth rings, blocklets, and crystalline and amorphous lamellae. The basic components of starch granules are two polyglucans, namely amylose and amylopectin. The molecular structure of amylose is comparatively simple as it consists of glucose residues connected through α-(1,4)-linkages to long chains with a few α-(1,6)-branches. Amylopectin, which is the major component, has the same basic structure, but it has considerably shorter chains and a lot of α-(1,6)-branches. This results in a very complex, three-dimensional structure, the nature of which remains uncertain. Several models of the amylopectin structure have been suggested through the years, and in this review two models are described, namely the “cluster model” and the “building block backbone model”. The structure of the starch granules is discussed in light of both models.
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9
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Wikman J, Blennow A, Bertoft E. Effect of amylose deposition on potato tuber starch granule architecture and dynamics as studied by lintnerization. Biopolymers 2012; 99:73-83. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Angellier-Coussy H, Putaux JL, Molina-Boisseau S, Dufresne A, Bertoft E, Perez S. The molecular structure of waxy maize starch nanocrystals. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1558-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Chen X, Wang Z, Gu R, Fu J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang J, Jia J, Wang G. Isolation of the maize Zpu1 gene promoter and its functional analysis in transgenic tobacco plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1555-65. [PMID: 17516072 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
By screening a genomic library of maize, a 2.2 kb 5' flanking fragment of Zpu1 gene, encoding the pullulanase-type starch debranching enzyme, was isolated. Promoter fragments of various lengths, including the full 5' flanking sequence (-2267 to -1) (Z1), a 3' deletion (-2267 to -513) (Z5) and three 5' deletions extending to -1943 (Z2), -1143 (Z3) and -516 (Z4) upstream of the translational initiation codon (ATG), were fused to the GUS reporter gene and introduced into tobacco. When these constructs were tested in transgenic tobacco plants, seed-preferred GUS activity was observed in pZ1-transgenic lines. In pZ2-transgenic lines, the GUS activity was not only restricted to seeds, but was also detected in calyxes, petals, stamens and mature leaves. At the same time, negligible GUS activity was detected in roots, stems, young leaves, stigmas and ovaries from the transgenic tobacco plants, which had integrated the full isolated sequence of Zpu1 promoter or its deletions. Deletion analysis indicated that the promoter contained a putative positive cis-regulatory element and the proximal region (-516 to -1) was essential for directing the expression of gus reporter gene. Analysis of GUS activity during the fruit development and seed germination suggested that Zpu1 promoter is active both in starch anabolism and in starch catabolism, which is consistent with the function of the endogenous gene in maize. GUS activity in leaves under light and darkness confirmed that Zpu1 promoter functions in the starch degradation of photosynthetic tissues in the dark phase of the diurnal cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Department of Seed Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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12
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Xia H, Thompson DB. Debranching of β-Dextrins to Explore Branching Patterns of Amylopectins from Three Maize Genotypes. Cereal Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1094/cc-83-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xia
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - Donald B. Thompson
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
- Corresponding author. Phone: 814-863-0481. Fax: 814-863-6132. E-mail: dbt1@ psu.edu
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13
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Mikami B, Iwamoto H, Malle D, Yoon HJ, Demirkan-Sarikaya E, Mezaki Y, Katsuya Y. Crystal structure of pullulanase: evidence for parallel binding of oligosaccharides in the active site. J Mol Biol 2006; 359:690-707. [PMID: 16650854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of Klebsiella pneumoniae pullulanase and its complex with glucose (G1), maltose (G2), isomaltose (isoG2), maltotriose (G3), or maltotetraose (G4), have been refined at around 1.7-1.9A resolution by using a synchrotron radiation source at SPring-8. The refined models contained 920-1052 amino acid residues, 942-1212 water molecules, four or five calcium ions, and the bound sugar moieties. The enzyme is composed of five domains (N1, N2, N3, A, and C). The N1 domain was clearly visible only in the structure of the complex with G3 or G4. The N1 and N2 domains are characteristic of pullulanase, while the N3, A, and C domains have weak similarity with those of Pseudomonas isoamylase. The N1 domain was found to be a new type of carbohydrate-binding domain with one calcium site (CBM41). One G1 bound at subsite -2, while two G2 bound at -1 approximately -2 and +2 approximately +1, two G3, -1 approximately -3 and +2 approximately 0', and two G4, -1 approximately -4 and +2 approximately -1'. The two bound G3 and G4 molecules in the active cleft are almost parallel and interact with each other. The subsites -1 approximately -4 and +1 approximately +2, including catalytic residues Glu706 and Asp677, are conserved between pullulanase and alpha-amylase, indicating that pullulanase strongly recognizes branched point and branched sugar residues, while subsites 0' and -1', which recognize the non-reducing end of main-chain alpha-1,4 glucan, are specific to pullulanase and isoamylase. The comparison suggested that the conformational difference around the active cleft, together with the domain organization, determines the different substrate specificities between pullulanase and isoamylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunzo Mikami
- Laboratory of Food Quality Design and Development, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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14
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Kitahara K, Fukunaga S, Katayama K, Takahata Y, Nakazawa Y, Yoshinaga M, Suganuma T. Physicochemical Properties of Sweetpotato Starches with Different Gelatinization Temperatures. STARCH-STARKE 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200400349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Greffe L, Jensen MT, Bosso C, Svensson B, Driguez H. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Branched Oligo- and Polysaccharides as Potential Substrates for Starch Active Enzymes. Chembiochem 2003; 4:1307-11. [PMID: 14661272 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oligo- and polysaccharides embodying the alpha-maltotriosyl-6(II)-maltotetraosyl structure were readily synthesized by transglycosylation of maltosyl fluoride onto panose and pullulan catalysed by the bacterial transglycosylase cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase). The two products obtained proved useful for increasing the knowledge of substrate binding and processing at the active site of barley limit dextrinase that is involved in the metabolism of amylopectin by acting upon its branch points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Greffe
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), Affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier, B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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16
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Wu C, Colleoni C, Myers AM, James MG. Enzymatic properties and regulation of ZPU1, the maize pullulanase-type starch debranching enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 406:21-32. [PMID: 12234486 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch debranching enzymes (DBE) are required for mobilization of carbohydrate reserves and for the normal structural organization of storage glucan polymers. Two isoforms, the pullulanase-type DBEs and the isoamylase-type DBEs, are both highly conserved in plants. To address DBE functions in starch assembly and breakdown, this study characterized the biochemical activity of ZPU1, a pullulanase-type DBE that is the product of the maize Zpu1 gene. Assays showed directly that recombinant ZPU1 (ZPU1r) expressed in Escherichia coli functions as a pullulanase-type enzyme, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that ZPU1r specifically hydrolyzes alpha(1-->6) branch linkages. Preferred substrates for ZPU1r hydrolytic activity were determined, as were pH, temperature, and thermal stability optima. Kinetic properties of ZPU1r with respect to two substrates, beta-limit dextrin and pullulan, were determined. ZPU1 activity was increased by incubation with thioredoxin h, and native activity was decreased in mutants that accumulate soluble sugars, suggesting potential regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2152 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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17
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Manelius R, Nurmi K, Bertoft E. Enzymatic and Acidic Hydrolysis of Cationized Waxy Maize Starch Granules. Cereal Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2000.77.3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Manelius
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy; Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, P.O. Box 66, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Nurmi
- Raisio Chemicals Oy, P.O. Box 101, FIN-21201 Raisio, Finland
| | - Eric Bertoft
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy; Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, P.O. Box 66, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
- Corresponding author: Fax: +358-2-2154745. E-mail:
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18
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Kristensen M, Planchot V, Abe JI, Svensson B. Large-Scale Purification and Characterization of Barley Limit Dextrinase, a Member of the α-Amylase Structural Family. Cereal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.1998.75.4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark. Present address (MK): Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, Skovbrynet 14, DK-2800 Lyngby
| | - Véronique Planchot
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Technologie des Glucides, I.N.R.A., Rue de la Géraudière, B.P. 1627, 44316 Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890, Japan
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark. Present address (MK): Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, Skovbrynet 14, DK-2800 Lyngby
- Corresponding author. Phone: +45 3327 5345. Fax: +45 3327 4708. E-mail:
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19
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Rahman A, Wong KS, Jane JL, Myers AM, James MG. Characterization of SU1 isoamylase, a determinant of storage starch structure in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:425-35. [PMID: 9625695 PMCID: PMC34962 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.2.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/1997] [Accepted: 02/27/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Function of the maize (Zea mays) gene sugary1 (su1) is required for normal starch biosynthesis in endosperm. Homozygous su1- mutant endosperms accumulate a highly branched polysaccharide, phytoglycogen, at the expense of the normal branched component of starch, amylopectin. These data suggest that both branched polysaccharides share a common precursor, and that the product of the su1 gene, designated SU1, participates in kernel starch biosynthesis. SU1 is similar in sequence to alpha-(1-->6) glucan hydrolases (starch-debranching enzymes [DBEs]). Specific antibodies were produced and used to demonstrate that SU1 is a 79-kD protein that accumulates in endosperm coincident with the time of starch biosynthesis. Nearly full-length SU1 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity. Two biochemical assays confirmed that SU1 hydrolyzes alpha-(1-->6) linkages in branched polysaccharides. Determination of the specific activity of SU1 toward various substrates enabled its classification as an isoamylase. Previous studies had shown, however, that su1- mutant endosperms are deficient in a different type of DBE, a pullulanase (or R enzyme). Immunoblot analyses revealed that both SU1 and a protein detected by antibodies specific for the rice (Oryza sativa) R enzyme are missing from su1- mutant kernels. These data support the hypothesis that DBEs are directly involved in starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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20
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21
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22
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Calorimetric evaluation of the glass transition in hydrated, linear and branched polyanhydroglucose compounds. Carbohydr Polym 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(96)00146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Takata H, Takaha T, Okada S, Hizukuri S, Takagi M, Imanaka T. Structure of the cyclic glucan produced from amylopectin by Bacillus stearothermophilus branching enzyme. Carbohydr Res 1996; 295:91-101. [PMID: 9002186 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)90126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The thermostable branching enzyme (BE, EC 2.4.1.18) from Bacillus stearothermophilus TRBE14 produces large cyclic glucans from waxy rice amylopectin similar to those obtained from amylose as described elsewhere [H. Takata, T. Takaha, S. Okada. M. Takagi, and T. Imanaka, J. Bacteriol., 178 (1996) 1600-1606]. The structure of the product (P-1) from the late-stage reaction was analyzed in detail. The weight-average degree of polymerization (dpw) of P-1 was 900. Its chain-length distribution was not significantly changed compared with that of amylopectin, although the amount of long chains (dp > 38) was slightly decreased. The cyclic component of P-1, which was isolated by the extensive action of glucoamylase, had dpw of 49. Three point five alpha-1,6 linkages were directly involved in the formation of the ring structure with several non-cyclic side chains linked to the ring. Based on these results, the action and new roles of BE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takata
- Biochemical Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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24
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Lai JT, Liu HS. Production enhancement of Pseudomonas amyloderamosa isoamylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Kimura A, Robyt JF. Reaction of enzymes with starch granules: reaction of isoamylase with native and gelatinized granules. Carbohydr Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(96)00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Studies of the action pattern on potato starch of the decycling maltodextrinase from Flavobacterium sp. no. 92. Carbohydr Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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28
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Jespersen HM, MacGregor EA, Henrissat B, Sierks MR, Svensson B. Starch- and glycogen-debranching and branching enzymes: prediction of structural features of the catalytic (beta/alpha)8-barrel domain and evolutionary relationship to other amylolytic enzymes. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1993; 12:791-805. [PMID: 8136030 DOI: 10.1007/bf01024938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sequence alignment and structure prediction are used to locate catalytic alpha-amylase-type (beta/alpha)8-barrel domains and the positions of their beta-strands and alpha-helices in isoamylase, pullulanase, neopullulanase, alpha-amylase-pullulanase, dextran glucosidase, branching enzyme, and glycogen branching enzymes--all enzymes involved in hydrolysis or synthesis of alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch and related polysaccharides. This has allowed identification of the transferase active site of the glycogen debranching enzyme and the locations of beta-->alpha loops making up the active sites of all enzymes studied. Activity and specificity of the enzymes are discussed in terms of conserved amino acid residues and loop variations. An evolutionary distance tree of 47 amylolytic and related enzymes is built on 37 residues representing the four best conserved beta-strands of the barrel. It exhibits clusters of enzymes close in specificity, with the branching and glycogen debranching enzymes being the most distantly related.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Jespersen
- Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
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29
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González RD, Arenas EC, Vilches EB, de Billerbeck MA. Selective procedure for isolation of microorganisms producing pullulanase and isoamylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00155475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Vetter D, Thorn W, Brunner H, König WA. Directed enzymatic synthesis of linear and branched gluco-oligosaccharides, using cyclodextrin-glucanosyltransferase. Carbohydr Res 1992; 223:61-9. [PMID: 1534513 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)80006-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin-glucanosyltransferase, in a kinetically controlled reaction, transfers one maltohexaosyl residue from cyclomaltohexaose (alpha CD) to HO-4 of an acceptor to form a linear or a branched gluco-oligosaccharide. The primary transfer product can be isolated in yields up to 45% and in high purity, if the reaction is stopped at an early stage. With increasing time of incubation, secondary and tertiary transfer products are formed by stepwise addition of maltohexaosyl units. At equilibrium, a mixture with almost equal proportions of oligosaccharides is obtained. Glucose and malto-oligosaccharides of any chain length carrying a free 4-hydroxyl group and with HO-1 free or substituted, and regardless of the configuration at C-1, may serve as acceptors. Substrates with galacto or manno configuration were not utilised by the enzyme. The selectivity of the enzyme with respect to the site of chain elongation in branched acceptor molecules has been investigated. The technique described here may be applied to prepare linear gluco-oligosaccharides of any chain length of branched oligosaccharides of the amylopectin type.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vetter
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, F.R.G
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31
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Bender H. Branched saccharides formed by the action of His-modified cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Klebsiella pneumoniae M 5 al on starch. Carbohydr Res 1991; 222:239-44. [PMID: 1839890 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(91)89022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Digestion of potato starch with His-modified alpha-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Klebsiella pneumoniae M 5 al yielded branched tetra- to nona-saccharides, as revealed by debranching with pullulanase. Maltose and maltotriose stubs preponderated together with small proportions of D-glucose stubs. The branched saccharides accounted for approximately 1.2% of the starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bender
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Freiburg i. Br., Germany
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32
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Oguma T, Kikuchi M, Mizusawa K. Hydrolysis of branched cyclodextrins by a cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing enzyme from Bacillus sphaericus E-244. FEBS Lett 1991; 290:13-6. [PMID: 1915863 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81214-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The action of a cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing enzyme from Bacillus sphaericus E-244 on branched alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins was investigated. Glucosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (6-O-alpha-D-glucosylcyclomaltohexaose) and maltosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (6-O-alpha-D-maltosylcyclomaltohexaose) were hydrolyzed to 6(3)-O-alpha-D-glucosylmaltohexaose and 6(3)-O-alpha-D-maltosylmaltohexaose, respectively. Glucosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (6-O-alpha-D-glucosylcyclomaltoheptose) and maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (6-O-alpha-D-maltosyclomaltohepatose) were also mainly transformed to 6(4)-O-alpha-D-glucosylmaltoheptaose and 6(4)-O-alpha-D-maltosylmaltoheptaose, respectively. These results suggest that the cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing enzyme cleaves branched alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins at an alpha-1,4 linkage which is located furthest from the branching point on the cyclodextrin ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oguma
- Noda Institute for Scientific Research, Chiba Pref, Japan
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33
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34
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Pilnik W, Voragen A. Use of enzymes in food processing. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/08905439009549744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Pilnik
- a Department of Food Science , Agricultural University , Bomenweg 2, Wageningen , NL , 6703 HD
| | - A.G.J. Voragen
- a Department of Food Science , Agricultural University , Bomenweg 2, Wageningen , NL , 6703 HD
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35
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36
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Abstract
Starch-degrading, amylolytic enzymes are widely distributed among microbes. Several activities are required to hydrolyze starch to its glucose units. These enzymes include alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, pullulan-degrading enzymes, exoacting enzymes yielding alpha-type endproducts, and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. Properties of these enzymes vary and are somewhat linked to the environmental circumstances of the producing organisms. Features of the enzymes, their action patterns, physicochemical properties, occurrence, genetics, and results obtained from cloning of the genes are described. Among all the amylolytic enzymes, the genetics of alpha-amylase in Bacillus subtilis are best known. Alpha-Amylase production in B. subtilis is regulated by several genetic elements, many of which have synergistic effects. Genes encoding enzymes from all the amylolytic enzyme groups dealt with here have been cloned, and the sequences have been found to contain some highly conserved regions thought to be essential for their action and/or structure. Glucoamylase appears usually in several forms, which seem to be the results of a variety of mechanisms, including heterogeneous glycosylation, limited proteolysis, multiple modes of mRNA splicing, and the presence of several structural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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37
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Ward OP, Moo-Young M. Enzymatic degradation of cell wall and related plant polysaccharides. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1989; 8:237-74. [PMID: 2650883 DOI: 10.3109/07388558909148194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose and other glucans, pectins, xylans, mannans, and fructans are present as major structural and storage materials in plants. These constituents may be degraded and modified by endogenous enzymes during plant growth and development. In plant pathogenesis by microorganisms, extracellular enzymes secreted by infected strains play a major role in plant tissue degradation and invasion of the host. Many of these polysaccharide-degrading enzymes are also produced by microorganisms widely used in industrial enzyme production. Most commerical enzyme preparations contain an array of secondary activities in addition to the one or two principal components which have standardized activities. In the processing of unpurified carbohydrate materials such as cereals, fruits, and tubers, these secondary enzyme activities offer major potential for improving process efficiency. Use of more defined combinations of industrial polysaccharases should allow final control of existing enzyme processes and should also lead to the development of novel enzymatic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Ward
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Imanaka T, Kuriki T. Pattern of action of Bacillus stearothermophilus neopullulanase on pullulan. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:369-74. [PMID: 2914851 PMCID: PMC209598 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.1.369-374.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of neopullulanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus on many oligosaccharides was tested. The enzyme hydrolyzed not only alpha-(1----4)-glucosidic linkages but also specific alpha-(1----6)-glucosidic linkages of several branched oligosaccharides. When pullulan was used as a substrate, panose, maltose, and glucose, in that order, were produced as final products at a final molar ratio of 3:1:1. According to these results, we proposed a model for the pattern of action of neopullulanase on pullulan as follows. In the first step, the enzyme hydrolyzes only alpha-(1----4)-glucosidic linkages on the nonreducing side of alpha-(1----6) linkages of pullulan and produces panose and several intermediate products composed of some panose units. In the second step, taking 6(2)-O-alpha-(6(3)-O-alpha-glucosyl-maltotriosyl)-maltose as an example of one of the intermediate products, the enzyme hydrolyzes either alpha-(1----4) (the same position as that described above) or alpha-(1----6) linkages and produces panose or 6(3)-O-alpha-glucosyl-maltotriose plus maltose, respectively. In the third step, the alpha-(1----4) linkage of 6(3)-O-alpha-glucosyl-maltotriose is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, and glucose and another panose are produced. To confirm the model of the pattern of action, we extracted intermediate products produced from pullulan by neopullulanase and analyzed the structures by glucoamylase, pullulanase, and neopullulanase analyses. The experimental results supported the above-mentioned model of the pattern of action of neopullulanase on pullulan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imanaka
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
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39
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Yamamoto M, Yoshida A, Hirayama F, Uekama K. Some physicochemical properties of branched β-cyclodextrins and their inclusion characteristics. Int J Pharm 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(89)90116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Abe JI, Hizukuri S, Koizumi K, Kubota Y, Utamura T. Enzymic syntheses of doubly branched cyclomaltoheptaoses through the reverse action of Pseudomonas isoamylase. Carbohydr Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(88)84060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Yoshimura Y, Kitahata S, Okada S. Formation of 6-O-alpha-maltosylcyclomalto-oligosaccharides by transfer action of three debranching enzymes. Carbohydr Res 1987; 168:285-94. [PMID: 3427582 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(87)80031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
O-Maltosylcyclomaltohexaoses (G2-cG6) were formed in yields of 24.3 and 23.2 mmol from 40 mmol of alpha-maltosyl fluoride (alpha-G2F) and 90 mmol of cyclomaltohexaose (cG6) by the transfer action of pullulanase from Aerobacter aerogenes (A-pullulanase) and isoamylase from Pseudomonas amyloderamosa, respectively. These yields were three times that given by pullulanase from Bacillus acidopullulyticus (B-pullulanase). The yields of O-maltosylcyclomalto-oligosaccharides were changed according to the origin of the enzymes and the kind of cyclomalto-oligosaccharide (cG6, cG7, or cG8) used as the acceptor. By the reaction with 40 mmol of alpha-G2F and 90 mmol of cG6, 20 mmol of alpha-G2F and 30 mmol of cG7, or 40 mmol of alpha-G2F and 90 mmol of cG8, the amounts of O-maltosylcyclomalto-oligosaccharides produced and the transfer ratios of alpha-G2F to the acceptors were as follows. By A-pullulanase, 24.3 mmol of G2-cG6 was produced in a 60.8% transfer ratio, whereas the yields of G2-cG7 and G2-cG8 were 1.7 mmol (8.5%) and 8.4 mmol (21.0%), respectively. The yields of G2-cG6, G2-cG7, and G2-cG8 by B-pullulanase were 8.8 mmol (22.0%), 1.2 mmol (6.0%), and 11.7 mmol (29.3%), respectively. In the case of isoamylase, G2-cG7 (9.2 mmol, 46.0%) and G2-cG8 (20.9 mmol, 52.3%) were produced, as much as for G2-cG6 (23.2 mmol, 58.0%). It was suggested that the difference in the amounts of G2-cG6 produced by these three debranching enzymes is based on the difference in the mode of action on the alpha-G2F used as the substrate, either a transfer action or a hydrolytic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yoshimura
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, Japan
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42
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43
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Abe J, Mizowaki N, Hizukuri S, Koizumi K, Utamura T. Synthesis of branched cyclomalto-oligosaccharides using Pseudomonas isoamylase. Carbohydr Res 1986; 154:81-92. [PMID: 3791296 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Branched cyclomalto-oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) were synthesised from cyclomalto-oligosaccharides and maltose or maltotriose through the reverse action of Pseudomonas isoamylase. The reaction rate was greater with maltotriose than with maltose, and with increasing size of the cyclomalto-oligosaccharide (cG6 less than cG7 less than cG8). Maltotriose is effective as both a side-chain donor and acceptor, and three isomers of 6-O-alpha-maltotriosylmaltotriose (branched G6) were formed through mutual condensation, but maltose was effective only as a side-chain donor. Each branched cyclomalto-oligosaccharide and G6 was purified by liquid chromatography, and their structures were determined by chemical, enzymic, and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopic analyses.
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44
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45
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Harada T. Isoamylase and its Industrial Significance in the Production of Sugars from Starch. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 1984. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1984.10647780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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47
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Spencer-Martins I. Extracellular Isoamylase Produced by the Yeast
Lipomyces kononenkoae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:1253-7. [PMID: 16346143 PMCID: PMC242182 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.6.1253-1257.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A strain of the starch-converting yeast
Lipomyces kononenkoae
produced, when grown on starch, a debranching enzyme that proved to be an isoamylase (glycogen 6-glucanohydrolase; E.C. 3.2.1.68). So far, only bacteria have been found to produce extracellular isoamylases. The yeast isoamylase enhanced β-amylolysis of amylopectin and glycogen and completely hydrolyzed these substrates into maltose when combined with a β-amylase but had no action on dextran or pullulan. By isopropanol precipitation and carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography,
L. kononenkoae
isoamylase was partially purified from the supernatant of cultures grown on a mineral medium with soluble starch. Optimum temperature and pH for activity of the isoamylase were 30°C and 5.6. The molecular weight was around 65,000, and the pI was at pH 4.7 to 4.8. The
K
m
(30°C, pH 5.5) for soluble starch was 9 g liter
−1
.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spencer-Martins
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, 2781 Oeiras Codex, Portugal
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48
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49
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Umeki K, Kainuma K. Fine structure of Nägeli amylodextrin obtained by acid treatment of defatted waxy-maize starch—structural evidence to support the double-helix hypothesis. Carbohydr Res 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)81866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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50
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Amemura A, Konishi Y, Harada T. Molecular weight of the undegraded polypeptide chain of Pseudomonas amyloderamosa isoamylase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 611:390-3. [PMID: 7357015 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline isoamylase of Pseudomonas amyloderamosa was found to be contaminated with a trace of proteolytic enzyme. This contaminant digested the isoamylase under neutral or alkaline conditions, especially in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A reliable molecular weight of the enzyme was obtained by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by gel filtration on Sepharose-6B in 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride after heat inactivation of the contaminant. The molecular weight of the undergraded polypeptide chain of the isoamylase was about 90 000. The lower molecular weight and the subunit structure of the enzyme reported previously are incorrect.
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