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Okeke BC, Obi SK. Production of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes by an Arthrographis species. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 9:345-9. [PMID: 24420040 DOI: 10.1007/bf00383077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/22/1993] [Accepted: 02/01/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A fungal isolate, Arthrographis sp. strain F4, when grown in shake-flask culture, produced cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes optimally at 30°C with an initial pH of 5.0 to 6.0. Coarsely-ground filter paper was the most suitable carbon substrate for production of the enzymes. Inorganic nitrogen sources gave higher activities of the enzymes than organic nitrogen sources: NH4NO3 and yeast extract was the most effective combination. Significant stimulation (P<0.05) of enzyme production was achieved with 0.1% (v/v) Tween 80.
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4
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Wende G, Fry SC. Digestion by fungal glycanases of arabinoxylans with different feruloylated side-chains. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1997; 45:1123-1129. [PMID: 9272966 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-insoluble residues (AIRs) from Festuca and Zea cell cultures contained 7.4 and 35 nmol esterified ferulate mg-1, respectively. Driselase solubilised 79% of the feruloylated material from both AIRs. Of the feruloyl esters solubilised from Festuca and Zea AIRs, 72 and 56% respectively were small enough to be mobile on paper chromatography. The major feruloylated product of Zea AIR was the known 5-O-feruloyl-alpha-L-Araf-(1-->3)-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->4)- D-Xyl (Fer-Ara-Xyl-Xyl). In contrast, the smallest major feruloylated product of Festuca AIR was a feruloyl pentasaccharide (3) containing 3 Xyl, 1 Ara and 1 non-pentose residue (NPR). The Ara and two of the three Xyl groups of 3 were resistant to NaIO4. Mild acid hydrolysis of 3 gave xylobiose, a feruloyl trisaccharide and beta-D-Xylp-(1-->2)-(5-O-feruloyl)-L-Ara. Compound 3 was therefore NPR-(1-->3)-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->2)-(5-O-feruloyl)-alpha-L-Ar af-(1-->3)-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->4)-D-Xyl. We conclude that the complex feruloyl oligosaccharide side-chains of Festuca arabinoxylan do not protect the polysaccharide against hydrolysis by the fungal glycanases present in Driselase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wende
- ICMB, DBS, University of Edinburgh, U.K
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5
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Abstract
The development of new analytical techniques and the commercial availability of new substrates have led to the purification and characterization of a large number of xylan-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, the introduction of recombinant DNA technology has resulted in the selection of xylanolytic enzymes that are more suitable for industrial applications. For a successful integration of xylanases in industrial processes, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of enzyme action is, however, required. This review gives an overview of various xylanolytic enzyme systems from bacteria and fungi that have been described recently in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sunna
- Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Department of Technical Microbiology, Germany
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6
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Kuhad RC, Singh A, Eriksson KE. Microorganisms and enzymes involved in the degradation of plant fiber cell walls. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 57:45-125. [PMID: 9204751 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of natures most important biological processes is the degradation of lignocellulosic materials to carbon dioxide, water and humic substances. This implies possibilities to use biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry and consequently, the use of microorganisms and their enzymes to replace or supplement chemical methods is gaining interest. This chapter describes the structure of wood and the main wood components, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins. The enzyme and enzyme mechanisms used by fungi and bacteria to modify and degrade these components are described in detail. Techniques for how to assay for these enzyme activities are also described. The possibilities for biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry and other fiber utilizing industries based on these enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Kuhad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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7
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Bajpai P. Microbial xylanolytic enzyme system: properties and applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1997; 43:141-94. [PMID: 9097414 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Bajpai
- Chemical Engineering Division, Thapar Corporate Research and Development Centre, Patiala, India
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8
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Castanares A, Hay AJ, Gordon AH, McCrae SI, Wood TM. D-xylan-degrading enzyme system from the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium: isolation and partial characterisation of an alpha-(4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronidase. J Biotechnol 1995; 43:183-94. [PMID: 8590644 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A number of fungi were screened for their capacities to produce extracellular alpha-(4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronidase. Of those tested, Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 24725 produced the enzyme in greatest yield. The single alpha-(4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronidase produced by this fungus was purified by a series of chromatographic methods involving anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and chromatofocusing. Isolated in this way, the enzyme had an apparent molecular mass of 112 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels, and a pI of 4.6 when determined by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 3.5, but showed significant activity over the pH range 3-5. In the absence of substrate the enzyme was inactivated at pH 3.5 in 2 h at 50 degree C: at pH 5.0 it retained 42% of its activity for 24 h at this temperature. The enzyme showed little activity on glucuronoxylan polysaccharides, but some short-chain xylo-oligosaccharides which were substituted with alpha-linked 4-O-methyl-D-glucopyranosyl uronic acid attached to the 2-position of the non-reducing D-xylopyranosyl residue were readily hydrolysed. There were marked synergistic effects apparent in the release of 4-O-methyl-D-glucopyranosyl uronic acid from various glucuronoxylans when the alpha-(4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronidase was acting in concert with endo-(1-->4)-beta-D-xylanase, and with beta-D-xylosidase and/or an alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castanares
- Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
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9
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Schwarz WH, Bronnenmeier K, Krause B, Lottspeich F, Staudenbauer WL. Debranching of arabinoxylan: properties of the thermoactive recombinant alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Clostridium stercorarium (ArfB). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 43:856-60. [PMID: 7576552 DOI: 10.1007/bf02431919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gene arfB encoding alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase B of the cellulolytic thermophile Clostridium stercorarium was expressed in Escherichia coli from a 2.2-kb EcoRI DNA fragment. The recombinant gene product ArfB was purified by fast-performance liquid chromatography. It has a tetrameric structure with a monomeric relative molecular mass of 5200. The optima for temperature and pH are 70 degrees C and 5.0 respectively. The enzyme appears to have no metal cofactor requirement and is sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents. It hydrolyzes aryl and alkyl alpha-L-arabinofuranosides and cleaves arabinosyl side-chains from arabinoxylan (oat-spelt xylan) and from xylooligosaccharides produced by recombinant endoxylanase XynA from the same organism. The identify of the N-terminal amino acid sequences indicates that ArfB corresponds to the major alpha-arabinosidase activity present in the culture supernatant of C. stercorarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Schwarz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Germany
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10
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Sinha N, Sengupta S. Simultaneous production of ?-arabinofuranosidase and xylanase by Termitomyces clypeatus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 11:359-60. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00367122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/01/1995] [Accepted: 02/06/1995] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Christakopoulos P, Kekos D, Macris B, Claeyssens M, Bhat M. Purification and mode of action of a low molecular mass endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase from Fusarium oxysporum. J Biotechnol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(94)00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Singh A, Hayashi K. Microbial cellulases: protein architecture, molecular properties, and biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 40:1-44. [PMID: 7604736 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Biomaterials Conversion Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
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13
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Hydrolysis of oligosaccharides of the ?-(1?4)-linked d-xylose series by an endo(1?4)-?-d-xylanase from the anaerobic rumen fungus Neocallimastix frontalis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1994; 10:64-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00357566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/28/1993] [Accepted: 06/17/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Saarelainen R, Paloheimo M, Fagerström R, Suominen PL, Nevalainen KM. Cloning, sequencing and enhanced expression of the Trichoderma reesei endoxylanase II (pI 9) gene xln2. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 241:497-503. [PMID: 8264524 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Trichoderma reesei xln2 gene coding for the pI9.0 endoxylanase was isolated from the wild-type strain QM6a. The gene contains one intron of 108 nucleotides and codes for a protein of 223 amino acids in which two putative N-glycosylation target sites were found. Three different T. reesei strains were transformed by targeting a construct composed of the xln2 gene, including its promoter, to the endogenous cbh1 locus. Highest overall production levels of xylanase were obtained using T. reesei ALKO2721, a genetically engineered strain, as a host. Integration into the cbh1 locus was not required for enhanced expression under control of the xln2 promoter.
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15
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Filho EX, Puls J, Coughlan MP. Physicochemical and catalytic properties of a low-molecular-weight endo-1,4-β-d-xylanase from Myrothecium verrucaria. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90089-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Thomson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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17
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Apparent cellulase activity of purified xylanase is due to contamination of assay substrate with xylan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01583733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Bastawde KB. Xylan structure, microbial xylanases, and their mode of action. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 8:353-68. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01198746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/1991] [Accepted: 10/11/1991] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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20
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Gilbert M, Breuil C, Yaguchi M, Saddler JN. Purification and characterization of a xylanase from the thermophilic ascomycete Thelavia terrestris 255B. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1992; 34-35:247-59. [PMID: 1622204 DOI: 10.1007/bf02920549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thielavia terrestris 255B, a thermophilic ascomycete, produced two major forms of xylanase with pIs of 4.6 (xylanase I) and 6.1 (xylanase II). The latter enzyme could be purified to greater than 99% homogeneity using anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Xylanase II had a mol wt of 25.7 kDa (SDS-PAGE) and a pH and a temperature optimum of 3.6-4.0 and 60-65 degrees C, respectively. The ratio of the enzyme's activity against xylan and carboxymethylcellulose was 500-1000 to 1, indicating a possible application of this enzyme in biobleaching processes. The amino acid sequence of this protein is being determined, and initial data suggest that the enzyme belongs to a group of low-mol wt xylanases that have been isolated from both bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gilbert
- Department of Biology, University of Ottowa, Canada
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21
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Matte A, Forsberg CW. Purification, characterization, and mode of action of endoxylanases 1 and 2 from Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:157-68. [PMID: 1539970 PMCID: PMC195186 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.1.157-168.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different endoxylanases (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolases, EC 3.2.1.8), designated 1 and 2, have been purified by column chromatography to apparent homogeneity from the nonsedimentable extracellular culture fluid of the strictly anaerobic, ruminal bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 grown on crystalline cellulose. Endoxylanases 1 and 2 were shown to be basic proteins of 53.7 and 66.0 kDa, respectively, with different pH and temperature optima, as well as different substrate hydrolysis characteristics. The Km and Vmax values with water-soluble oat spelts xylan as substrate were 2.6 mg ml-1 and 33.6 mumol min-1 mg-1 for endoxylanase 1 and 1.3 mg ml-1 and 118 mumol min-1 mg-1 for endoxylanase 2. Endoxylanase 1, but not endoxylanase 2, released arabinose from water-soluble oat spelts xylan and rye flour arabinoxylan, but not from arabinan, arabinogalactan, or aryl-alpha-L-arabinofuranosides. With an extended hydrolysis time, endoxylanase 1 released 62.5 and 50% of the available arabinose from water-soluble oat spelts xylan and rye flour arabinoxylan, respectively. Endoxylanase 1 released arabinose directly from the xylan backbone, and this preceded hydrolysis of the xylan to xylooligosaccharides. Endoxylanase 2 showed significant activity against carboxymethyl cellulose but was unable to substantially hydrolyze acid-swollen cellulose. Both enzymes were endo-acting, as revealed by their hydrolysis product profiles on water-soluble xylan and xylooligosaccharides. Because of their unique hydrolytic properties, endoxylanases 1 and 2 appear to have strategic roles in plant cell wall digestion by F. succinogenes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matte
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Royer JC, Nakas JP. Purification and characterization of two xylanases from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 202:521-9. [PMID: 1761053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two endoxylanases were purified from the culture medium of Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Both enzymes were highly basic, and lacked activity on carboxymethyl-cellulose. An enzyme of 21.5 kDa (xylanase A) had a specific activity of 510 U/mg protein, a Km of 0.15 mg soluble xylan/ml, possessed transglycosidase activity and generated xylobiose and xylotriose as the major endproducts from xylan or xylose oligomers. A larger enzyme of 33 kDa (xylanase B) had a specific activity of 131 U/mg protein, a Km of 0.19 mg soluble xylan/ml, lacked detectable transglycosidase activity and generated xylobiose and xylose as major endproducts from xylan and xylose oligomers. Xylotriose was the smallest oligomer attacked by both enzymes. In addition, xylotriose inhibited hydrolysis of xylopentanose by both enzymes, while xylobiose appeared to inhibit xylanase B, but not xylanase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Royer
- State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse 13210
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23
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Abstract
An endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) has been isolated from a commercial preparation of Trichoderma viride. The molecular weight was 22,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the pI value was 9.3. The xylanase was a true xylanase without cellulase activity. When the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 50 residues was compared with that of a xylanase from Schizophyllum commune, strong evidence for homology was found, with more than 50% amino acid identity. T. viride xylanase also possessed extensive identity with a proposed amino-terminal consensus sequence of xylanases from bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ujiie
- Institute of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa
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24
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Koyama H, Ujiie M, Taniguchi H, Sasaki T. Purification and some properties of xylan-hydrolysing enzymes from Robillarda sp. Y-20. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90042-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Purification and characterization of a cellulase-free endo-1,4β-d-xylanase of Sclerotium rolfsii UV-8 Mutant. Enzyme Microb Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Bhat K, McCrae SI, Wood TM. The endo-(1→4)-β-d-glucanase system of Penicillium pinophilum cellulase: Isolation, purification, and characterization of five major endoglucanase components. Carbohydr Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(89)84131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Tangarone B, Royer JC, Nakas JP. Purification and Characterization of an Endo-(1,3)-β-
d
-Glucanase from
Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:177-84. [PMID: 16347821 PMCID: PMC184074 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.1.177-184.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A laminarinase [endo-(1,3)-β-
d
-glucanase] has been purified from
Trichoderma longibrachiatum
cultivated with
d
-glucose as the growth substrate. The enzyme was found to hydrolyze laminarin to oligosaccharides varying in size from glucose to pentaose and to lesser amounts of larger oligosaccharides. The enzyme was unable to cleave laminaribiose but hydrolyzed triose to laminaribiose and glucose. The enzyme cleaved laminaritetraose, yielding laminaritriose, laminaribiose, and glucose, and similarly cleaved laminaripentaose, yielding laminaritetraose, laminaritriose, laminaribiose, and glucose. The enzyme cleaved only glucans containing β-1,3 linkages. The pH and temperature optima were 4.8 and 55°C, respectively. Stability in the absence of a substrate was observed at temperatures up to 50°C and at pH values between 4.9 and 9.3. The molecular mass was determined to be 70 kilodaltons by sodium dodecyl sulfate-12.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the pI was 7.2. Enzyme activity was significantly inhibited in the presence of HgCl
2
, MnCl
2
, KMnO
4
, and
N
-bromosuccinimide. The
K
m
of the enzyme on laminarin was 0.0016%, and the
V
max
on laminarin was 3,170 μmol of glucose equivalents per mg of the pure enzyme per min.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tangarone
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210
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28
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Niemelä K, Sjöström E. Identification of the products of hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose. Carbohydr Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(88)80062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Wong KK, Tan LU, Saddler JN. Multiplicity of beta-1,4-xylanase in microorganisms: functions and applications. Microbiol Rev 1988; 52:305-17. [PMID: 3141761 PMCID: PMC373146 DOI: 10.1128/mr.52.3.305-317.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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30
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