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Zhao J, Wang Z, Jin Q, Feng D, Lee J. Isomerization of Galactose to Tagatose: Recent Advances in Non-enzymatic Isomerization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4228-4234. [PMID: 36867179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The valorization of galactose derived from acid whey to low-calorie tagatose has gained increasing attention. Enzymatic isomerization is of great interest but faces several challenges, such as poor thermal stability of enzymes and a long processing time. In this work, non-enzymatic (supercritical fluids, triethylamine, arginine, boronate affinity, hydrotalcite, Sn-β zeolite, and calcium hydroxide) pathways for galactose to tagatose isomerization were critically discussed. Unfortunately, most of these chemicals showed poor tagatose yields (<30%), except for calcium hydroxide (>70%). The latter is able to form a tagatose-calcium hydroxide-water complex, which stimulates the equilibrium toward tagatose and prevents sugar degradation. Nevertheless, the excessive use of calcium hydroxide may pose challenges in terms of economic and environmental feasibility. Moreover, the proposed mechanisms for the base (enediol intermediate) and Lewis acid (hydride shift between C-2 and C-1) catalysis of galactose were elucidated. Overall, it is crucial to explore novel and effective catalysts as well as integrated systems for isomerizing of galactose to tagatose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Zhao
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Danyi Feng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Juhee Lee
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
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2
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Delidovich I. Toward Understanding Base-Catalyzed Isomerization of Saccharides. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Delidovich
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Wang M, Wang L, Lyu X, Hua X, Goddard JM, Yang R. Lactulose production from lactose isomerization by chemo-catalysts and enzymes: Current status and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108021. [PMID: 35901861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose, a semisynthetic nondigestive disaccharide with versatile applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, has received increasing interest due to its significant health-promoting effects. Currently, industrial lactulose production is exclusively carried out by chemical isomerization of lactose via the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein (LA) rearrangement, and much work has been directed toward improving the conversion efficiency in terms of lactulose yield and purity by using new chemo-catalysts and integrated catalytic-purification systems. Lactulose can also be produced by an enzymatic route offering a potentially greener alternative to chemo-catalysis with fewer side products. Compared to the controlled trans-galactosylation by β-galactosidase, directed isomerization of lactose with high isomerization efficiency catalyzed by the most efficient lactulose-producing enzyme, cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE), has gained much attention in recent decades. To further facilitate the industrial translation of CE-based lactulose biotransformation, numerous studies have been reported on improving biocatalytic performance through enzyme mediated molecular modification. This review summarizes recent developments in the chemical and enzymatic production of lactulose. Related catalytic mechanisms are also highlighted and described in detail. Emerging techniques that aimed at advancing lactulose production, such as the boronate affinity-based technique and molecular biological techniques, are reviewed. Finally, perspectives on challenges and opportunities in lactulose production and purification are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Julie M Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
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4
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Recent advances in properties, production, and applications of L-ribulose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5663-5672. [PMID: 32372201 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Currently, due to the special functions and potential application values, rare sugars become the hot topic in carbohydrate fields. L-Ribulose, an isomer of L-ribose, is an expensive rare ketopentose. As an important precursor for other rare sugars and L-nucleoside analogue synthesis, L-ribulose attracts more and more attention in recent days. Compared with complicated chemical synthesis, the bioconversion method becomes a good alternative approach to L-ribulose production. Generally, the bioconversion of L-ribulose was linked with ribitol, L-arabinose, L-ribose, L-xylulose, and L-arabitol. Herein, an overview of recent advances in the metabolic pathway, chemical synthesis, bioproduction of L-ribulose, and the potential application of L-ribulose is reviewed in detail in this paper. KEY POINTS: 1. L-Ribulose is a rare sugar and the key precursor for L-ribose production. 2. L-Ribulose is the starting material for L-nucleoside derivative synthesis. 3. Chemical synthesis, bioproduction, and applications of L-ribulose are reviewed.
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Chuaboon L, Wongnate T, Punthong P, Kiattisewee C, Lawan N, Hsu C, Lin C, Bornscheuer UT, Chaiyen P. One‐Pot Bioconversion of
l
‐Arabinose to
l
‐Ribulose in an Enzymatic Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2428-2432. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Litavadee Chuaboon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme TechnologyFaculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Pangrum Punthong
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Cholpisit Kiattisewee
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Narin Lawan
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Chia‐Yi Hsu
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDepartment of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald University Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 Greifswald Germany
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme TechnologyFaculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
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6
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Chuaboon L, Wongnate T, Punthong P, Kiattisewee C, Lawan N, Hsu CY, Lin CH, Bornscheuer UT, Chaiyen P. One-Pot Bioconversion of l
-Arabinose to l
-Ribulose in an Enzymatic Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Litavadee Chuaboon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science & Engineering; Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC); Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Pangrum Punthong
- School of Biomolecular Science & Engineering; Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC); Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Cholpisit Kiattisewee
- School of Biomolecular Science & Engineering; Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC); Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Narin Lawan
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Chia-Yi Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry; Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis; Greifswald University; Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 Greifswald Germany
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- School of Biomolecular Science & Engineering; Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC); Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
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7
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Catalytic isomerization of galactose into tagatose in the presence of bases and Lewis acids. CATAL COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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8
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Li H, Yang S, Saravanamurugan S, Riisager A. Glucose Isomerization by Enzymes and Chemo-catalysts: Status and Current Advances. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Song Yang
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | | | - Anders Riisager
- Centre
for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Eka Putra A, Oe Y, Ohta T. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Amino Alcohols from 1,2-Diols by “Borrowing Hydrogen”. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Meher G, Krishnamurthy R. An expedient synthesis of l-ribulose and derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:703-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Selective fractionation of carbohydrate complex mixtures by supercritical extraction with CO2 and different co-solvents. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Yoshihara A, Haraguchi S, Gullapalli P, Rao D, Morimoto K, Takata G, Jones N, Jenkinson SF, Wormald MR, Dwek RA, Fleet GW, Izumori K. Isomerization of deoxyhexoses: green bioproduction of 1-deoxy-d-tagatose from l-fucose and of 6-deoxy-d-tagatose from d-fucose using Enterobacter agglomerans strain 221e. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Ekeberg D, Morgenlie S, Stenstrøm Y. Aldose–ketose interconversion in pyridine in the presence of aluminium oxide. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1992-7. [PMID: 17606255 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction rate of the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein transformation of aldoses to ketoses in boiling pyridine was strongly increased by the addition of aluminium oxide. In addition to aldose-ketose transformation, 2-epimers of the starting aldoses and 3-epimers of the primarily produced ketoses were formed to some extent, as reported also when these reactions are carried out without aluminium oxide. The relative amounts of the primary ketose and the starting aldose in the reaction mixtures may be explained on the basis of their stability, predicted from reported free energy calculations. Isomerisation of ketoses to aldoses was much slower than the reverse reaction. The relative free energies are also in these cases important, the very stable xylo-2-hexulose gave only 7% and 6% of the aldoses gulose and idose, respectively, after boiling for 7h in pyridine in the presence of aluminium oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Ekeberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, Norway
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14
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Suri JT, Mitsumori S, Albertshofer K, Tanaka F, Barbas CF. Dihydroxyacetone variants in the organocatalytic construction of carbohydrates: mimicking tagatose and fuculose aldolases. J Org Chem 2007; 71:3822-8. [PMID: 16674055 DOI: 10.1021/jo0602017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone variants have been explored as donors in organocatalytic aldol reactions with various aldehyde and ketone acceptors. The protected form of dihydroxyacetone that was chosen for in-depth study was 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-one, 1. Among the catalysts surveyed here, proline proved to be superior in terms of yield and stereoselectivities in the construction of various carbohydrate scaffolds. In a fashion analogous to aldolase enzymes, the de novo preparation of L-ribulose, L-lyxose, D-ribose, D-tagatose, 1-amino-1-deoxy-D-lyxitol, and other carbohydrates was accomplished via the use of 1 and proline. In reactions using 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-one 1 as a donor, (S)-proline can be used as a functional mimic of tagatose aldolase, whereas (R)-proline can be regarded as an organocatalytic mimic of fuculose aldolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff T Suri
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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15
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Montañés F, Fornari T, Martín-Alvarez PJ, Corzo N, Olano A, Ibañez E. Selective recovery of tagatose from mixtures with galactose by direct extraction with supercritical CO2 and different cosolvents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:8340-5. [PMID: 17032049 DOI: 10.1021/jf0618123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A selective fractionation method of carbohydrate mixtures of galactose/tagatose, using supercritical CO(2) and isopropanol as cosolvent, has been evaluated. Optimization was carried out using a central composite face design and considering as factors the extraction pressure (from 100 to 300 bar), the extraction temperature (from 60 to 100 degrees C), and the modifier flow rate (from 0.2 to 0.4 mL/min, which corresponded to a total cosolvent percentage ranging from 4 to 18% vol). The responses evaluated were the amount (milligrams) of tagatose and galactose extracted and their recoveries (percent). The statistical analysis of the results provided mathematical models for each response variable. The corresponding parameters were estimated by multiple linear regression, and high determination coefficients (>0.96) were obtained. The optimum conditions of the extraction process to get the maximum recovery of tagatose (37%) were 300 bar, 60 degrees C, and 0.4 mL/min of cosolvent. The predicted value was 24.37 mg of tagatose, whereas the experimental value was 26.34 mg, which is a 7% error from the predicted value. Cosolvent polarity effects on tagatose extraction from mixtures of galactose/tagatose were also studied using different alcohols and their mixtures with water. Although a remarkable increase of the amount of total carbohydrate extracted with polarity was found, selective extraction of tagatose decreased with increase of polarity of assayed cosolvents. To improve the recovery of extracted tagatose, additional experiments outside the experimental domain were carried out (300 bar, 80 degrees C, and 0.6 mL/min of isopropanol); recoveries >75% of tagatose with purity >90% were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Montañés
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Suri JT, Ramachary DB, Barbas CF. Mimicking Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate-Utilizing Aldolases through Organocatalysis: A Facile Route to Carbohydrates and Aminosugars. Org Lett 2005; 7:1383-5. [PMID: 15787512 DOI: 10.1021/ol0502533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A practical and environmentally friendly organocatalytic strategy designed to mimic the DHAP aldolases has been developed and shown to be effective in the preparation of carbohydrates and aminosugars. (S)-Proline and (S)-2-pyrrolidine-tetrazole catalyzed the aldol reaction between dihydroxy acetone variants such as 1,3-dioxan-5-one and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-one with aldehydes to give the corresponding polyols in good yields with very high ees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff T Suri
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Ekeberg D, Morgenlie S, Stenstrøm Y. Isomerisation of aldoses in pyridine in the presence of aluminium oxide. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:373-7. [PMID: 15680591 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Addition of aluminium oxide to boiling pyridine solutions of D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-mannose and D-glucose strongly increased the reaction rate of the aldose-ketose transformation. The maximum content of 2-ketose was reached after less than 2h for the aldopentoses and 3h for the aldohexoses. D-Threo-2-pentulose (xylulose) was prepared from D-xylose, and isolated as its O-isopropylidene derivative, the yield was nearly twice that compared to that usually obtained in the classical Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein transformation in pyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Ekeberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Section Chemistry, Agricultural University of Norway, As, Norway
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18
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Ekeberg D, Morgenlie S. Formation of 3-hexuloses in aldol reactions, analysis of the products as their O-isopropylidene derivatives by GC–MS. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:2171-6. [PMID: 15337444 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method for analysis of mixtures of 3-hexuloses by gas chromatography mass spectrometry of their di-O-isopropylidene derivatives has been elaborated. The origin of characteristic fragment ions in the mass spectra is suggested on the basis of the spectra of d(12) analogues, obtained by acetonation with acetone-d(6) and on MS/MS investigations. The method has been applied to product mixtures from aldol reactions between glycero-tetrulose and glycolaldehyde and between 2-pentuloses and formaldehyde. An interesting result is the formation of ribo-3-hexulose with a high degree of stereoselectivity in alkali catalysed reaction between erythro-2-pentulose and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Ekeberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Section Chemistry, Agricultural University of Norway, PO Box 5003, N-1432 As, Norway
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