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Gonzalez A, Wang Y. Surface Removal Enhances the Formation of a Porous Structure in Potato Starch. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gonzalez
- Department of Food Science University of Arkansas 2650 N. Young Avenue Fayetteville AR 72704 USA
| | - Ya‐Jane Wang
- Department of Food Science University of Arkansas 2650 N. Young Avenue Fayetteville AR 72704 USA
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2
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Gonzalez A, Wang Y. Enhancing the Formation of Porous Potato Starch by Combining α‐Amylase or Glucoamylase Digestion with Acid Hydrolysis. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201900269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gonzalez
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of Arkansas 2650 N. Young Avenue Fayetteville AR 72704 USA
| | - Ya‐Jane Wang
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of Arkansas 2650 N. Young Avenue Fayetteville AR 72704 USA
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3
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Wardhani DH, Kumoro AC, Hakiim A, Aryanti N, Cahyono H. Kinetic Modeling Studies of Enzymatic Purification of Glucomannan. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht13.03.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Wasserman LA, Papakhin AA, Borodina ZM, Krivandin AV, Sergeev AI, Tarasov VF. Some physico-chemical and thermodynamic characteristics of maize starches hydrolyzed by glucoamylase. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 212:260-269. [PMID: 30832856 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucoamylolysis of maize starch at 55 °C has been studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wide-angle X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (WAXD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that hydrolysis is accompanied by changes in thermodynamic parameters of diluted aqueous dispersions of partially hydrolyzed starches. Such changes are ensured by two processes directly from hydrolysis and accompanying annealing. At relatively low degrees of hydrolysis (less than 30%), changes in thermodynamic parameters are mainly controlled by annealing. At the same time, at high degrees of hydrolysis (more than 40%), the main contribution to changes in thermodynamic parameters of partially hydrolyzed starch granules is due to the hydrolysis itself. It has been established that the main controlling parameter is the thickness of crystalline lamellae Lcrl, which, when annealed, increases, but tends to decrease at deeper glucoamylolisis. It has been established that the thickness Lcrl of crystalline lamellae, which increases with annealing, but shows a tendency to decrease with deeper glucoamylolysis is the most representative parameter of changes in maize starch after hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Wasserman
- Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 4, Kosygin St., Moscow 119334, Russia; Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, 4, Kosygin St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - A A Papakhin
- Federal Budget State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute for Starch Products, 11 Nekrasova St., Kraskovo, Moscow Region 140051, Russia
| | - Z M Borodina
- Federal Budget State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute for Starch Products, 11 Nekrasova St., Kraskovo, Moscow Region 140051, Russia
| | - A V Krivandin
- Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 4, Kosygin St., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - A I Sergeev
- Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, 4, Kosygin St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - V F Tarasov
- Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, 4, Kosygin St., Moscow 119991, Russia
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5
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Ayimbila F, Keawsompong S. In Vitro Starch Digestion and Colonic Fermentation of Thai Jasmine Rice. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201800049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ayimbila
- Specialized Research Units: Prebiotics and Probiotics for HealthFaculty of Agro‐IndustryDepartment of BiotechnologyKasetsart UniversityBangkok10900Thailand
| | - Suttipun Keawsompong
- Specialized Research Units: Prebiotics and Probiotics for HealthFaculty of Agro‐IndustryDepartment of BiotechnologyKasetsart UniversityBangkok10900Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and FoodKU Institute of Advanced StudiesKasetsart University (CASAF, NRU‐KU)Bangkok10900Thailand
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6
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Guo L. In vitro amylase hydrolysis of amylopectins from cereal starches based on molecular structure of amylopectins. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Guo L, Cui B. The Role of Chain Structures on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Potato and Sweet Potato Amylopectins. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences); Jinan 250353 China
| | - Bo Cui
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences); Jinan 250353 China
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8
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Abstract
The rapidly growing field of chemical catalysis is dependent on analytical methods for non-destructive real-time monitoring of chemical reactions in complex systems such as emulsions, suspensions and gels, where most analytical techniques are limited in their applicability, especially if the media is opaque, or if the reactants/products do not possess optical activity. High-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy is one of the novel technologies based on measurements of parameters of ultrasonic waves propagating through analyzed samples, which can be utilized for real-time non-invasive monitoring of chemical reactions. It does not require optical transparency, optical markers and is applicable for monitoring of reactions in continuous media and in micro/nano bioreactors (e.g., nanodroplets of microemulsions). The technology enables measurements of concentrations of substrates and products over the whole course of reaction, analysis of time profiles of the degree of polymerization and molar mass of polymers and oligomers, evolutions of reaction rates, evaluation of kinetic mechanisms, measurements of kinetic and equilibrium constants and reaction Gibbs energy. It also provides tools for assessments of various aspects of performance of catalysts/enzymes including inhibition effects, reversible and irreversible thermal deactivation. In addition, ultrasonic scattering effects in dispersions allow real-time monitoring of structural changes in the medium accompanying chemical reactions.
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Taste cell-expressed α-glucosidase enzymes contribute to gustatory responses to disaccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6035-40. [PMID: 27162343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520843113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary sweet sensor in mammalian taste cells for sugars and noncaloric sweeteners is the heteromeric combination of type 1 taste receptors 2 and 3 (T1R2+T1R3, encoded by Tas1r2 and Tas1r3 genes). However, in the absence of T1R2+T1R3 (e.g., in Tas1r3 KO mice), animals still respond to sugars, arguing for the presence of T1R-independent detection mechanism(s). Our previous findings that several glucose transporters (GLUTs), sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), and the ATP-gated K(+) (KATP) metabolic sensor are preferentially expressed in the same taste cells with T1R3 provides a potential explanation for the T1R-independent detection of sugars: sweet-responsive taste cells that respond to sugars and sweeteners may contain a T1R-dependent (T1R2+T1R3) sweet-sensing pathway for detecting sugars and noncaloric sweeteners, as well as a T1R-independent (GLUTs, SGLT1, KATP) pathway for detecting monosaccharides. However, the T1R-independent pathway would not explain responses to disaccharide and oligomeric sugars, such as sucrose, maltose, and maltotriose, which are not substrates for GLUTs or SGLT1. Using RT-PCR, quantitative PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, we found that taste cells express multiple α-glycosidases (e.g., amylase and neutral α glucosidase C) and so-called intestinal "brush border" disaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes (e.g., maltase-glucoamylase and sucrase-isomaltase). Treating the tongue with inhibitors of disaccharidases specifically decreased gustatory nerve responses to disaccharides, but not to monosaccharides or noncaloric sweeteners, indicating that lingual disaccharidases are functional. These taste cell-expressed enzymes may locally break down dietary disaccharides and starch hydrolysis products into monosaccharides that could serve as substrates for the T1R-independent sugar sensing pathways.
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Man J, Yang Y, Zhang C, Zhang F, Wang Y, Gu M, Liu Q, Wei C. Morphology and structural characterization of high-amylose rice starch residues hydrolyzed by porcine pancreatic α-amylase. Food Hydrocoll 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
This article surveys methods for the enzymatic conversion of starch, involving hydrolases and nonhydrolyzing enzymes, as well as the role of microorganisms producing such enzymes. The sources of the most common enzymes are listed. These starch conversions are also presented in relation to their applications in the food, pharmaceutical, pulp, textile, and other branches of industry. Some sections are devoted to the fermentation of starch to ethanol and other products, and to the production of cyclodextrins, along with the properties of these products. Light is also shed on the enzymes involved in the digestion of starch in human and animal organisms. Enzymatic processes acting on starch are useful in structural studies of the substrates and in understanding the characteristics of digesting enzymes. One section presents the application of enzymes to these problems. The information that is included covers the period from the early 19th century up to 2009.
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Jung KH, Kim MJ, Park SH, Hwang HS, Lee S, Shim JH, Kim MJ, Kim JC, Lee H. The effect of granule surface area on hydrolysis of native starches by pullulanase. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Microstructural characteristics of starch-based natural foods such as parenchyma or cotyledon cell shape, cell size and composition, and cell wall composition play a key role in influencing the starch digestibility during gastrointestinal digestion. The stability of cell wall components and the arrangement of starch granules in the cells may affect the free access of amylolytic enzymes during digestion. Commonly used food processing techniques such as thermal processing, extrusion cooking, and post-cooking refrigerated storage alter the physical state of starch (gelatinization, retrogradation, etc.) and its digestibility. Rheological characteristics (viscosity) of food affect the water availability during starch hydrolysis and, consequently, the absorption of digested carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract. The nonstarch ingredients and other constituents present in food matrix, such as proteins and lipids interact with starch during processing, which leads to an alteration in the overall starch digestibility and physicochemical characteristics of digesta. Starch digestibility can be controlled by critically manipulating the food microstructure, processing techniques, and food composition.
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Wang H, Liu T, Huang D. Starch hydrolase inhibitors from edible plants. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2013; 70:103-136. [PMID: 23722095 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416555-7.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease with gradual deterioration in glucose metabolism, which causes multiple systemic complications. Postprandial hyperglycemia is a concern in the management of type 2 diabetes. Of all the available antidiabetic therapeutic methods, inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase is postulated to be a preventive treatment. Many natural products and herbal medicines have been recommended as being beneficial for mitigation of postprandial hyperglycemia. In this review, recent discoveries of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors from edible plants are described along with their chemical structures. Their inhibition mechanisms, the type of each glucosidase and amylase, and measurement methods for the inhibitory activity are also given. Finally, recent progress on low glycemic index foods incorporated with plants containing starch hydrolase inhibitors is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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15
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Preparation and partial characterization of low dextrose equivalent (DE) maltodextrin from banana starch produced by enzymatic hydrolysis. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Yi C, Li X, Sun P, He Y. Response surface optimization and characteristics of Indica rice starch-based fat substitute prepared by α-amylase. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Rübsam H, Krottenthaler M, Gastl M, Becker T. An overview of separation methods in starch analysis: The importance of size exclusion chromatography and field flow fractionation. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the synthesis and properties of phosphorylated amphoteric starch. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Butterworth PJ, Warren FJ, Grassby T, Patel H, Ellis PR. Analysis of starch amylolysis using plots for first-order kinetics. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Subramanian NK, White PJ, Broadley MR, Ramsay G. The three-dimensional distribution of minerals in potato tubers. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:681-91. [PMID: 21289026 PMCID: PMC3064541 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The three-dimensional distributions of mineral elements in potato tubers provide insight into their mechanisms of transport and deposition. Many of these minerals are essential to a healthy human diet, and characterizing their distribution within the potato tuber will guide the effective utilization of this staple foodstuff. METHODS The variation in mineral composition within the tuber was determined in three dimensions, after determining the orientation of the harvested tuber in the soil. The freeze-dried tuber samples were analysed for minerals using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Minerals measured included those of nutritional significance to the plant and to human consumers, such as iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur. KEY RESULTS The concentrations of most minerals were higher in the skin than in the flesh of tubers. The potato skin contained about 17 % of total tuber zinc, 34 % of calcium and 55 % of iron. On a fresh weight basis, most minerals were higher in tuber flesh at the stem end than the bud end of the tuber. Potassium, however, displayed a gradient in the opposite direction. The concentrations of phosphorus, copper and calcium decreased from the periphery towards the centre of the tuber. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of minerals varies greatly within the potato tuber. Low concentrations of some minerals relative to those in leaves may be due to their low mobility in phloem, whereas high concentrations in the skin may reflect direct uptake from the soil across the periderm. In tuber flesh, different minerals show distinct patterns of distribution in the tuber, several being consistent with phloem unloading in the tuber and limited onward movement. These findings have implications both for understanding directed transport of minerals in plants to stem-derived storage organs and for the dietary implications of different food preparation methods for potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya K. Subramanian
- SCRI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Martin R. Broadley
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gavin Ramsay
- SCRI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Li X, Gao W, Wang Y, Jiang Q, Huang L. Granule structural, crystalline, and thermal changes in native Chinese yam starch after hydrolysis with two different enzymes-α-amylase and gluco-amylase. STARCH-STARKE 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Dhital S, Shrestha AK, Gidley MJ. Relationship between granule size and in vitro digestibility of maize and potato starches. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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24
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Hydrolysis of amylopectin by amylolytic enzymes: structural analysis of the residual amylopectin population. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Kim J, Kong B, Kim M, Lee S. Amylolytic Hydrolysis of Native Starch Granules Affected by Granule Surface Area. J Food Sci 2008; 73:C621-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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O’Brien S, Wang YJ. Susceptibility of annealed starches to hydrolysis by α-amylase and glucoamylase. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Mineo H, Kanazawa T, Morikawa N, Ishida K, Ohmi S, Machida A, Noda T, Fukushima M, Chiji H. Feeding of Potato Starch Increases Maltase and Sucrase Activity Only in Duodenal Segment of the Small Intestine in Rats. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2008. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.55.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Mineo
- Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women’s University
| | | | - Nao Morikawa
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women’s University
| | - Kyo Ishida
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women’s University
| | - Sayako Ohmi
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women’s University
| | - Ayaka Machida
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women’s University
| | - Takahiro Noda
- Memuro Upland Farming Research Station, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region
| | - Michihiro Fukushima
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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Szabó A, Kónya A, Winkler I, Máté G, Erdélyi B. Simultaneous monitoring of target compounds and carbohydrate patterns during pharmaceutical fermentations. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2006. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.19.2006.6.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Salesse C, Battu S, Begaud-Grimaud G, Cledat D, Cook-Moreau J, Cardot PJP. Sedimentation field flow fractionation monitoring of bimodal wheat starch amylolysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:247-54. [PMID: 16870195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic starch granule hydrolysis is one of the most important reactions in many industrial processes. In this study, we investigated the capacity of sedimentation field flow fractionation (SdFFF) to monitor the amylolysis of a bimodal starch population: native wheat starch. Results demonstrated a correlation between fractogram changes and enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, SdFFF was used to sort sub-populations which enhanced the study of granule size distribution changes occurring during amylolysis. These results show the interest in coupling SdFFF with particle size measurement methods to study complex starch size/density modifications associated to hydrolysis. These results suggested different applications such as the association of SdFFF with structural investigations to better understand the specific mechanisms of amylolysis or starch granule structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salesse
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, EA 3842 Homéostasie Cellulaire & Pathologies, Université de Limoges, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges Cedex, France
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Mukerjea R, Mukerjea R, Robyt JF. Controlled peeling of the surfaces of starch granules by gelatinization in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide at selected temperatures. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:757-65. [PMID: 16472789 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic examination of starch granules in 90:10 (v/v) Me(2)SO-H(2)O indicated that the granules were slowly being gelatinized from their surfaces. The rate of gelatinization was dependent on two variables: (1) the amount of water in Me(2)SO and (2) the temperature. An increase of water in Me(2)SO and/or an increase in temperature increased the rate of gelatinization and vice versa. Specific ratios of Me(2)SO and H(2)O (85:15-95:5) and temperatures (0-15 degrees C) were found to give controlled sequential peeling/gelatinization of eight kinds of starch granules in 1-12h, with amounts of 10-25% gelatinization per hour. It was observed that the percent of starch granule remaining versus time gave curves that were linear and others that had linear parts separated by one or more abrupt changes. No two starches had a similar gelatinization curve for the same two conditions of the amount of water and the temperature. It is hypothesized that these curves reflect different structural characteristics for the individual kinds of starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romila Mukerjea
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, 4252 Molecular Biology Bldg., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Robayo-Torres CC, Quezada-Calvillo R, Nichols BL. Disaccharide digestion: clinical and molecular aspects. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4:276-87. [PMID: 16527688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sugars normally are absorbed in the small intestine. When carbohydrates are malabsorbed, the osmotic load produced by the high amount of low molecular weight sugars and partially digested starches in the small intestine can cause symptoms of intestinal distention, rapid peristalsis, and diarrhea. Colonic bacteria normally metabolize proximally malabsorbed dietary carbohydrate through fermentation to small fatty acids and gases (ie, hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide). When present in large amounts, the malabsorbed sugars and starches can be excreted in the stool. Sugar intolerance is the presence of abdominal symptoms related to the proximal or distal malabsorption of dietary carbohydrates. The symptoms consist of meal-related abdominal cramps and distention, increased flatulence, borborygmus, and diarrhea. Infants and young children with carbohydrate malabsorption show more intense symptoms than adults; the passage of undigested carbohydrates through the colon is more rapid and is associated with detectable carbohydrates in copious watery acid stools. Dehydration often follows feeding of the offending sugar. In this review we present the clinical and current molecular aspects of disaccharidase digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Robayo-Torres
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Mukerjea R, Robyt JF. Starch biosynthesis: further evidence against the primer nonreducing-end mechanism and evidence for the reducing-end two-site insertion mechanism. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2206-11. [PMID: 16026770 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two reactions were studied with three varieties of starch granules from maize, wheat, and rice. In Reaction-I, the granules were reacted with 1 mM ADP-[(14)C]Glc and in Reaction-II, a portion of the granules from Reaction-I was reacted with 1 mM ADP-Glc. The starch granules were solubilized and reacted with the exo-acting glucoamylase and beta-amylase to an extent of 50% or less of the (14)C-label. The amounts of (14)C-labeled products from glucoamylase and beta-amylase were nearly equal for Reaction-I and Reaction-II. If the addition had been to the nonreducing ends of primers, Reaction-II would not have given any labeled products from the hydrolysis of glucoamylase and beta-amylase. These results indicate that the elongation of the starch chain is the addition of D-glucose to the reducing end by a de novo two-site insertion mechanism and not by the addition of D-glucose to the nonreducing end of a primer. This is in conformity with previous results in which starch granules were pulsed with ADP-[(14)C]Glc and chased with nonlabeled ADP-Glc, giving (14)C-labeled D-glucitol from the pulsed starch and a significant decrease in (14)C-labeled D-glucitol from the chased starch on reducing with NaBH(4) and hydrolyzing with glucoamylase [Carbohydr. Res.2002, 337, 1015-1022]. It also is in conformity with the inhibition of starch synthesis that occurs when putative primers are added to starch granule-ADP-Glc digests, indicating that the elongation is not by the nonreducing-end primer mechanism [Carbohydr. Res.2005, 340, 245-255].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupendra Mukerjea
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University Ames, 50011, USA
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Morelon X, Battu S, Salesse C, Begaud-Grimaud G, Cledat D, Cardot PJP. Sedimentation field flow fractionation monitoring of rice starch amylolysis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1093:147-55. [PMID: 16233880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic starch granule hydrolysis is one of the most important reactions in many industrial processes. In this work, we investigated the capacity of SdFFF to monitor the native rice starch amylolysis. In order to determine if fractogram changes observed were correlated to granule biophysical modifications which occurred during amylolysis, SdFFF separation was associated with particle size distribution analysis. The results showed that SdFFF is an effective tool to monitor amylolysis of native rice starch. SdFFF analysis was a rapid (less than 10 min), simple and specific method to follow biophysical modifications of starch granules. These results suggested many different applications such as testing series of enzymes and starches. By using sub-population sorting, SdFFF could be also used to better understand starch hydrolysis mechanisms or starch granule structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Morelon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Bromatologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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Moreschi SRM, Petenate AJ, Meireles MAA. Hydrolysis of ginger bagasse starch in subcritical water and carbon dioxide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:1753-8. [PMID: 15030241 DOI: 10.1021/jf035347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ginger bagasse from supercritical extraction was hydrolyzed using subcritical water and CO(2) to produce reducing sugars and other low molecular mass substances. Response surface methodology was used to find the best hydrolysis conditions; the degree of hydrolysis and the yield were the two response variables selected for maximization. The kinetic studies of the hydrolysis were performed at 150 bar and temperatures of 176, 188, and 200 degrees C. The higher degree of hydrolysis (97.1% after 15 min of reaction) and higher reducing sugars yield (18.1% after 11 min of reaction) were established for the higher process temperature (200 degrees C). Different mixtures of oligosaccharides with different molecular mass distributions were obtained, depending on the temperature and on the reaction time. The ginger bagasse hydrolysis was treated as a heterogeneous reaction with a first-order global chemical kinetic, in relation to the starch concentration, which resulted in an activation energy of 180.2 kJ/mol and a preexponential factor of 5.79 x 10(17)/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvânia R M Moreschi
- LASEFI-DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering), UNICAMP (State University of Campinas), Caixa Postal 6121, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Amato ME, Ansanelli G, Fisichella S, Lamanna R, Scarlata G, Sobolev AP, Segre A. Wheat flour enzymatic amylolysis monitored by in situ (1)H NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:823-831. [PMID: 14969537 DOI: 10.1021/jf035188v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Starch enzymatic degradation caused by endogenous hydrolases is studied by in situ NMR spectroscopy on a set of hard and soft wheat flours. The results obtained by two different techniques (HR-MAS and (1)H NMR in solution) are analyzed in terms of a Michaelis-Menten kinetic phenomenological model taking into account the presence of endogenous enzymes and their eventual inactivation. The parameters resulting from the best fit of all experimental data to the kinetic model equations are submitted to a multivariate statistical analysis to assess the role of the oligosaccharides release in distinguishing between hard and soft wheats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Viale A Doria, 6-95125 Catania, Italy
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In vitro and in vivo hydrolysis of legume starches by α-amylase and resistant starch formation in legumes—a review. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(03)00180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kong BW, Kim JI, Kim MJ, Kim JC. Porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase hydrolysis of native starch granules as a function of granule surface area. Biotechnol Prog 2003; 19:1162-6. [PMID: 12892477 DOI: 10.1021/bp034005m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase activity on native starch granules is more accurately described as a function of surface area of the granules rather than of substrate concentration. The apparent K(m) of alpha-amylolysis of native starch from potato, maize, and rice expressed as a function of substrate concentration was largest for potato with a single value of V(max). However, the ratio of the slope of a Lineweaver-Burk plot to that of rice for enzymatic hydrolysis of native potato and maize starch were 7.78 and 2.58, respectively, which were very close to the ratio of surface area per mass of the two starch granules to that of rice. Therefore, the reciprocal of initial velocity was a linear function of the reciprocal of surface area for each starch granule. Surface area was calculated assuming the starch granules were spherical. The values obtained by this calculation were in good agreement with the value obtained by the photomicrographic method. By comparing enzymatic digestion of native maize granules to that of rice granules, it was concluded that the presence of pores in maize granules appeared to significantly affect overall rate of digestion after sufficient reaction time, but not at the very initial stage of hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Wook Kong
- Food Research Institute and School of Food and Life Science, Institute of Basic Sciences, and Biohealth Products Research Center, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
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Transglycosylation reaction and raw starch hydrolysis by novel carbohydrolase fromLipomyces starkeyi. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02940265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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