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Chen G, Khan IM, Zhang T, Campanella OH, Miao M. Alternansucrase as a key enabling tool of biotransformation from molecular features to applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135096. [PMID: 39214198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Alternansucrase (ASR), classified in GH70, produces unique α-glucans with alternating α-1,3 and α-1,6 glycosidic linkages in the backbone chain from renewable sucrose which is easily obtained from nature with low cost. ASR has synthesized many products with valuable functionalities that hold enormous commercial interest and promising applications. The influence of biocatalysis and fermentation parameters on the yields, and properties of products are critical for the propositions made to promote the enzyme application. Investigations on ASR have been compiled in the review to provide information on the enzyme, products and parameters. This review summarizes studies on the characteristics, conversion mechanism, products, and beneficial applications of ASR and exhibits structure-based technologies to improve enzyme activity, specificity, and thermostability for industrial applications. Finally, prospects for further development are also proposed for various ASR applications in food and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Imran Mahmood Khan
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Osvaldo H Campanella
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Structural determinants of alternating (α1 → 4) and (α1 → 6) linkage specificity in reuteransucrase of Lactobacillus reuteri. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35261. [PMID: 27748434 PMCID: PMC5066211 DOI: 10.1038/srep35261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucansucrase GTFA of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 produces an α-glucan (reuteran) with a large amount of alternating (α1 → 4) and (α1 → 6) linkages. The mechanism of alternating linkage formation by this reuteransucrase has remained unclear. GTFO of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 shows a high sequence similarity (80%) with GTFA of L. reuteri 121; it also synthesizes an α-glucan with (α1 → 4) and (α1 → 6) linkages, but with a clearly different ratio compared to GTFA. In the present study, we show that residues in loop977 (970DGKGYKGA977) and helix α4 (1083VSLKGA1088) are main determinants for the linkage specificity difference between GTFO and GTFA, and hence are important for the synthesis of alternating (α1 → 4) and (α1 → 6) linkages in GTFA. More remote acceptor substrate binding sites (i.e.+3) are also involved in the determination of alternating linkage synthesis, as shown by structural analysis of the oligosaccharides produced using panose and maltotriose as acceptor substrate. Our data show that the amino acid residues at acceptor substrate binding sites (+1, +2, +3…) together form a distinct physicochemical micro-environment that determines the alternating (α1 → 4) and (α1 → 6) linkages synthesis in GTFA.
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Secreted expression of Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucansucrase in Lactococcus lactis for the production of insoluble glucans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10001-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Côté GL, Cormier RS, Vermillion KE. Glucansucrase acceptor reactions with d-mannose. Carbohydr Res 2014; 387:1-3. [PMID: 24513699 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The main acceptor product of glucansucrases with d-mannose has not previously been identified. We used glucansucrases that form water-insoluble α-d-glucans to produce increased yields of acceptor products from d-mannose, and identified the major product as 6-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-mannose. Glucansucrases that synthesize insoluble α-d-glucans produced higher yields of the disaccharide compared to typical dextransucrases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Côté
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - Ryan S Cormier
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Karl E Vermillion
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Effects of mutations at threonine-654 on the insoluble glucan synthesized by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1118 glucansucrase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6651-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Leemhuis H, Pijning T, Dobruchowska JM, van Leeuwen SS, Kralj S, Dijkstra BW, Dijkhuizen L. Glucansucrases: three-dimensional structures, reactions, mechanism, α-glucan analysis and their implications in biotechnology and food applications. J Biotechnol 2012; 163:250-72. [PMID: 22796091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucansucrases are extracellular enzymes that synthesize a wide variety of α-glucan polymers and oligosaccharides, such as dextran. These carbohydrates have found numerous applications in food and health industries, and can be used as pure compounds or even be produced in situ by generally regarded as safe (GRAS) lactic acid bacteria in food applications. Research in the recent years has resulted in big steps forward in the understanding and exploitation of the biocatalytic potential of glucansucrases. This paper provides an overview of glucansucrase enzymes, their recently elucidated crystal structures, their reaction and product specificity, and the structural analysis and applications of α-glucan polymers. Furthermore, we discuss key developments in the understanding of α-glucan polymer formation based on the recently elucidated three-dimensional structures of glucansucrase proteins. Finally we discuss the (potential) applications of α-glucans produced by lactic acid bacteria in food and health related industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leemhuis
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute-GBB, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Fraga Vidal R, Moulis C, Escalier P, Remaud-Siméon M, Monsan P. Isolation of a Gene from Leuconostoc citreum B/110-1-2 Encoding a Novel Dextransucrase Enzyme. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1260-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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André I, Potocki-Véronèse G, Morel S, Monsan P, Remaud-Siméon M. Sucrose-Utilizing Transglucosidases for Biocatalysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 294:25-48. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fabre E, Joucla G, Moulis C, Emond S, Richard G, Potocki-Veronese G, Monsan P, Remaud-Simeon M. Glucansucrases of GH family 70: What are the determinants of their specifities? BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420600556713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Côté GL, Dunlap CA, Vermillion KE. Glucosylation of raffinose via alternansucrase acceptor reactions. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1951-9. [PMID: 19596226 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The glucansucrase known as alternansucrase [EC 2.4.1.140] can transfer glucosyl units from sucrose to raffinose to give good yields of oligosaccharides, which may serve as prebiotics. The main products were the tetrasaccharides alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-Galp-(1-->6)-alpha-d-Glcp-(1<-->2)-beta-d-Fruf and alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->4)-alpha-d-Galp-(1-->6)-alpha-d-Glcp-(1<-->2)-beta-d-Fruf in ratios ranging from 4:1 to 9:1, along with lesser amounts of alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-alpha-d-Galp-(1-->6)-alpha-d-Glcp-(1<-->2)-beta-d-Fruf. Ten unusual pentasaccharide structures were isolated. Three of these arose from glucosylation of the major tetrasaccharide product, two each from the minor tetrasaccharides, and three were the result of glucosylations of the fructose acceptor product leucrose or isomaltulose. The major pentasaccharide product arose from glucosylation of the major tetrasaccharide at position 4 of the fructofuranosyl unit, to give a subunit structure analogous to that of maltulose. A number of hexasaccharides and higher oligosaccharides were also produced. Unlike alternansucrase, dextransucrase [EC 2.4.1.5] gave only a single tetrasaccharide product in low yield, and no significant amounts of higher oligosaccharides. The tetrasaccharide structure from dextransucrase was found to be alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->4)-alpha-d-Galp-(1-->6)-alpha-d-Glcp-(1<-->2)-beta-d-Fruf, which is at odds with the previously published structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Côté
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Champion E, André I, Mulard LA, Monsan P, Remaud-Siméon M, Morel S. Synthesis of L-Rhamnose andN-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine Derivatives Entering in the Composition of Bacterial Polysaccharides by Use of Glucansucrases. J Carbohydr Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300902755796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Champion
- a Université de Toulouse , INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
- b CNRS , UMR5504, F-31400, Toulouse, France
- c INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- a Université de Toulouse , INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
- b CNRS , UMR5504, F-31400, Toulouse, France
- c INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- d Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules , CNRS URA 2128, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Monsan
- a Université de Toulouse , INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
- b CNRS , UMR5504, F-31400, Toulouse, France
- c INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400, Toulouse, France
- e Institut Universitaire de France , 103 Boulevard Saint-Michel, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- a Université de Toulouse , INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
- b CNRS , UMR5504, F-31400, Toulouse, France
- c INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Morel
- a Université de Toulouse , INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
- b CNRS , UMR5504, F-31400, Toulouse, France
- c INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400, Toulouse, France
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Acceptor products of alternansucrase with gentiobiose. Production of novel oligosaccharides for food and feed and elimination of bitterness. Carbohydr Res 2008; 344:187-90. [PMID: 19056079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of suitable acceptor molecules, dextransucrase makes a homologous series of oligosaccharides in which the isomers differ by a single glucosyl unit, whereas alternansucrase synthesizes one trisaccharide, two tetrasaccharides, etc. Previously, we showed that alternansucrase only forms certain isomers of DP>4 from maltose in measurable amounts, and that these oligosaccharides belong to the oligoalternan series rather than the oligodextran series. We now demonstrate that the acceptor products from gentiobiose, also formed in good yields (nearly 90% in unoptimized reactions), follow a pattern similar to those formed from maltose. The initial product is a single trisaccharide, alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-d-Glc. Two tetrasaccharides were formed in approximately equal quantities: alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-d-Glc and alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-d-Glc. Just one pentasaccharide was isolated from the reaction mixture, alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-d-Glcp-(1-->6)-d-Glc. Our hypothesis that the enzyme is incapable of forming two consecutive alpha-(1-->3) linkages, and does not form products with more than two consecutive alpha-(1-->6) linkages, apparently applies to other acceptors as well as to maltose. The glucosylation of gentiobiose reduces or eliminates its bitter taste.
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van Hijum SAFT, Kralj S, Ozimek LK, Dijkhuizen L, van Geel-Schutten IGH. Structure-function relationships of glucansucrase and fructansucrase enzymes from lactic acid bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:157-76. [PMID: 16524921 PMCID: PMC1393251 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.70.1.157-176.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) employ sucrase-type enzymes to convert sucrose into homopolysaccharides consisting of either glucosyl units (glucans) or fructosyl units (fructans). The enzymes involved are labeled glucansucrases (GS) and fructansucrases (FS), respectively. The available molecular, biochemical, and structural information on sucrase genes and enzymes from various LAB and their fructan and alpha-glucan products is reviewed. The GS and FS enzymes are both glycoside hydrolase enzymes that act on the same substrate (sucrose) and catalyze (retaining) transglycosylation reactions that result in polysaccharide formation, but they possess completely different protein structures. GS enzymes (family GH70) are large multidomain proteins that occur exclusively in LAB. Their catalytic domain displays clear secondary-structure similarity with alpha-amylase enzymes (family GH13), with a predicted permuted (beta/alpha)(8) barrel structure for which detailed structural and mechanistic information is available. Emphasis now is on identification of residues and regions important for GS enzyme activity and product specificity (synthesis of alpha-glucans differing in glycosidic linkage type, degree and type of branching, glucan molecular mass, and solubility). FS enzymes (family GH68) occur in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and synthesize beta-fructan polymers with either beta-(2-->6) (inulin) or beta-(2-->1) (levan) glycosidic bonds. Recently, the first high-resolution three-dimensional structures have become available for FS (levansucrase) proteins, revealing a rare five-bladed beta-propeller structure with a deep, negatively charged central pocket. Although these structures have provided detailed mechanistic insights, the structural features in FS enzymes dictating the synthesis of either beta-(2-->6) or beta-(2-->1) linkages, degree and type of branching, and fructan molecular mass remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha A F T van Hijum
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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Bertrand A, Morel S, Lefoulon F, Rolland Y, Monsan P, Remaud-Simeon M. Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucansucrase synthesis of flavonoid glucosides by acceptor reactions in aqueous-organic solvents. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:855-63. [PMID: 16530175 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic glucosylation of luteolin was attempted using two glucansucrases: the dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F and the alternansucrase from L. mesenteroides NRRL B-23192. Reactions were carried out in aqueous-organic solvents to improve luteolin solubility. A molar conversion of 44% was achieved after 24h of reaction catalysed by dextransucrase from L. mesenteroides NRRL B-512F in a mixture of acetate buffer (70%)/bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether (30%). Two products were characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: luteolin-3'-O-alpha-d-glucopyranoside and luteolin-4'-O-alpha-d-glucopyranoside. In the presence of alternansucrase from L. mesenteroides NRRL B-23192, three additional products were obtained with a luteolin conversion of 8%. Both enzymes were also able to glucosylate quercetin and myricetin with conversion of 4% and 49%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bertrand
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie-Bioprocédés UMR CNRS 5504, UMR INRA 792, INSA DGBA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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