1
|
Immunological effects of hybrid minimally invasive versus conventional open pancreatoduodenectomy - A single center cohort study. Pancreatology 2021; 21:965-974. [PMID: 33832820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive surgery is a field of rapid development. Evidence from randomized controlled trials in visceral surgery however still falls short of attesting unequivocal superiority to laparoscopic procedures over conventional open approaches with regard to postoperative outcome. The aim of this study was to explore the perioperative immune status of patients undergoing hybrid minimally invasive or conventional open pancreatoduodenectomy in a prospective cohort study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subtyping, quantification and functional analysis of circulating immune cells and determination of cytokine-levels in blood samples from patients receiving either hybrid minimally invasive (laPD) or conventional open pancreatoduodenectomy (oPD) was performed. Samples were taken from 29 patients (laPD: n = 14, oPD: n = 15) prior, during and up to six weeks after surgery. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, cytokines/chemokines were measured by proximity extension and enzyme-linked immunoassays. RESULTS Open surgery induced higher levels of circulating inflammatory CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes. In contrast, hybrid minimally invasive resection was accompanied by increased numbers of circulating regulatory CD4+CD25+CD127low T-cells and by a reduced response of peripheral blood CD3+CD4+ T-cell populations to superantigen stimulation. Yet, rates of postoperative morbidity and infectious complications were similar. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this exploratory study may suggest a more balanced postoperative inflammatory response and a better-preserved immune regulation after hybrid minimally invasive pancreatoduodenectomy when compared to open surgery. Whether these results may translate to or be harnessed for improved patient outcome needs to be determined by future studies including larger cohorts and fully laparoscopic or robotic procedures.
Collapse
|
2
|
Battaglia M, Garrett-Sinha LA. Bacterial infections in lupus: Roles in promoting immune activation and in pathogenesis of the disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 4:100078. [PMID: 33490939 PMCID: PMC7804979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infections of the lung, skin, bloodstream and other tissues are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) and are often more severe and invasive than similar infections in control populations. A variety of studies have explored the changes in bacterial abundance in lupus patients, the rates of infection and the influence of particular bacterial species on disease progression, using both human patient samples and mouse models of lupus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to summarize human and mouse studies that describe changes in the bacterial microbiome in lupus, the role of a leaky gut in stimulating inflammation, identification of specific bacterial species associated with lupus, and the potential roles of certain common bacterial infections in promoting lupus progression. METHODS Information was collected using searches of the Pubmed database for articles relevant to bacterial infections in lupus and to microbiome changes associated with lupus. RESULTS The reviewed studies demonstrate significant changes in the bacterial microbiome of lupus patients as compared to control subjects and in lupus-prone mice compared to control mice. Furthermore, there is evidence supporting the existence of a leaky gut in lupus patients and in lupus-prone mice. This leaky gut may allow live bacteria or bacterial components to enter the circulation and cause inflammation. Invasive bacterial infections are more common and often more severe in lupus patients. These include infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and mycobacteria. These bacterial infections can trigger increased immune activation and inflammation, potentially stimulating activation of autoreactive lymphocytes and leading to worsening of lupus symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Together, the evidence suggests that lupus predisposes to infection, while infection may trigger worsening lupus, leading to a feedback loop that may reinforce autoimmune symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meilleur CE, Wardell CM, Mele TS, Dikeakos JD, Bennink JR, Mu HH, McCormick JK, Haeryfar SMM. Bacterial Superantigens Expand and Activate, Rather than Delete or Incapacitate, Preexisting Antigen-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1307-1317. [PMID: 30418594 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) released by common Gram-positive bacterial pathogens have been reported to delete, anergize, or activate mouse T cells. However, little is known about their effects on preexisting memory CD8+ T cell (TCD8) pools. Furthermore, whether SAgs manipulate human memory TCD8 responses to cognate antigens is unknown. We used a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture system and a nontransgenic mouse model in which the impact of stimulation by two fundamentally distinct SAgs, staphylococcal enterotoxin B and Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen, on influenza virus- and/or cytomegalovirus-specific memory TCD8 could be monitored. Bacterial SAgs surprisingly expanded antiviral memory TCD8 generated naturally through infection or artificially through vaccination. Mechanistically, this was a T cell-intrinsic and T cell receptor β-chain variable-dependent phenomenon. Importantly, SAg-expanded TCD8 displayed an effector memory phenotype and were capable of producing interferon-γ and destroying target cells ex vivo or in vivo. These findings have clear implications for antimicrobial defense and rational vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Meilleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Christine M Wardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Tina S Mele
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jimmy D Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jack R Bennink
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hong-Hua Mu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Canada.,Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Canada.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada.,Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Terrazzini N, Mantegani P, Kern F, Fortis C, Mondino A, Caserta S. Interleukin-7 Unveils Pathogen-Specific T Cells by Enhancing Antigen-Recall Responses. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1997-2007. [PMID: 29506153 PMCID: PMC5972594 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-7 promotes the generation, expansion, and survival of memory T cells. Previous mouse and human studies showed that IL-7 can support immune cell reconstitution in lymphopenic conditions, expand tumor-reactive T cells for adoptive immunotherapy, and enhance effector cytokine expression by autoreactive T cells. Whether pathogen-reactive T cells also benefit from IL-7 exposure remains unknown. Methods In this study, we investigated this issue in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients infected with various endemic pathogens. After short-term exposure to IL-7, we measured PBMC responses to antigens derived from pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans, and cytomegalovirus, and to the superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Results We found that IL-7 favored the expansion and, in some instances, the uncovering of pathogen-reactive CD4 T cells, by promoting pathogen-specific interferon-γ, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor recall responses. Conclusions Our findings indicate that IL-7 unveils and supports reactivation of pathogen-specific T cells with possible diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance of clinical value, especially in conditions of pathogen persistence and chronic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Terrazzini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Mantegani
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Florian Kern
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, The University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Fortis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Mondino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Caserta
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, The University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, United Kingdom
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Hull, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou P, Zhang XS, Xu ZB, Gao SX, Zheng QW, Xu MZ, Shen L, Yu F, Guan JC. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B administration in pregnant rats alters the splenic lymphocyte response in adult offspring rats. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:1. [PMID: 28049431 PMCID: PMC5210265 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous study suggested that SEB exposure in pregnant rats could lead to the change of T cells subpopulation in both peripheral blood and thymus of the offspring rats. However, rarely is known about the influence of SEB exposure in pregnant rats on T cell subpopulation in the spleens of offspring rats. Results SEB was intravenously administered to the pregnant rats at gestational day 16 in this study. The percentages, in vivo and in vitro responses of CD4 and CD8 T cells were investigated with flow cytometry. The prenatal SEB exposure obviously increased splenic CD4 T cell percentages of both neonates and adult offspring rats, and obviously reduced splenic CD8 T cell percentages of both the fifth day neonates and adult offspring rats. After spleens in the adult offspring rats were re-stimulated with SEB in vivo or in vitro, in vivo SEB stimulation could lead to the marked decrease of splenic CD4 T cell percentage and the marked increase of splenic CD8 T cell percentage. While in vitro SEB stimulation to the cultured splenocytes markedly decreased the proliferation of the splenic lymphocytes and the CD4 T cell percentage, and had no influence on CD8 T cell percentage. Conclusion The prenatal SEB exposure could alter the percentages of CD4/CD8 T cell subpopulation and the response of CD4 and CD8 T cells to the in vivo and in vitro secondary SEB stimulation in the splenocytes of adult offspring rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Zhang
- Editorial Board of Journal of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ben Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Xian Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Wei Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhu Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shen
- Scientific Research Center, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yu
- Huzhou University Schools of Medicine and Nursing Science, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Chang Guan
- Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stress-caused anergy of leukocytes towards Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and exposure transcriptome signatures. Genes Immun 2015; 16:330-46. [PMID: 26020283 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucocytes from soldiers exposed to battlefield-like stress (RASP: Rangers Assessment and Selection Program) were exposed in vitro to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). We assayed SEB-induced regulation of gene expression, both in the presence and absence of severe stress, to generate two sets of gene profiles. One set of transcripts and microRNAs were specific to post-RASP SEB exposure, and another set were signatures of SEB exposure common to both the pre- and post-RASP leucocytes. Pathways and upstream regulatory analyses indicated that the post-RASP SEB-signature transcripts were manifestation of the anergic state of post-RASP leucocytes. These were further verified using expression-based predictions of cellular processes and literature searches. Specificity of the second set of transcripts to SEB exposure was verified using machine-learning algorithms on our and four other (Gene Expression Omnibus) data sets. Cell adhesion, coagulation, hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated vascular leakage were SEB-specific pathways even under the background of severe stress. Hsa-miR-155-3p was the top SEB exposure predictor in our data set, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 was SEB specific in all the analyzed data sets. The SEB-signature transcripts (which also showed distinct expression signatures from Yersinia pestis and dengue virus) may serve as potential biomarkers of SEB exposure even under the background of stress.
Collapse
|
7
|
Janik DK, Lee WT. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) Induces Memory CD4 T Cell Anergy in vivo and Impairs Recall Immunity to Unrelated Antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:1-8. [PMID: 26807307 PMCID: PMC4720977 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Naïve and memory T cells can utilize unique regulatory pathways to promote protection but prevent self-reactivity. A bacterial superantigen SEB exploits unique TCR proximal signaling processes in memory CD4 T cells to induce clonal anergy. The aim of this study was to determine if SEB could antagonize memory CD4 T cells in vivo and whether there would be consequences on recall immune responses. We evaluated Ab responses to a T-dependent antigen as a measurement of memory T cell helper function. METHOD BALB/c mice were primed with TNP-RGG to elicit memory B cells and also immunized with an ovalbumin peptide to elicit memory helper T cells. Another group of TNP-RGG immunized mice were used as adoptive transfer recipients of exogenous DO11.10 memory T cells. Mice were challenged with TNP-OVA with or without prior administration of SEB. B cells secreting IgM or IgG TNP-specific Ab were enumerated by ELISPOT as indicators of primary versus secondary humoral immunity. RESULTS Comparing the SEB and non-SEB-treated groups, the SEB-treated group failed to produce TNP-specific IgG in response to challenge with TNP-OVA, even if they were previously immunized with OVA. All groups produced IgM, indicating that the primary Ab responses and naïve helper T cells were not impacted by SEB. SEB had no negative impact when DO11.10 × Fyn-/- memory T cells were used as donor cells. CONCLUSION The present study indicated that SEB selectively targeted memory CD4 T cells in vivo and prevented helper function. Consequently, recall humoral immunity was lost. The data are most consistent with in vivo T cell anergy as opposed to indirect suppression as elimination of Fyn kinase restored helper function. These data suggest that bacterial superantigens can impair post-vaccination memory cell responses to unrelated antigens via their ability to target Vb families and antagonize memory cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David K Janik
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, USA
| | - William T Lee
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, USA; The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tebartz C, Horst SA, Sparwasser T, Huehn J, Beineke A, Peters G, Medina E. A major role for myeloid-derived suppressor cells and a minor role for regulatory T cells in immunosuppression during Staphylococcus aureus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:1100-11. [PMID: 25548227 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can cause difficult-to-treat chronic infections. We recently reported that S. aureus chronic infection was associated with a profound inhibition of T cell responses. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for the suppression of T cell responses during chronic S. aureus infection. Using in vitro coculture systems, as well as in vivo adoptive transfer of CFSE-labeled OT-II cells, we demonstrated the presence of immunosuppressive mechanisms in splenocytes of S. aureus-infected mice that inhibited the response of OT-II cells to cognate antigenic stimulation. Immunosuppression was IL-10/TGF-β independent but required cell-cell proximity. Using DEREG and Foxp3(gfp) mice, we demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells contributed, but only to a minor degree, to bystander immunosuppression. Neither regulatory B cells nor tolerogenic dendritic cells contributed to immunosuppression. Instead, we found a significant expansion of granulocytic (CD11b(+)Ly6G(+)Ly6C(low)) and monocytic (CD11b(+)Ly6G(-)Ly6C(high)) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in chronically infected mice, which exerted a strong immunosuppressive effect on T cell responses. Splenocytes of S. aureus-infected mice lost most of their suppressive activity after the in vivo depletion of MDSC by treatment with gemcitabine. Furthermore, a robust negative correlation was observed between the degree of T cell inhibition and the number of MDSC. An increase in the numbers of MDSC in S. aureus-infected mice by adoptive transfer caused a significant exacerbation of infection. In summary, our results indicate that expansion of MDSC and, to a minor degree, of regulatory T cells in S. aureus-infected mice may create an immunosuppressive environment that sustains chronic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tebartz
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sarah Anita Horst
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of 48149 Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cytomegalovirus-specific responses of CD38⁺ memory T cells are skewed towards IFN-γ and dissociated from CD154 in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2014; 28:311-6. [PMID: 24594993 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the strong correlation of T-cell CD38 expression with HIV disease progression, evidence linking CD38 expression and dysfunction at the single cell level is scant. Since CD38⁺ memory CD4⁺ T cells, especially those from HIV-infected persons, fail to induce CD154 (CD40L) while responding to a superantigen with interferon (IFN)-γ or interleukin (IL)-2, we aimed to determine if recall responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) were similarly affected in the CD38⁺ memory CD4⁺ T-cell subpopulation. DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV+ patients and healthy controls were incubated 14 h with CMV antigens, the superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B or medium, and labeled for identification of central memory (T(CM)) and effector memory (T(EM)) CD4⁺ T cells, and for the intracellular detection of induced CD154, IFN-γ and/or IL-2 by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with CD38⁻ cells, CD38⁺ T(CM) cells from patients had less CD40L induction after CMV stimulation, and increased IFN-γ response. Patients' CD38⁺ T(EM) cells showed a lower IL-2 response, and tended to have a greater IFN-γ response, in which CD154 induction frequently failed. CMV-specific responses of patients' CD38⁺ T(CM) and T(EM) cells were dominated by IFN-γ, and almost all IL-2⁺ cells co-expressed IFN-γ. IL-2 responses to the polyclonal activator S. aureus enterotoxin B were also significantly less frequent among CD38⁺ T(CM) and T(EM) cells than in CD38⁻ cells. CONCLUSION Patients' CD38⁺ memory CD4⁺T-cell responses to CMV favor the effector cytokine IFN-γ over IL-2, in the context of deficient CD154 induction, which may limit co-stimulation, proliferation and survival.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee WT, Prasad A, Watson ARO. Anergy in CD4 memory T lymphocytes. II. Abrogation of TCR-induced formation of membrane signaling complexes. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:26-34. [PMID: 22663768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Memory and naive CD4 T cells have unique regulatory pathways for self/non-self discrimination. A memory cell specific regulatory pathway was revealed using superantigens to trigger the TCR. Upon stimulation by bacterial superantigens, like staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), TCR proximal signaling is impaired leading to clonal tolerance (anergy). In the present report, we show that memory cell anergy results from the sequestration of the protein tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 away from the TCR/CD3ζ chain. During SEB-induced signaling, ZAP-70 is excluded from both detergent-resistant membrane microdomains and the immunological synapse, thus blocking downstream signaling. We also show that the mechanism underlying memory cell anergy must involve Fyn kinase, given that the suppression of Fyn activity restores the movement of ZAP-70 to the immunological synapse, TCR proximal signaling, and cell proliferation. Thus, toleragens, including microbial toxins, may modulate memory responses by targeting the organizational structure of memory cell signaling complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Lee
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Watson ARO, Janik DK, Lee WT. Superantigen-induced CD4 memory T cell anergy. I. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B induces Fyn-mediated negative signaling. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:16-25. [PMID: 22386537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD4 T cells must provide robust protection for an organism while still maintaining self-tolerance. Superantigens reveal a memory cell-specific regulatory pathway, by which signaling through the TCR can lead to clonal tolerance (anergy). Here we show that the src kinase Fyn is a critical regulator of anergy in murine memory CD4 T cells induced by the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Exposure to SEB results in impaired TCR signaling due to failed CD3/ZAP-70 complex formation. Further, signal transduction through the TCR remains similarly blocked when anergic memory cells are subsequently exposed to agonist peptide antigen. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic elimination of Fyn kinase reverses memory cell anergy, resulting in SEB-induced cell proliferation. The mechanism underlying impaired TCR signaling and subsequent memory cell anergy must involve a Fyn signaling pathway given that the suppression of Fyn activity restores CD3/ZAP-70 complex formation and TCR proximal signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R O Watson
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Urbach-Ross D, Crowell B, Kusnecov AW. Relationship of varying patterns of cytokine production to the anorexic and neuroendocrine effects of repeated Staphylococcal enterotoxin A exposure. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 196:49-59. [PMID: 18407357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is a superantigen that stimulates T cells and induces the production of multiple cytokines. Previous studies have shown that SEA augments gustatory neophobia and activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study aimed to determine if the cytokine response, behavioral effects, and HPA axis activation persisted after repeated SEA treatment. Male C57BL/6J mice were given 1-4 intraperitoneal injections of 5 microg SEA, after which food intake, corticosterone, or peripheral cytokines were measured. In a series of experiments, it was found that secondary exposure to SEA two or three days after priming increased corticosterone, but attenuated splenic TNFalpha, while augmenting IL-1beta, IL-2, and IFNgamma. The anorexic response was intact after secondary exposure, but absent after a third injection, which was still able to elevate corticosterone. It is unlikely that IL-1 mediated the persistent effects on corticosterone, since this was increased in groups lacking corticosterone elevations. Similarly, TNFalpha was only modestly elevated under repeated SEA conditions that elevated plasma corticosterone. This attenuation appeared to be inversely related to the levels of IL-10, the production of which incrementally rose with each successive injection. In conclusion, repeated exposure to SEA activates the HPA axis and alters behavior. However, there may be dissociation between the behavioral and endocrine effects of SEA with increased SEA exposure. Furthermore, it is possible that while TNFalpha was previously shown to be important in response to acute SEA-induced HPA axis activation, further exposure to SEA elicits other cytokines that may exert neuromodulatory effects through sensitization and/or synergistic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Urbach-Ross
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jie Y, Pan Z, Xu L, Chen Y, Zhang W, Wu Y, Peng H. Upregulation of CD4+ NKT Cells Is Important for Allograft Survival in Staphylococcal-Enterotoxin-B-Treated Rats after High-Risk Corneal Transplantation. Ophthalmic Res 2007; 39:130-8. [PMID: 17505144 DOI: 10.1159/000102934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of CD4+ natural killer T (NKT) cells in staphylococcal-enterotoxin-B (SEB)-treated rats after high-risk corneal transplantation. METHOD Fisher 344 donor corneas were transplanted into Lewis recipients. Corneal neovascularization was induced by sutures. All the recipients were randomly divided into 3 groups. The SEB group was intraperitoneally injected with SEB at a concentration of 75 microg/kg. The drug combination group received SEB and dexamethasone at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. The control group received saline buffer. All transplants were evaluated for 30 days. Ten days after transplantation, 3 recipients in each group were sacrificed for immunological study. RESULT The survival time of the allografts in the SEB group was 12.50 +/- 1.41 days, much longer than in the control group (7.30 +/- 0.67 days) and the drug combination group (10.38 +/- 3.07 days). The lymphocyte proliferation ability was the weakest and the percentage of CD4+ NKT cells in both the spleen and the mandibular lymph nodes was the highest in the SEB group, while the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells was the lowest in the drug combination group. IL-2 in the aqueous humor and the serum was lower while IL-10 was higher in the SEB group than in the other 2 groups. CONCLUSION SEB prolongs allograft survival in rat high-risk corneal transplantation. This effect seems to be mediated by the upregulation of CD4+ NKT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jie
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Watson AR, Lee WT. Defective T cell receptor-mediated signal transduction in memory CD4 T lymphocytes exposed to superantigen or anti-T cell receptor antibodies. Cell Immunol 2006; 242:80-90. [PMID: 17083922 PMCID: PMC1829409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes must promote protective immune responses while still maintaining self-tolerance. Stimulation through the T cell receptor (TCR) can lead to distinct responses in naive and memory CD4 T cells. Whereas peptide antigen stimulates both naive and memory T cells, soluble anti-CD3 antibodies and bacterial superantigens stimulate only naive T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines. Further, superantigens, like staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), cause memory T cells to become anergic while soluble anti-CD3 does not. In the present report, we show that signal transduction through the TCR is impaired in memory cells exposed to either anti-CD3 or SEB. A block in signaling leads to impaired activation of the kinase ZAP-70 so that downstream signals and cell proliferation do not occur. We further show that the signaling defect is unique to each agent. In anti-CD3-treated memory T cells, the src kinase Lck is only transiently activated and does not phosphorylate and activate ZAP-70. In SEB-treated memory T cells, ZAP-70 does not interact with the TCR/CD3 complex to become accessible to Lck. Finally, we provide evidence that alternative signaling pathways are initiated in SEB-treated memory cells. Altered signaling, indicated by an elevation in activity of the src kinase Fyn, may be responsible for memory cell anergy caused by SEB. Thus, differentiation of naive T cells into memory cells is accompanied by alterations in TCR-mediated signaling that can promote heightened recall immunity or specific tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R.O. Watson
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, New York 12201-0509
| | - William T. Lee
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, New York 12201-0509
- The Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology and Endocrinology, The Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York 12201-2002
- * Corresponding author. Fax: 1-518-474-8366, Email Address: (W.T. Lee)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This article discusses the potential role of bacterial superantigens (SAgs) in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRS/NP). First, it briefly describes SAgs, focusing on how they interact with the immune system by binding to T-cell receptors (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Second, it discusses the role of SAgs in other chronic inflammatory diseases.Finally, it presents evidence for the role of SAgs in the pathogenesis and maintenance of CRS/NP focusing on current research and future considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Seiberling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Searle Building 12-561, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gonçalves R, Vieira ER, Melo MN, Gollob KJ, Mosser DM, Tafuri WL. A sensitive flow cytometric methodology for studying the binding of L. chagasi to canine peritoneal macrophages. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:39. [PMID: 15913461 PMCID: PMC1166554 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Leishmania promastigote-macrophage interaction occurs through the association of multiple receptors on the biological membrane surfaces. The success of the parasite infection is dramatically dependent on this early interaction in the vertebrate host, which permits or not the development of the disease. In this study we propose a novel methodology using flow cytometry to study this interaction, and compare it with a previously described "in vitro" binding assay. METHODS To study parasite-macrophage interaction, peritoneal macrophages were obtained from 4 dogs and adjusted to 3 x 10(6) cells/mL. Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi parasites (stationary-phase) were adjusted to 5 x 10(7) cells/mL. The interaction between CFSE-stained Leishmania chagasi and canine peritoneal macrophages was performed in polypropylene tubes to avoid macrophage adhesion. We carried out assays in the presence or absence of normal serum or in the presence of a final concentration of 5% of C5 deficient (serum from AKR/J mice) mouse serum. Then, the number of infected macrophages was counted in an optical microscope, as well as by flow citometry. Macrophages obtained were stained with anti-CR3 (CD11b/CD18) antibodies and analyzed by flow citometry. RESULTS Our results have shown that the interaction between Leishmania and macrophages can be measured by flow cytometry using the fluorescent dye CFSE to identify the Leishmania, and measuring simultaneously the expression of an important integrin involved in this interaction: the CD11b/CD18 (CR3 or Mac-1) beta2 integrin. CONCLUSION Flow cytometry offers rapid, reliable and sensitive measurements of single cell interactions with Leishmania in unstained or phenotypically defined cell populations following staining with one or more fluorochromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Medicina – DAPML – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Etel R Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia – Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Maria N Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Gollob
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia – Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - David M Mosser
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Wagner L Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jie Y, Pan Z, Chen Y, Wei Y, Zhang W, Wu Y, Peng H, Xu L. Non-specific tolerance induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B in treating high risk corneal transplantation in rats. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:364-8. [PMID: 15722320 PMCID: PMC1772535 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.048959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the role of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in treating high risk corneal keratoplasty in rats. METHODS Rat corneal high risk transplantation rejection models were set up using Fisher 344 and Lewis rats. The experimental rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml SEB at different concentrations before keratoplasty. The rejection indexes of the allograft were recorded and the lymphocyte infiltration in the allograft and the percentage of the lymphocyte subpopulation in the lymphatic organs were also examined. Lymphocyte proliferation ability and the concentration of IL-2 and IL-10 in the serum were also evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the control group, SEB prolonged the survival time of the allograft significantly from 7 to 12 days. It could also reduce CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte infiltration in the allograft and minimise the percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes in the lymphatic organs. The lymphocyte proliferation ability was also weakened. However, the percentage of CD4(+) NK T lymphocytes in the lymphatic organs was raised. The serum concentration of IL-10 was higher but IL-2 was lower in the SEB treated groups. CONCLUSIONS SEB prolonged the survival time of the allograft in high risk rat corneal allo-transplantation, which may be caused by T cell deletion and acquisition of non-specific tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Jie
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, TongRen Eye Center, TongRen Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Watson ARO, Lee WT. Differences in signaling molecule organization between naive and memory CD4+ T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:33-41. [PMID: 15210756 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse is a highly organized complex formed at the junction between Ag-specific T cells and APCs as a prelude to cell activation. Although its exact role in modulating T cell signaling is unknown, it is commonly believed that the immunological synapse is the site of cross-talk between the T cell and APC (or target). We have examined the synapses formed by naive and memory CD4 cells during Ag-specific cognate interactions with APCs. We show that the mature immunological synapse forms more quickly during memory T cell activation. We further show that the composition of the synapse found in naive or memory cell conjugates with APCs is distinct with the tyrosine phosphatase, CD45, being a more integral component of the mature synapses formed by memory cells. Finally, we show that signaling molecules, including CD45, are preassociated in discrete, lipid-raft microdomains in resting memory cells but not in naive cells. Thus, enhanced memory cell responses may be due to intrinsic properties of signaling molecule organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R O Watson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|