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Gerlach M, Schaffner D, Preitschopf T, Karaev E, Bozek J, Holzmeier F, Fischer I. X-ray induced fragmentation of fulminic acid, HCNO. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114306. [PMID: 37721327 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The fragmentation of fulminic acid, HCNO, after excitation and ionization of core electrons was investigated using Auger-electron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy. A considerable degree of site-selectivity is observed. Ionization of the carbon and oxygen 1s electron leads to around 70% CH+ + NO+, while ionization at the central N-atom produces only 37% CH+ + NO+, but preferentially forms O+ + HCN+ and O+ + CN+. The mass-selected Auger-electron spectra show that these fragments are associated with higher binding energy final states. Furthermore, ionization of the C 1s electron leads to a higher propensity for C-H bond fission compared to O 1s ionization. Following resonant Auger-Meitner decay after 1s → 3π excitation, 12 different ionic products are formed. At the C 1s edge, the parent ion HCNO+ is significantly more stable compared to the other two edges, which we also attribute to the higher contribution of final states with low binding energies in the C 1s resonant Auger electron spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gerlach
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schaffner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Preitschopf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emil Karaev
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Salen P, Schio L, Richter R, Alagia M, Stranges S, Falcinelli S, Zhaunerchyk V. Electronic state influence on selective bond breaking of core-excited nitrosyl chloride (ClNO). J Chem Phys 2022; 157:124306. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for selective bond breaking of a small molecule was investigated with electron-spectroscopy and electron-ion coincidence experiments on ClNO. The electron spectra were measured upon direct valence photo-ionization and upon resonant core-excitation at the N 1s- and O 1s-edges followed by emission of resonant Auger (RA) electrons. The RA spectra were analyzed with particular emphasis on the assignment of the participator and spectator states. The latter are of special relevance for investigations of how distinct electronic configurations influence selective bond breaking. The electron-ion coincidence measurements provided branching fractions of the produced ion-fragments as a function of electron binding energy. It explicitly demonstrates the influence of the final electronic states created after the photo-ionization and RA decay, on the fragmentation. In particular, we observe a significantly different branching fraction for spectator states compared with participator states. The bonds broken for the spectator states are also found to correlate with the anti-bonding character of the spectator-electron orbital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Salen
- Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala Universitet, Sweden
| | - Luca Schio
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Stranges
- Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
| | - Stefano Falcinelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Vitali Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg Department of Physics, Sweden
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3
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Gerlach M, Fantuzzi F, Wohlfart L, Kopp K, Engels B, Bozek J, Nicolas C, Mayer D, Gühr M, Holzmeier F, Fischer I. Fragmentation of isocyanic acid, HNCO, following core excitation and ionization. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:114302. [PMID: 33752348 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a study on the fragmentation of core-ionized and core-excited isocyanic acid, HNCO, using Auger-electron/photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Site-selectivity is observed both for normal and resonant Auger electron decay. Oxygen 1s ionization leads to the CO+ + NH+ ion pairs, while nitrogen 1s ionization results in three-body dissociation and an efficient fragmentation of the H-N bond in the dication. Upon 1s → 10a' resonant excitation, clear differences between O and N sites are discernible as well. In both cases, the correlation between the dissociation channel and the binding energy of the normal Auger electrons indicates that the fragmentation pattern is governed by the excess energy available in the final ionic state. High-level multireference calculations suggest pathways to the formation of the fragment ions NO+ and HCO+, which are observed although the parent compound contains neither N-O nor H-C bonds. This work contributes to the goal to achieve and understand site-selective fragmentation upon ionization and excitation of molecules with soft x-ray radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gerlach
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lilith Wohlfart
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karina Kopp
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Dennis Mayer
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Markus Gühr
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Wang YT, Chiang YJ, Liu CL. Resolved specific dissociation channel of a core-excited peptide model molecule. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Chiang YJ, Lin YS, Lin HR, Liu CL. Specific dissociation of core-excited pyrimidine nucleobases. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Zagorodskikh S, Eland JHD, Zhaunerchyk V, Mucke M, Squibb RJ, Linusson P, Feifel R. Mechanisms of site-specific photochemistry following core-shell ionization of chemically inequivalent carbon atoms in acetaldehyde (ethanal). J Chem Phys 2016; 145:124302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Zagorodskikh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John H. D. Eland
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Vitali Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Melanie Mucke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard J. Squibb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Linusson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Salén P, Yatsyna V, Schio L, Feifel R, Richter R, Alagia M, Stranges S, Zhaunerchyk V. NEXAFS spectroscopy and site-specific fragmentation of N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:244310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4954704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Salén
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vasyl Yatsyna
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luca Schio
- IOM-CNR Tasc, SS-14, Km 163.5 Area Science Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Richter
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Alagia
- IOM-CNR Tasc, SS-14, Km 163.5 Area Science Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Stranges
- IOM-CNR Tasc, SS-14, Km 163.5 Area Science Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Universitá Sapienza, Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Vitali Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Li C, Salén P, Yatsyna V, Schio L, Feifel R, Squibb R, Kamińska M, Larsson M, Richter R, Alagia M, Stranges S, Monti S, Carravetta V, Zhaunerchyk V. Experimental and theoretical XPS and NEXAFS studies of N-methylacetamide and N-methyltrifluoroacetamide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2210-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06441d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical spectra of N-methylacetamide and N-methyltrifluoroacetamide at the K-edges are reported.
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Lin YS, Tsai CC, Lin HR, Hsieh TL, Chen JL, Hu WP, Ni CK, Liu CL. Highly Selective Dissociation of a Peptide Bond Following Excitation of Core Electrons. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6195-202. [PMID: 25988354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The controlled breaking of a specific chemical bond with photons in complex molecules remains a major challenge in chemistry. In principle, using the K-edge absorption of a particular atomic element, one might excite selectively a specific atomic entity in a molecule. We report here highly selective dissociation of the peptide bonds in N-methylformamide and N-methylacetamide on tuning the X-ray wavelength to the K-edge absorption of the atoms connected to (or near) the peptide bond. The high selectivity (56-71%) of this cleavage arises from the large energy shift of X-ray absorption, a large overlap of the 1s orbital and the valence π* orbital that is highly localized on a peptide bond with antibonding character, and the relatively low bond energy of the peptide bonds. These characteristics indicate that the high selectivity on bond dissociation following core excitation could be a general feature for molecules containing peptide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shiue Lin
- †Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.,‡Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Cheng Tsai
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ru Lin
- †Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.,‡Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,§Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Hsieh
- †Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.,‡Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jien-Lian Chen
- ‡Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ping Hu
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- ‡Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,∥Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lin Liu
- †Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
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Lin YS, Lu KT, Lee YT, Tseng CM, Ni CK, Liu CL. Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectra and Site-Selective Dissociation of Phenol. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:1601-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500284r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shiue Lin
- Scientific
Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ta Lu
- Scientific
Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yuan T. Lee
- Institute of Atomic
and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Tseng
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic
and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lin Liu
- Scientific
Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
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11
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Salén P, Kamińska M, Squibb RJ, Richter R, Alagia M, Stranges S, van der Meulen P, Eland JHD, Feifel R, Zhaunerchyk V. Selectivity in fragmentation of N-methylacetamide after resonant K-shell excitation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:15231-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Homonuclear site-specific photochemistry by an ion–electron multi-coincidence spectroscopy technique. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Mocellin A, Wiesner K, Sorensen SL, Miron C, Guen KL, Céolin D, Simon M, Morin P, Machado AB, Björneholm O, de Brito AN. Site selective dissociation upon core ionization of ozone. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Couto H, Mocellin A, Moreira CD, Gomes MP, Naves de Brito A, Lopes MCA. Threshold photoelectron spectroscopy of ozone. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:204311. [PMID: 16774336 DOI: 10.1063/1.2200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Threshold photoelectron spectrum of ozone is presented for the first time at a resolution of 21-38 meV using synchrotron radiation in the energy region of 12-21 eV. The ionization energies of the first ionized states were determined and an interpretation of the O3 spectrum with respect to its first three ionic states, 1 2A1, 1 2B2, and 1 2A2, is presented. Above 16 eV the enhancement of the intensities of the 2 2B1, 3 2A1, and 4 2B2 band systems due to the contribution of indirect processes was observed, not accessible by conventional photoelectron spectroscopy. It was also resolved and assigned the extensive vibrational structures of ozone. Between 15.5 and 18.5 eV the main band contours are similar to those found in conventional photoelectron spectroscopy, except that our threshold photoelectron spectrum reveals extensive additional vibrational structures. The band 2 2B1 was found to present an irregular vibrational spacing DeltaE, with a minimum value of 80 meV at approximately 16.47 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Couto
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-330, Brazil
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Wiesner K, Naves de Brito A, Sorensen SL, Kosugi N, Björneholm O. Core excitation in O3 localized to one of two symmetry-equivalent chemical bonds: molecular alignment through vibronic coupling. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:154303. [PMID: 15945631 DOI: 10.1063/1.1881192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Core excitation from terminal oxygen OT in O3 is shown to be an excitation from a localized core orbital to a localized valence orbital. The valence orbital is localized to one of the two equivalent chemical bonds. We experimentally demonstrate this with the Auger-Doppler effect which is observable when O3 is core excited to the highly dissociative OT1s(-1)7a1 1 state. Auger electrons emitted from the atomic oxygen fragment carry information about the molecular orientation relative to the electromagnetic-field vector at the moment of excitation. The data together with analytical functions for the electron-peak profiles give clear evidence that the preferred molecular orientation for excitation only depends on the orientation of one bond, not on the total molecular orientation. The localization of the valence orbital "7a1" is caused by mixing of the valence orbital "5b2" through vibronic coupling of antisymmetric stretching mode with b2 symmetry. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first discussion of the localization of a core excitation of O3. This result explains the success of the widely used assumption of localized core excitation in adsorbates and large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wiesner
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Lindgren A, Gisselbrecht M, Burmeister F, Naves de Brito A, Kivimäki A, Sorensen SL. Molecular alignment of ammonia studied by electron-ion-ion coincidence spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:114306. [PMID: 15836214 DOI: 10.1063/1.1861453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron-ion-ion coincidence measurements carried out at discrete resonances near the N 1s threshold in ammonia are reported. The measured coincidence spectra show clear alignment of the molecule upon resonant core-electron excitation. The coincidence data are analyzed to extract information about the molecule in the excited state by simulating the alignment and the dissociation processes. Dynamic changes in molecular geometry are found as the photon energy is scanned through the N 1s-->4a(1) resonance, whereas for the N 1s-->2e state the geometry and kinetic energy released upon dissociation remain unchanged. The alignment of the core-excited molecules is found to be preserved even in two-step dissociation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lindgren
- Department of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Institute of Physics, University of Lund, Sweden
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Wiesner K, Fink R, Sorensen S, Andersson M, Feifel R, Hjelte I, Miron C, Naves de Brito A, Rosenqvist L, Wang H, Svensson S, Björneholm O. Valence photoionization and resonant core excitation of ozone – experimental and theoretical study of the C̃-state of O3+. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Mocellin A, Wiesner K, Burmeister F, Björneholm O, Naves de Brito A. Experimental study of photoionization of ozone in the 12 to 21 eV region. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1394945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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20
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Rosenqvist L, Wiesner K, Naves de Brito A, Bässler M, Feifel R, Hjelte I, Miron C, Wang H, Piancastelli MN, Svensson S, Björneholm O, Sorensen SL. Femtosecond dissociation of ozone studied by the Auger Doppler effect. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1385156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Stranges S, Alagia M, Fronzoni G, Decleva P. High-Resolution Inner-Shell Photoabsorption and Dissociation of Ozone. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003902v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Stranges
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' di Roma “La Sapienza” ed Unita' INFM, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Alagia
- TASC−INFM, Area Science Park, Basovizza I-34012, Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Fronzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ degli Studi di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - P. Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ degli Studi di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127, Trieste, Italy
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