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Kochetov V, Ahsan MS, Hein D, Wilkinson I, Bokarev SI. Valence and Core Photoelectron Spectra of Aqueous I3- from Multi-Reference Quantum Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:5319. [PMID: 37513192 PMCID: PMC10383688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The I3- molecule is known to undergo substantial structural reorganization upon solvation by a protic solvent, e.g., water. However, the details of this process are still controversially discussed in the literature. In the present study, we combined experimental and theoretical efforts to disentangle this controversy. The valence (5p), N4,5 (4d), and M4,5 (3d) edge photoelectron spectra were measured in an aqueous solution and computed using high-level multi-reference methods. Our previous publication mainly focused on obtaining reliable experimental evidence, whereas in the present article, we focused primarily on theoretical aspects. The complex electronic structure of I3- requires the inclusion of both static and dynamic correlation, e.g., via the multi-configurational perturbation theory treatment. However, the resulting photoelectron spectra appear to be very sensitive to problems with variational stability and intruder states. We attempted to obtain artifact-free spectra, allowing for a more reliable interpretation of experiments. Finally, we concluded that the 3d Photoelectron Spectrum (PES) is particularly informative, evidencing an almost linear structure with a smaller degree of bond asymmetry than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Kochetov
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Md Sabbir Ahsan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hein
- Operando Interfacial Photochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Bokarev
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- Chemistry Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Suda K, Yokogawa D. Investigation of the metastable structures of polyiodide in acetonitrile studied using global reaction route mapping and the reference interaction site model self-consistent field explicitly including constrained spatial electron density distribution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23712-23717. [PMID: 36149463 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02719d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we theoretically analyzed the metastable structures of polyiodide (I7-) in the gas and acetonitrile phases using global reaction route mapping and the reference interaction site model self-consistent field explicitly including constrained spatial electron density distribution. From the chemical reaction pathways of I7- in acetonitrile, it was found that there would be 2 types of isomerization pathways. One proceeds with constant stoichiometry and the other takes place by breaking and forming I-I bonds. In addition, we discovered that I7- had various metastable structures within ∼10 kcal mol-1. Comparing the most stable structure in the gas and acetonitrile phases, the tetrapot type is found to be the most stable structure in the gas phase; however, it is the zigzag type in acetonitrile. In order to understand this difference, we performed the decomposition analysis of the thermal correlation term in the gas and acetonitrile phases. It was found that thermal correction plays a key role in the stability and we could explain the difference in the population of the EQ states of I7- in each phase. Overall, we revealed that the solvation effect must be one of the crucial factors to stabilize the isomers of I7- and determine the chemical reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Suda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Yokogawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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3
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Ahsan MS, Kochetov V, Hein D, Bokarev SI, Wilkinson I. Probing the molecular structure of aqueous triiodide via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and correlated electron phenomena. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15540-15555. [PMID: 35713286 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-microjet-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was applied to aqueous triiodide solutions, I3-(aq.), to investigate the anion's valence- and core-level electronic structure, ionization dynamics, associated electron-correlation effects, and nuclear geometric structure. The roles of multi-active-electron (shake-up) ionization processes - with noted sensitivity to the solute geometric structure - were investigated through I3-(aq.) solution valence, I 4d, and I 3d core-level measurements. The experimental spectra were interpreted with the aid of simulated photoelectron spectra, built upon multi-reference ab initio electronic structure calculations associated with different I3-(aq.) molecular geometries. A comparison of the single-to-multi-active-electron ionization signal ratios extracted from the experimental and theoretical core-level photoemission spectra suggests that the ground state of the solute adopts a near-linear average geometry in aqueous solutions. This contrasts with the interpretation of time-resolved X-ray solution scattering studies, but is found to be fully consistent with the rest of the solution-phase I3-(aq.) literature. Comparing the results of low- and high-photon-energy photoemission measurements, we further suggest that the aqueous anion adopts a more asymmetric geometry at the aqueous-solution-gas interface than in the aqueous bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sabbir Ahsan
- Department of Locally-Sensitive and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladislav Kochetov
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dennis Hein
- Operando Interfacial Photochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-platz. 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Bokarev
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Department of Locally-Sensitive and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Saha S, Roy S, Mathi P, Mondal JA. Polyatomic Iodine Species at the Air-Water Interface and Its Relevance to Atmospheric Iodine Chemistry: An HD-VSFG and Raman-MCR Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2924-2934. [PMID: 30830779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Iodine plays a key role in tropospheric ozone destruction, atmospheric new particle formation, as well as growth. Air-water interface happens to be an important reaction site pertaining to such phenomena. However, except iodide (I-), the behavior of other iodine species, for example, triiodide (I3-) and iodate (IO3-, the most abundant iodine species in seawater) at the aqueous interface and their effect on the interfacial water are largely unknown. Using interface-specific vibrational spectroscopy (heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation), we recorded the imaginary-χ(2) spectra (Imχ(2); χ(2) is the second-order electric susceptibility in OH stretch region) of the air-water interface in the presence of IO3-, I3-, and I- (≤0.3 M) in the aqueous subphase. The Imχ(2) spectra reveal that the chaotropic I3- is the most surface-active anion among the iodine species studied and decreases the vibrational coupling and hydrogen-bonding of interfacial water. Interestingly, the IO3-, even being a kosmotrope, is quite prevalent in the interfacial region and preferentially orients the interfacial water as "H-down" (i.e., water dipole moment is pointed toward the bulk water). Mapping of the OH stretch response of ion-affected water at interface (i.e., ΔImχ(2) = Imχ(2)air-water-iodine salt - Imχ(2)air-water) with that in the hydration shell of the respective ion (hydration shell water response is obtained by Raman multivariate curve resolution spectroscopy) reveals a correlative link between the ion's influence on the interfacial water and their hydration shell structure. The distinct water structure of stronger as well as weaker H-bonding in the hydration shell of the polyatomic IO3- anion promotes the anion to stay at the interfacial region. Thus, the surface prevalence of the iodine species and their effect on the interfacial water are perceived to be crucial for the transfer of iodine from seawater to the atmosphere across the marine boundary layer and the chemistry of iodine at aqueous aerosol surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Saha
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute , Trombay, Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Subhadip Roy
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute , Trombay, Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - P Mathi
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute , Trombay, Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Jahur A Mondal
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute , Trombay, Mumbai 400085 , India
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5
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Triiodide and mixed tri-halide anions from negative ion electrospray ionization of alkali halide solutions. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gálvez Ó, Baeza-Romero MT, Sanz M, Pacios LF. A theoretical study on the reaction of ozone with aqueous iodide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7651-60. [PMID: 26906609 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06440f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric iodine chemistry plays a key role in tropospheric ozone catalytic destruction, new particle formation, and as one of the possible sinks of gaseous polar elemental mercury. Moreover, it has been recently proposed that reaction of ozone with iodide on the sea surface could be the major contributor to the chemical loss of atmospheric ozone. However, the mechanism of the reaction between aqueous iodide and ozone is not well known. The aim of this paper is to improve the understanding of such a mechanism. In this paper, an ab initio study of the reaction of aqueous iodide and ozone is presented, evaluating thermodynamic data of the different reactions proposed in previous experimental studies. In addition, the structures, energetics and possible evolution of the key IOOO(-) intermediate are discussed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Gálvez
- Departamento de Física Molecular, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Teresa Baeza-Romero
- Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Mikel Sanz
- Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Unidad de Química, Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, E.T.S.I. Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Schott S, Ress L, Hrušák J, Nuernberger P, Brixner T. Identification of photofragmentation patterns in trihalide anions by global analysis of vibrational wavepacket dynamics in broadband transient absorption data. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:33287-33302. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06729h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Photodissociation pathways of a trihalide series are systematically investigated by globally fitting vibrational wavepacket signals in broadband transient absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schott
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Lea Ress
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Jan Hrušák
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 182 23 Praha 8
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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8
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Hwan Kim K, Kim J, Hyuk Lee J, Ihee H. Topical Review: Molecular reaction and solvation visualized by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering: Structure, dynamics, and their solvent dependence. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2014; 1:011301. [PMID: 26798770 PMCID: PMC4711596 DOI: 10.1063/1.4865234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray solution scattering is sensitive to global molecular structure and can track the dynamics of chemical reactions. In this article, we review our recent studies on triiodide ion (I3 (-)) and molecular iodine (I2) in solution. For I3 (-), we elucidated the excitation wavelength-dependent photochemistry and the solvent-dependent ground-state structure. For I2, by combining time-slicing scheme and deconvolution data analysis, we mapped out the progression of geminate recombination and the associated structural change in the solvent cage. With the aid of X-ray free electron lasers, even clearer observation of ultrafast chemical events will be made possible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University , Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST , Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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Kim KH, Lee JH, Kim J, Nozawa S, Sato T, Tomita A, Ichiyanagi K, Ki H, Kim J, Adachi SI, Ihee H. Solvent-dependent molecular structure of ionic species directly measured by ultrafast x-ray solution scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:165505. [PMID: 23679619 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.165505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ionic species often play important roles in chemical reactions occurring in water and other solvents, but it has been elusive to determine the solvent-dependent molecular structure with atomic resolution. The triiodide ion has a molecular structure that sensitively changes depending on the type of solvent and its symmetry can be broken by strong solute-solvent interaction. Here, by applying pump-probe x-ray solution scattering, we characterize the exact molecular structure of I(3)(-) ion in water, methanol, and acetonitrile with subangstrom accuracy. The data reveal that I(3)(-) ion has an asymmetric and bent structure in water. In contrast, the ion keeps its symmetry in acetonitrile, while the symmetry breaking occurs to a lesser extent in methanol than in water. The symmetry breaking of I(3)(-) ion is reproduced by density functional theory calculations using 34 explicit water molecules, confirming that the origin of the symmetry breaking is the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the solute and solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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11
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Crystal and molecular structures of N-(1-adamantyl)pyridinium diiodobromide. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Berry JF, Cotton FA, Lu T, Murillo CA, Roberts BK, Wang X. Molecular and Electronic Structures by Design: Tuning Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Linear Trichromium Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:7082-96. [PMID: 15174879 DOI: 10.1021/ja049055h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The preparation, properties, and crystal structures of 12 trichromium extended metal atom chain (EMAC) compounds of the type Cr(3)(L)(4)X(2) (L = equatorial ligands dipyridylamide (dpa) or di-4,4'-ethyl-2,2'-pyridylamide (depa), and X = axial ligands, e.g., halide or pseudohalide ions) with large variations in metal-metal distances are reported here. These complexes, which belong to a broad class of fundamentally interesting trinuclear molecules over which the electrons may or may not be delocalized, pose significant theoretical and experimental challenges which are dealt with in this report. Complexes with strongly donating axial or equatorial ligands tend to favor a symmetrical (D(4)) molecular structure, while more weakly donating ligands give rise to unsymmetrical (C(4)) structures; the physical properties of these two classes of compounds are discussed fully, and important comparisons with a reported DFT model of the electronic structures of the compounds are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Bonding, P.O. Box 30012, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
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Svensson PH, Kloo L. Synthesis, structure, and bonding in polyiodide and metal iodide-iodine systems. Chem Rev 2003; 103:1649-84. [PMID: 12744691 DOI: 10.1021/cr0204101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per H Svensson
- Inorganic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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