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Limones-Herrero D, Palumbo F, Vendrell-Criado V, Andreu I, Lence E, González-Bello C, Miranda MA, Jiménez MC. Investigation of metabolite-protein interactions by transient absorption spectroscopy and in silico methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 226:117652. [PMID: 31654902 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transient absorption spectroscopy in combination with in silico methods has been employed to study the interactions between human serum albumin (HSA) and the anti-psychotic agent chlorpromazine (CPZ) as well as its two demethylated metabolites (MCPZ and DCPZ). Thus, solutions containing CPZ, MCPZ or DCPZ and HSA (molar ligand:protein ratios between 1:0 and 1:3) were submitted to laser flash photolysis and the ΔAmax value at λ = 470 nm, corresponding to the triplet excited state, was monitored. In all cases, the protein-bound ligand exhibited higher ΔAmax values measured after the laser pulse and were also considerably longer-lived than the non-complexed forms. This is in agreement with an enhanced hydrophilicity of the metabolites, due to the replacement of methyl groups with H that led to a lower extent of protein binding. For the three compounds, laser flash photolysis displacement experiments using warfarin or ibuprofen indicated Sudlow site I as the main binding site. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that the binding mode of the two demethylated ligands with HSA would be remarkable different from CPZ, specially for DCPZ, which appears to come from the different ability of their terminal ammonium groups to stablish hydrogen bonding interactions with the negatively charged residues within the protein pocket (Glu153, Glu292) as well as to allocate the methyl groups in an apolar environment. DCPZ would be rotated 180° in relation to CPZ locating the aromatic ring away from the Sudlow site I of HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Limones-Herrero
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Palumbo
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Vendrell-Criado
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Andreu
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación UPV-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avenida de Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Lence
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Concepción González-Bello
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación UPV-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avenida de Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación UPV-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avenida de Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
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Palumbo F, Garcia-Lainez G, Limones-Herrero D, Coloma MD, Escobar J, Jiménez MC, Miranda MA, Andreu I. Enhanced photo(geno)toxicity of demethylated chlorpromazine metabolites. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 313:131-137. [PMID: 27984131 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is an anti-psychotic drug widely used to treat disorders such as schizophrenia or manic-depression. Unfortunately, CPZ exhibits undesirable side effects such as phototoxic and photoallergic reactions in humans. In general, the influence of drug metabolism on this type of reactions has not been previously considered in photosafety testing. Thus, the present work aims to investigate the possible photo(geno)toxic potential of drug metabolites, using CPZ as an established reference compound. In this case, the metabolites selected for the study are demethylchlorpromazine (DMCPZ), didemethylchlorpromazine (DDMCPZ) and chlorpromazine sulfoxide (CPZSO). The demethylated CPZ metabolites DMCPZ and DDMCPZ maintain identical chromophore to the parent drug. In this work, it has been found that the nature of the aminoalkyl side chain modulates the hydrophobicity and the photochemical properties (for instance, the excited state lifetimes), but it does not change the photoreactivity pattern, which is characterized by reductive photodehalogenation, triggered by homolytic carbon-chlorine bond cleavage with formation of highly reactive aryl radical intermediates. Accordingly, these metabolites are phototoxic to cells, as revealed by the 3T3 NRU assay; their photo-irritation factors are even higher than that of CPZ. The same trend is observed in photogenotoxicity studies, both with isolated and with cellular DNA, where DMCPZ and DDMCPZ are more active than CPZ itself. In summary, side-chain demethylation of CPZ, as a consequence of Phase I biotransformation, does not result a photodetoxification. Instead, it leads to metabolites that exhibit in an even enhanced photo(geno)toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Palumbo
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC/Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Lainez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avenida de Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Limones-Herrero
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC/Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Dolores Coloma
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avenida de Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Escobar
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avenida de Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Consuelo Jiménez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC/Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC/Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Andreu
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC/Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avenida de Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
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Piñero-Santiago LE, García C, Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Trzcionka J, Oyola R, Torres K, Leguillú J, Miranda MA. Photooxidation mechanism of levomepromazine in different solvents. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1479-89. [PMID: 23909411 DOI: 10.1111/php.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unwanted photoinduced responses are well-known adverse effects of most promazine drugs, including levomepromazine (LPZ, Levoprome(®) or Nozinan(®)). This drug is indicated in psychiatry primarily for the treatment of schizophrenia and other schizoaffective disorders. Levomepromazine's particular sedative properties make it especially fit for use in psychiatric intensive care. Nevertheless, it is photolabile under UV-A and UV-B light in aerobic conditions resulting in the formation of its sulfoxide. The LPZ photochemistry in acetonitrile (MeCN) is completely different from that in methanol (MeOH) and phosphate buffer solutions (PBS, pH = 7.4). The major photoproduct in PBS and MeOH under aerobic conditions is levomepromazine sulfoxide (LPZSO), although the amount is considerably higher in the aqueous environment. The corresponding main photoproduct in MeCN could not be characterized. The destruction quantum yields of LPZ in PBS, MeOH and MeCN are 0.13, 0.02 and <10(-3), respectively. It is further demonstrated that LPZSO does not form by the reaction of singlet oxygen with ground-state LPZ. This oxidation product is actually produced by the reaction of the cation radical of LPZ (LPZ·(+)) with molecular oxygen. This cation radical in turn, is produced by an electron transfer process between the (3) LPZ* and ground-state molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Piñero-Santiago
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, Humacao, PR; Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Gao Y, Chen J, Zhuang X, Wang J, Pan Y, Zhang L, Yu S. Proton transfer in phenothiazine photochemical oxidation: Laser flash photolysis and fluorescence studies. Chem Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang YH, Zhang HM, Liu L, Liang ZX, Guo QX, Tung CH, Inoue Y, Liu YC. Photoinduced electron transfer in a supramolecular species building of mono-6-p-nitrobenzoyl-beta-cyclodextrin with naphthalene derivatives. J Org Chem 2002; 67:2429-34. [PMID: 11950284 DOI: 10.1021/jo0108008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer was observed in the supramolecular complexes of p-nitrobenzoyl-beta-cyclodextrin (NBCD) with a number of naphthalene derivatives, which were stabilized clearly via hydrophobic interactions in aqueous solution. Both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements were conducted, which revealed that there were two routes of electron transfer, i.e., electron transfer between the free donor and free acceptor in solution and electron transfer between the donor and acceptor bound in a supramolecular assembly. The evidence collected demonstrates that the latter route was very efficient. As a result, the rate and quantum yield of the fluorescence quenching in the present supramolecular system were appreciably large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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