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Muthiah B, Kasai T, Lin KC. Probing BrCl from photodissociation of CH 2BrCl and CHBr 2Cl at 248 nm using cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6098-6106. [PMID: 33683243 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodissociation of di- and tri-halogenated methanes including CH2BrCl and CHBr2Cl at 248 nm was investigated using cavity ringdown absorption spectroscopy (CRDS). The spectra of the BrCl(v'' = 2, 3) and Br2(v'' = 1, 2) fragments were probed over the wavelength range of 594.5-596 nm in the B3Π+0u ← X1Σ+g and B3Π (0+) ← X1Σ+ transitions, respectively. Their corresponding spectra were simulated for assignment of rotational lines at a given vibrational level. The quantum yields for Br2 eliminated from CHBr2Cl and BrCl from CH2BrCl were determined to be 0.048 ± 0.018 and 0.037 ± 0.014, respectively. The photodissociation of CHBr2Cl yielded only the Br2 fragment, but not the BrCl fragment in the experiments. An ab initio theoretical method based on the CCSD(T)//B3LYP/6-311g(d,p) level was employed to evaluate the potential energy surface for the dissociation pathways to produce Br2 and BrCl from CHBr2Cl, which encountered a transition state barrier of 445 and 484 kJ mol-1, respectively. The corresponding RRKM rate constants were calculated to show that the branching ratio of (Br2/BrCl) is ∼20. The BrCl spectrum is expected to be obscured by the much larger Br2 spectrum, explaining why BrCl fragments cannot be detected in the photolysis of CHBr2Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaganesh Muthiah
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Toshio Kasai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taipei 106, Taiwan. and Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - King-Chuen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taipei 106, Taiwan. and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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2
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Chicharro DV, Marggi Poullain S, González-Vázquez J, Bañares L. Slice imaging of the UV photodissociation of CH 2BrCl from the maximum of the first absorption band. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:013945. [PMID: 28688417 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The photodissociation dynamics of bromochloromethane (CH2BrCl) have been investigated at the maximum of the first absorption band, at the excitation wavelengths 203 and 210 nm, using the slice imaging technique in combination with a probe detection of bromine-atom fragments, Br(2P3/2) and Br*(2P1/2), via (2 + 1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization. Translational energy distributions and angular distributions reported for both Br(2P3/2) and Br*(2P1/2) fragments show two contributions for the Br(2P3/2) channel and a single contribution for the Br*(2P1/2) channel. High level ab initio calculations have been performed in order to elucidate the dissociation mechanisms taking place. The computed absorption spectrum and potential energy curves indicate the main contribution of the populated 4A″, 5A', and 6A' excited states leading to a C-Br cleavage. Consistently with the results, the single contribution for the Br*(2P1/2) channel has been attributed to direct dissociation through the 6A' state as well as an indirect dissociation of the 5A' state requiring a 5A' → 4A' reverse non-adiabatic crossing. Similarly, a faster contribution for the Br(2P3/2) channel characterized by a similar energy partitioning and anisotropy than those for the Br*(2P1/2) channel is assigned to a direct dissociation through the 5A' state, while the slower component appears to be due to the direct dissociation on the 4A″ state.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Chicharro
- Departmento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Marggi Poullain
- Departmento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J González-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Bañares
- Departmento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Antol I, Glasovac Z, Crespo-Otero R, Barbatti M. Guanidine and guanidinium cation in the excited state--theoretical investigation. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:074307. [PMID: 25149786 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse ab initio and density-functional-theory methods were used to investigate geometries, energies, and electronic absorption spectra of guanidine and its protonated form, as well as their photo-deactivation processes. It was shown that the guanidine is a weakly absorbing species with the excitation spectrum consisting mostly of transitions to the Rydberg excited states and one valence n-π4 state. The lowest energy band has a maximum at ca. 6.9 eV (∼180 nm). The protonation of guanidine affects its excitation spectrum substantially. A major shift of the Rydberg states to higher energies is clearly visible and strongly absorbing transitions from the ground state to the π3-π4 and π2-π4 states appears at 7.8 eV (∼160 nm). Three low-lying conical intersections (two for guanidine and one for protonated guanidine) between the ground state and the first excited singlet state were located. They are accessible from the Franck-Condon region through amino N-H stretching and out-of-plane deformations in guanidine and protonated guanidine, respectively. The relaxation of the π3-3s Rydberg state via amino N-H bond stretching was hindered by a barrier. The nondissociated conical intersection in protonated guanidine mediates the radiationless deactivation of the compound after excitation into the π3-π4 state. This fact is detrimental for the photostability of guanidine, since its conjugate acid is stable in aqueous solution over a wide pH range and in protein environment, where guanidinium moiety in arginine is expected to be in a protonated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Antol
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Glasovac
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Valero R, Truhlar DG. Photochemistry in a dense manifold of electronic states: Photodissociation of CH2ClBr. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:22A539. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4747704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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5
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Vredenborg A, Lehmann CS, Irimia D, Roeterdink WG, Janssen MHM. The Reaction Microscope: Imaging and Pulse Shaping Control in Photodynamics. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1459-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Plenge J, Wirsing A, Wagner-Drebenstedt I, Halfpap I, Kieling B, Wassermann B, Rühl E. Coherent control of the ultrafast dissociative ionization dynamics of bromochloroalkanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8705-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Plenge
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Irimia D, Janssen MHM. Toward elucidating the mechanism of femtosecond pulse shaping control in photodynamics of molecules by velocity map photoelectron and ion imaging. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:234302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3436720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rozgonyi T, González L. A Two-Dimensional Wavepacket Study of the Nonadiabatic Dynamics of CH2BrCl. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5573-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8011427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Rozgonyi
- Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Hungary, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller Universität, Jena Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany, and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Hungary, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller Universität, Jena Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany, and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Control of the photodissociation of CH2BrCl using a few-cycle IR driving laser pulse and a UV control pulse. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Zhang F, Wei Z, Cao Z, Zhang C, Zhang B. Photodissociation/photoionization processes of chlorobromomethane induced by femtosecond laser pulses with pump-probe scheme. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Valero R, Truhlar DG. A Diabatic Representation Including Both Valence Nonadiabatic Interactions and Spin−Orbit Effects for Reaction Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8536-51. [PMID: 17691756 DOI: 10.1021/jp072590u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A diabatic representation is convenient in the study of electronically nonadiabatic chemical reactions because the diabatic energies and couplings are smooth functions of the nuclear coordinates and the couplings are scalar quantities. A method called the fourfold way was devised in our group to generate diabatic representations for spin-free electronic states. One drawback of diabatic states computed from the spin-free Hamiltonian, called a valence diabatic representation, for systems in which spin-orbit coupling cannot be ignored is that the couplings between the states are not zero in asymptotic regions, leading to difficulties in the calculation of reaction probabilities and other properties by semiclassical dynamics methods. Here we report an extension of the fourfold way to construct diabatic representations suitable for spin-coupled systems. In this article we formulate the method for the case of even-electron systems that yield pairs of fragments with doublet spin multiplicity. For this type of system, we introduce the further simplification of calculating the triplet diabatic energies in terms of the singlet diabatic energies via Slater's rules and assuming constant ratios of Coulomb to exchange integrals. Furthermore, the valence diabatic couplings in the triplet manifold are taken equal to the singlet ones. An important feature of the method is the introduction of scaling functions, as they allow one to deal with multibond reactions without having to include high-energy diabatic states. The global transformation matrix to the new diabatic representation, called the spin-valence diabatic representation, is constructed as the product of channel-specific transformation matrices, each one taken as the product of an asymptotic transformation matrix and a scaling function that depends on ratios of the spin-orbit splitting and the valence splittings. Thus the underlying basis functions are recoupled into suitable diabatic basis functions in a manner that provides a multibond generalization of the switch between Hund's cases in diatomic spectroscopy. The spin-orbit matrix elements in this representation are taken equal to their atomic values times a scaling function that depends on the internuclear distances. The spin-valence diabatic potential energy matrix is suitable for semiclassical dynamics simulations. Diagonalization of this matrix produces the spin-coupled adiabatic energies. For the sake of illustration, diabatic potential energy matrices are constructed along bond-fission coordinates for the HBr and the BrCH(2)Cl molecules. Comparison of the spin-coupled adiabatic energies obtained from the spin-valence diabatics with those obtained by ab initio calculations with geometry-dependent spin-orbit matrix elements shows that the new method is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. The method formulated here should be most useful for systems with a large number of atoms, especially heavy atoms, and/or a large number of spin-coupled electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Valero
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, USA
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Valero R, Truhlar DG. Nonadiabatic effects in C–Br bond scission in the photodissociation of bromoacetyl chloride. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:194305. [PMID: 17129101 DOI: 10.1063/1.2363991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromoacetyl chloride photodissociation has been interpreted as a paradigmatic example of a process in which nonadiabatic effects play a major role. In molecular beam experiments by Butler and co-workers [J. Chem. Phys. 95, 3848 (1991); J. Chem. Phys. 97, 355 (1992)], BrCH2C(O)Cl was prepared in its ground electronic state (S0) and excited with a laser at 248 nm to its first excited singlet state (S1). The two main ensuing photoreactions are the ruptures of the C-Cl bond and of the C-Br bond. A nonadiabatic model was proposed in which the C-Br scission is strongly suppressed due to nonadiabatic recrossing at the barrier formed by the avoided crossing between the S1 and S2 states. Recent reduced-dimensional dynamical studies lend support to this model. However, another interpretation that has been given for the experimental results is that the reduced probability of C-Br scission is a consequence of incomplete intramolecular energy redistribution. To provide further insight into this problem, we have studied the energetically lowest six singlet electronic states of bromoacetyl chloride by using an ab initio multiconfigurational perturbative electronic structure method. Stationary points (minima and saddle points) and minimum energy paths have been characterized on the S0 and S1 potential energy surfaces. The fourfold way diabatization method has been applied to transform five adiabatic excited electronic states to a diabatic representation. The diabatic potential energy matrix of the first five excited singlet states has been constructed along several cuts of the potential energy hypersurfaces. The thermochemistry of the photodissociation reactions and a comparison with experimental translational energy distributions strongly suggest that nonadiabatic effects dominate the C-Br scission, but that the reaction proceeds along the energetically allowed diabatic pathway to excited-state products instead of being nonadiabatically suppressed. This conclusion is also supported by the low values of the diabatic couplings on the C-Br scission reaction path. The methodology established in the present study will be used for the construction of global potential energy surfaces suitable for multidimensional dynamics simulations to test these preliminary interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Valero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Rozgonyi T, Gonzalez L. On the Location of Conical Intersections in CH2BrCl Using MS-CASPT2 Methods. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:10251-9. [PMID: 16928115 DOI: 10.1021/jp057199s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory has been employed to calculate two-dimensional potential energy surfaces for the lowest low-lying singlet electronic states of CH2BrCl as a function of the two carbon-halogen bonds. The photochemistry of the system is controlled by a nonadiabatic crossing occurring between the A and B bands, attributed to the b1A' and c1A' states, which are found almost degenerate and forming a near-degeneracy line of almost equidistant C-Br and C-Cl bonds. A crossing point in the near-degeneracy line is identified as a conical intersection in this reduced two-dimensional space. The positions of the conical intersection located at CASSCF, single-state (SS)-CASPT2, and multistate (MS)-CASPT2 levels of theory are compared, also paying attention to the nonorthogonality problem of perturbative approaches. To validate the presence of the conical intersection versus an avoided crossing, the geometrical phase effect has been checked using the multiconfigurational MS-CASPT2 wave function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Rozgonyi
- Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Hungary
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Zhou J, Lau KC, Hassanein E, Xu H, Tian SX, Jones B, Ng CY. A photodissociation study of CH2BrCl in the A-band using the time-sliced ion velocity imaging method. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:034309. [PMID: 16438585 DOI: 10.1063/1.2158999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing a high-resolution (velocity resolution deltanu/nu<1.5%) time-sliced ion velocity imaging apparatus, we have examined the photodissociation of CH2BrCl in the photon energy range of 448.6-618.5 kJ/mol (193.3-266.6 nm). Precise translational and angular distributions for the dominant Br(2P32) and Br(2P12) channels have been determined from the ion images observed for Br(2P32) and Br(2P12). In confirmation with the previous studies, the kinetic-energy distributions for the Br(2P12) channel are found to fit well with one Gaussian function, whereas the kinetic- energy distributions for the Br(2P32) channel exhibit bimodal structures and can be decomposed into a slow and a fast Gaussian component. The observed kinetic-energy distributions are consistent with the conclusion that the formation of the Br(2P32) and Br(2P12) channels takes place on a repulsive potential-energy surface, resulting in a significant fraction (0.40-0.47) of available energy to appear as translational energy for the photo fragments. On the basis of the detailed kinetic-energy distributions and anisotropy parameters obtained in the present study, together with the specific features and relative absorption cross sections of the excited 2A', 1A", 3A', 4A', and 2A" states estimated in previous studies, we have rationalized the dissociation pathways of CH2BrCl in the A-band, leading to the formation of the Br(2P32) and Br(2P12) channels. The analysis of the ion images observed at 235 nm for Cl(2P(32,12)) provides strong evidence that the formation of Cl mainly arises from the secondary photodissociation process CH2Cl + hnu --> CH2 + Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Taketani F, Takahashi K, Matsumi Y. Quantum Yields for Cl(2Pj) Atom Formation from the Photolysis of Chlorofluorocarbons and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons at 193.3 nm. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:2855-60. [PMID: 16833601 DOI: 10.1021/jp044218+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cl(2P(3/2)) and Cl*(2P(1/2)) atoms produced from the photodissociation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and chlorinated hydrocarbons at 193.3 nm have been detected quantitatively by a technique of vacuum ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence (VUV-LIF) spectroscopy at 135.2 and 134.7 nm for j = 1/2 and 3/2, respectively. The quantum yields for total Cl-atom formation in the 193.3 nm photolysis at 295 +/- 2 K have been determined to be 1.03 +/- 0.09, 1.01 +/- 0.08, 1.03 +/- 0.08, 1.03 +/- 0.10, 1.41 +/- 0.14, 1.02 +/- 0.08, and 0.98 +/- 0.08 for CF2Cl2, CFCl3, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, CHFCl2, and CCl3CF3, respectively. Those results suggest that the single C-Cl bond rupture always occurs in the photolysis of these molecules except for CCl4. Formation of two Cl atoms partly takes place in the photodissociation of CCl4. The quantum yields for total Cl-atom formation in the 193.3 nm photolysis of CHBr2Cl and CHBrClCF3 are 0.27 +/- 0.02 and 0.28 +/- 0.02, respectively, which suggests that the C-Br bond rupture is a main channel in the photodissociation processes. The branching ratios between the spin-orbit states, Cl*(2P(1/2)) and Cl(2P(3/2)), have also been determined for the photodissociation of the chlorinated compounds at 193.3 nm. The UV photodissociation processes giving rise to formation of Cl(2P(j)) atoms from the chlorinated compounds studied here have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumikazu Taketani
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, 3-13 Honohara, Toyokawa, Aichi 442-8507, Japan
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Tian SX, Kishimoto N, Ohno K. Spin−Orbit Coupling Effect and Intramolecular Orbital Interactions: Penning Ionization of CH2BrCl, CHBrCl2, and CH2BrCN by Collision with He*(23S) Metastable Atoms. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0218950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Rozgonyi T, González L. Photochemistry of CH2BrCl: An ab Initio and Dynamical Study. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026877x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Rozgonyi
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leticia González
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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