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Rey R, Hynes JT. Solvation Dynamics in Water. 4. On the Initial Regime of Solvation Relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7668-7681. [PMID: 32790403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is shown, by means of numerical and analytic work, that initial molecular momenta play little significant role in the initial fast solvation relaxation that follows electronic excitation of, and charge creation for, a standard model system of a solute in water. Instead, the nonequilibrium dynamics are predominantly described by noninertial "steering" by the torques directly generated by the newly created charge distribution. It is this process that largely overcomes inertia and drives the relaxation dynamics on a time scale of a few tens of femtoseconds in the key initial regime of the dynamics. These results are discussed in the context of commonly employed descriptions such as inertial, Gaussian, and underdamped dynamical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossend Rey
- Departament de Fı́sica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Nord B4-B5, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - James T Hynes
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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2
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Heid E, Hunt PA, Schröder C. Evaluating excited state atomic polarizabilities of chromophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018. [PMID: 29542743 PMCID: PMC5885803 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08549d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ground and excited state atomic polarizabilities of the chromophores N-methyl-6-oxyquinolinium betaine and coumarin 153 have been evaluated via quantum mechanics.
Ground and excited state dipoles and polarizabilities of the chromophores N-methyl-6-oxyquinolinium betaine (MQ) and coumarin 153 (C153) in solution have been evaluated using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). A method for determining the atomic polarizabilities has been developed; the molecular dipole has been decomposed into atomic charge transfer and polarizability terms, and variation in the presence of an electric field has been used to evaluate atomic polarizabilities. On excitation, MQ undergoes very site-specific changes in polarizability while C153 shows significantly less variation. We also conclude that MQ cannot be adequately described by standard atomic polarizabilities based on atomic number and hybridization state. Changes in the molecular polarizability of MQ (on excitation) are not representative of the local site-specific changes in atomic polarizability, thus the overall molecular polarizability ratio does not provide a good approximation for local atom-specific polarizability changes on excitation. Accurate excited state force fields are needed for computer simulation of solvation dynamics. The chromophores considered in this study are often used as molecular probes. The methods and data reported here can be used for the construction of polarizable ground and excited state force fields. Atomic and molecular polarizabilities (ground and excited states) have been evaluated over a range of functionals and basis sets. Different mechanisms for including solvation effects have been examined; using a polarizable continuum model, explicit solvation and via sampling of clusters extracted from a MD simulation. A range of different solvents have also been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Heid
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Währingerstraße 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Heid E, Moser W, Schröder C. On the validity of linear response approximations regarding the solvation dynamics of polyatomic solutes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10940-10950. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gaussian statistics and linear response predictions of the nonequilibrium solvation dynamics are tested for numerous solute/solvent combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Heid
- University of Vienna
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Wanda Moser
- University of Vienna
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Christian Schröder
- University of Vienna
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
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4
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Gupta S, Chakraborty A, Sen P. Elucidation of intriguing methanol-dichloromethane binary solvent mixture: Synergistic effect, analytical modeling, NMR and photo-induced electron transfer studies. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Park JW, Rhee YM. Diabatic Population Matrix Formalism for Performing Molecular Mechanics Style Simulations with Multiple Electronic States. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 10:5238-53. [PMID: 26583208 DOI: 10.1021/ct5006856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An accurate description of nonbonded interactions is important in investigating dynamics of molecular systems. In many situations, fixed point charge models are successfully applied to explaining various chemical phenomena. However, these models with conventional formulations will not be appropriate in elucidating the detailed dynamics during nonadiabatic events. This is mainly because the chemical properties of any molecule, especially its electronic populations, significantly change with respect to molecular distortions in the vicinity of the surface crossing. To overcome this issue in molecular simulations yet within the framework of the fixed point charge model, we define a diabatic electronic population matrix and substitute it for the conventional adiabatic partial charges. We show that this matrix can be readily utilized toward attaining more reliable descriptions of Coulombic interactions, in combination with the interpolation formalism for obtaining the intramolecular interaction potential. We demonstrate how the mixed formalism with the diabatic charges and the interpolation can be applied to molecular simulations by conducting adiabatic and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics trajectory calculations of the green fluorescent protein chromophore anion in aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 790-784, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 790-784, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, Korea
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6
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Trencanova MG, Jane E, Szocs V, Halaszova S, Jerigova M, Haizer L, Velic D. Fluorescence Dynamics of Monocyclodextrin- and Bis(thiol-cyclodextrin)-Coumarin C153 Complexes. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2466-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Elola MD, Rodriguez J. Solvation of Coumarin 480 within nano-confining environments: structure and dynamics. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:034702. [PMID: 25669402 DOI: 10.1063/1.4861586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrium and dynamical characteristics pertaining to the solvation of the fluorescent probe Coumarin 480 within different confining environments are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Three kinds of confining systems are examined: (i) the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/isooctane/1-hexanol/water; cationic inverse micelle (IM) (ii) a CTAB/water direct micelle (DM), and (iii) a silica-surfactant nanocomposite, comprising a cylindrical silica pore (SP) containing small amounts of water and CTAB species adsorbed at the pore walls. The solvation structures in the three environments differ at a qualitative level: an exchange between bulk- and interface-like solvation states was found in the IM, whereas in the DM, the solvation states of the probe are characterized by its embedding at the interface, trapped among the surfactant heads and tails. Within the SP structure, the coumarin exhibits alternations between internal and interfacial solvation states that occur on a ∼20 ns time scale and operate via 90° rotations of its molecular plane. The solvation responses of the environment following a vertical excitation of the probe are also investigated. Solvation times resulted between 2 and 1000 times longer than those found in bulk water, with a fast-to-slow trend IM→DM→SP, which can be interpreted in terms of the solvation structures that prevail in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Elola
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Rodriguez
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Roy S, Bagchi B. Solvation dynamics of tryptophan in water-dimethyl sulfoxide binary mixture: In search of molecular origin of composition dependent multiple anomalies. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:034308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4813417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Kim HW, Kelly A, Park JW, Rhee YM. All-Atom Semiclassical Dynamics Study of Quantum Coherence in Photosynthetic Fenna–Matthews–Olson Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11640-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303025q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Kim
- Institute of Theoretical
and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang
790-784, Korea
| | - Aaron Kelly
- Institute of Theoretical
and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang
790-784, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Park
- Institute of Theoretical
and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang
790-784, Korea
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Institute of Theoretical
and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang
790-784, Korea
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Park JW, Kim HW, Song CI, Rhee YM. Condensed phase molecular dynamics using interpolated potential energy surfaces with application to the resolvation process of coumarin 153. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:014107. [PMID: 21744888 DOI: 10.1063/1.3605302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpolated potential energy surfaces (PESs) have been used for performing reliable molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of small molecular reactions. In this article, we extend this method to MD simulations in condensed phase and show that the same scheme can also be feasibly used when it is supplemented with additional terms for describing intermolecular interactions. We then apply the approach for studying the resolvation process of coumarin 153 in a number of polar solvents. We find that the interpolated surface actually reproduces experimentally found features much better than the conventional force field based potential especially in terms of both dynamics Stokes shift in the short time limit and solute vibrational decoherence. This shows that the solute vibrational effect is important to some degree along the resolvation and should be modeled properly for accurate description of the related dynamics. The stability issue of trajectories on the interpolated PESs is also discussed, in regard to the goal of reliably performing long time simulations. Operational limitations of the present scheme are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
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11
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Elola MD, Rodriguez J, Laria D. Liquid Methanol Confined within Functionalized Silica Nanopores. 2. Solvation Dynamics of Coumarin 153. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:12859-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205832y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dolores Elola
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Rodriguez
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- ECyT, UNSAM, Martín de Irigoyen 3100, 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Laria
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Qumica Inorgánica Analítica y Química-Física e INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II. 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Perkins J, Edwards E, Kleiv R, Weinberg N. Molecular dynamics study of reaction kinetics in viscous media. Mol Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2011.598136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Rodriguez J, Martí J, Guàrdia E, Laria D. Exploring the Picosecond Time Domain of the Solvation Dynamics of Coumarin 153 within β-Cyclodextrins. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8990-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8023765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodriguez
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energia Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física e INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Departament de Fısica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, B4-B5 Campus Nord 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Martí
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energia Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física e INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Departament de Fısica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, B4-B5 Campus Nord 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Guàrdia
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energia Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física e INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Departament de Fısica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, B4-B5 Campus Nord 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Laria
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energia Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física e INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Departament de Fısica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, B4-B5 Campus Nord 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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The Chemical Environment of Ionic Liquids: Links Between Liquid Structure, Dynamics, and Solvation. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470259498.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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15
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Nguyen KA, Day PN, Pachter R. Effects of solvation on one- and two-photon spectra of coumarin derivatives: A time-dependent density functional theory study. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:094303. [PMID: 17362105 DOI: 10.1063/1.2464110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report one- and two-photon absorption excitation energies and cross sections for a series of 7-aminocoumarins using time-dependent density functional theory with various basis sets and functionals, including exchange-correlation functionals using the Coulomb-attenuating method, to evaluate their performance in the gas phase and in solvents. Except for the results of one functional, the computed one-photon excitation energies and transition dipole moments are in good agreement with experiment. The range of errors obtained from various functionals is discussed in detail. The relationship of donor and acceptor groups with the one- and two-photon resonances and intensities is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A Nguyen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
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16
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Li H, Arzhantsev S, Maroncelli M. Solvation and Solvatochromism in CO2-Expanded Liquids. 2. Experiment−Simulation Comparisons of Preferential Solvation in Three Prototypical Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:3208-21. [PMID: 17388463 DOI: 10.1021/jp067916y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electronic absorption and emission spectra of 10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (PEA) and coumarin 153 (C153) are measured as functions of composition along the bubble-point curve at 25 degrees C in CO2-expanded cyclohexane (c-C6H12), acetonitrile (CH3CN), and methanol (CH3OH). The nonlinear dependence of the spectral frequencies on composition suggests substantial preferential solvation of both solutes by the liquid components of these mixtures. Estimates of enrichment factors (local mole fraction of a component divided by its bulk value) based on the assumption that spectral shifts are linearly related to local composition are quite large (approximately 10) in the cases of the C153/CH3CN + CO2 and C153/CH3OH + CO2 systems at high xCO2. Computer simulations of anthracene, the chromophore of PEA, and C153 in these three CO2-expanded liquids are used to clarify the relationship between local composition and spectral shift. A semiempirical model consisting of additive electrostatic and dispersive interactions is able to capture the main features observed experimentally in all six solute/solvent combinations. The simulations show that the commonly used assumption of a linear relation between spectral shifts and local compositions grossly exaggerates the extent of preferential solvation in these mixtures. The collective nature of electrostatic solvation and the composition dependence of the solute's coordination number are shown to be responsible for the breakdown of this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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17
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Kobrak MN. Characterization of the solvation dynamics of an ionic liquid via molecular dynamics simulation. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:64502. [PMID: 16942293 DOI: 10.1063/1.2227026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The solvation dynamics of ionic liquids have been the subject of intense experimental study but remain poorly understood. We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations of the solvation dynamics of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in response to photoexcitation of the fluorescent dye coumarin-153. We reproduce the time-resolved fluorescence Stokes shift using linear response theory, then use novel statistical techniques to analyze cation and anion contributions to the signal. We find that the solvation dynamics are dominated by collective ionic motion and characterize the time scale for various features of the collective response. Further, we use the Steele analysis [Mol. Phys. 61, 1031 (1987)] to characterize the contributions to the observed Stokes shift made by translational and rovibrational degrees of freedom. Our results indicate that in contrast to molecular liquids, the rovibrational response is trivial and the observed fluorescence response arises almost entirely from ionic translation. Our results resolve previously open questions in the literature about the nature of the rapid dynamics in room-temperature ionic liquids and offer insight into the physical principles governing ionic liquid behavior on longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Kobrak
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA.
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Ingrosso F, Ladanyi BM, Mennucci B, Elola MD, Tomasi J. Solvation Dynamics in Acetonitrile: A Study Incorporating Solute Electronic Response and Nuclear Relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:3553-64. [PMID: 16851393 DOI: 10.1021/jp0456032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solvent reorganization process after electronic excitation of a polar solute in a polar solvent such as acetonitrile is related mainly to the time evolution of the solute-solvent electrostatic interaction. Modern laser-based techniques have sufficient time resolution to follow this decay in real time, providing information to be confirmed and interpreted by theories and models. We present here a study aimed at the investigation of the different steps involved in the process taking place after a vertical S(0) --> S(1) excitation of a large size chromophore, coumarin 153 (C153), in acetonitrile, from both the solute and the solvent points of view. To do this, we use accurate quantum mechanical calculations for the solute properties within the polarizable continuum model (PCM) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium, for C153 in the presence of the solvent. The geometry of the solute is allowed to change in order to study the role of internal motions in the time-dependent solvation process. The solvent response function has been obtained from the simulation data and compared to experiment, while the comparison between equilibrium and nonequilibrium MD results for the solvation response confirms the validity of the linear response approximation in the C153-acetonitrile system. The MD trajectories have also been used to monitor the structure of the solvation shell and to determine its change in response to the change in the solute partial charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ingrosso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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19
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Martins LR, Skaf MS, Ladanyi BM. Solvation Dynamics at the Water/Zirconia Interface: Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0470896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara R. Martins
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cx. P. 6154, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Munir S. Skaf
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cx. P. 6154, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Branka M. Ladanyi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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