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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Silva WR, Cao W, Yang DS. Low-Energy Photoelectron Imaging Spectroscopy of La n(benzene) (n = 1 and 2). J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8440-8447. [PMID: 29061045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lan(benzene) (n = 1 and 2) are formed in a pulsed laser-ablation molecular beam source and characterized by low-energy photoelectron imaging spectroscopy. The photoelectron spectrum of La2(benzene) displays a strong origin band, a short metal-ligand stretching progression, and a weak ring deformation band. Four isomers are considered for La2(benzene), and the preferred structure is an inverse sandwich with two La atoms residing on the opposite sides of the benzene ring. The ground electronic state of the inverse sandwich is 1A1g (D3d) with (5dxy,x2-y2 + π*)46s2 electron configuration. Ionization removes a La-based 6s electron and yields a 2A1g ion. The spectrum of La(benzene) is similar to the zero-electron kinetic energy spectrum reported previously by our group, although the spectral line width is somewhat broader. The measurement of the photoelectron angular distribution of La(benzene) confirms that the ejected electron has largely a p wave character. The metal-ligand bonding of La2(benzene) is considerably stronger than that of La(benzene) due to the threefold binding of each La atom in the dilanthanum species and the twofold binding in the monolanthanum complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ruchira Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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Levandovskiy IA, Shubina TE, Fokin AA. Computational and QSAR study of the alkylnaphthyl ketones adsorption on silver-ion stationary phase. J Mol Model 2009; 16:513-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang C, Krasnokutski SA, Zhang B, Yang DS. Binding sites, rotational conformers, and electronic states of Sc–C[sub 6]H[sub 5]X (X=F, CH[sub 3], OH, and CN) probed by pulsed-field-ionization electron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:054303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3194294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sohnlein BR, Li S, Yang DS. Electron-spin multiplicities and molecular structures of neutral and ionic scandium-benzene complexes. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:214306. [PMID: 16356047 DOI: 10.1063/1.2131867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Scandium-benzene complexes, Sc-(C6H6)1,2 are produced by interactions between the laser-vaporized scandium atoms and benzene vapor in pulsed molecular beams, and identified by photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and photoionization efficiency spectroscopy. The electron-spin multiplicities and geometries of these complexes and their ions are determined by combining pulsed field-ionization zero electron kinetic-energy spectroscopy and density-functional theory calculations. For scandium-monobenzene, a short-range quartet ground state is determined for the neutral complex, and a low-energy triplet state is probed for the ion. For the dibenzene complex, the neutral ground state is a doublet, and two low-energy ion states are singlet and triplet. The quartet and triplet states of scandium-monobenzene and the triplet state of scandium-dibenzene possess sixfold symmetry, whereas the doublet and singlet of the dibenzene complex have twofold symmetry. Moreover, ionization energies and metal-ring stretching wavenumbers are measured for both complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford R Sohnlein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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Koretsky GM, Knickelbein MB, Rousseau R, Marx D. A Combined Infrared Photodissociation and Theoretical Study of the Interaction of Ethanol with Small Gold Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0129636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dietrich G, Krückeberg S, Lützenkirchen K, Schweikhard L, Walther C. The interaction of gold clusters with methanol molecules: Infrared photodissociation of mass-selected Aun+(CH3OH)m. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Atoms and small molecules react with transition metal clusters in ways that are analogous to the physisorption and chemisorption reactions observed on the corresponding extended metal surface. However, often underlying these similarities are size-dependent variations in the reaction mechanisms and rates, the interpretation of which requires a detailed understanding of the structures of both the bare metal cluster substrates and the cluster-molecule complexes. Although polyatomic transition metal clusters cannot be characterized by the traditional methods of molecular spectroscopy, the combination of other physical and chemical probes can provide qualitative and semiquantitative structural information. These techniques, when combined with equilibrium geometries calculated using ab initio or semiempirical methods, provide a detailed picture of the structural origin of metal cluster reactivity and its variation with size.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Knickelbein
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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Krückeberg S, Dietrich G, Lützenkirchen K, Schweikhard L, Walther C, Ziegler J. Multiple-collision induced dissociation of trapped silver clusters Agn+ (2⩽n⩽25). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Spasov VA, Lee TH, Maberry JP, Ervin KM. Measurement of the dissociation energies of anionic silver clusters (Agn−, n=2–11) by collision-induced dissociation. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kirkwood DA, Stace AJ. Infrared Multiphoton Chemistry of Transition Metal/Ethanol Ion Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja980156n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Kirkwood
- Contribution from the School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - A. J. Stace
- Contribution from the School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
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Knickelbein MB, Koretsky GM. Infrared Studies of the Interaction of Methanol with Cun, Agn, and Aun. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp973381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Koretsky GM, Knickelbein MB. The reactions of silver clusters with ethylene and ethylene oxide: Infrared and photoionization studies of Agn(C2H4)m, Agn(C2H4O)m and their deuterated analogs. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wallenborn EU, Wild UP, Brown R. Analysis of the optical spectra of aromatic–alkane clusters. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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