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Simon GH, Kley CS, Roldan Cuenya B. Potential-Dependent Morphology of Copper Catalysts During CO 2 Electroreduction Revealed by In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2561-2568. [PMID: 33035401 PMCID: PMC7898873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical AFM is a powerful tool for the real-space characterization of catalysts under realistic electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 RR) conditions. The evolution of structural features ranging from the micrometer to the atomic scale could be resolved during CO2 RR. Using Cu(100) as model surface, distinct nanoscale surface morphologies and their potential-dependent transformations from granular to smoothly curved mound-pit surfaces or structures with rectangular terraces are revealed during CO2 RR in 0.1 m KHCO3 . The density of undercoordinated copper sites during CO2 RR is shown to increase with decreasing potential. In situ atomic-scale imaging reveals specific adsorption occurring at distinct cathodic potentials impacting the observed catalyst structure. These results show the complex interrelation of the morphology, structure, defect density, applied potential, and electrolyte in copper CO2 RR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg H. Simon
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
| | - Christopher S. Kley
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
- Young Investigator Group Nanoscale Operando CO2 Photo-ElectrocatalysisHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH14109BerlinGermany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
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Simon GH, Kley CS, Roldan Cuenya B. Potentialabhängige Morphologie von Kupferkatalysatoren während der Elektroreduktion von CO
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, ermittelt durch In‐situ‐Rasterkraftmikroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg H. Simon
- Abteilung Grenzflächenwissenschaft Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Christopher S. Kley
- Abteilung Grenzflächenwissenschaft Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Young Investigator Group Nanoscale Operando CO2 Photo-Electrocatalysis Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Abteilung Grenzflächenwissenschaft Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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Gustafsson A, Paulsson M. STM contrast of a CO dimer on a Cu(1 1 1) surface: a wave-function analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:505301. [PMID: 29105647 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa986d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a method used to intuitively interpret the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) contrast by investigating individual wave functions originating from the substrate and tip side. We use localized basis orbital density functional theory, and propagate the wave functions into the vacuum region at a real-space grid, including averaging over the lateral reciprocal space. Optimization by means of the method of Lagrange multipliers is implemented to perform a unitary transformation of the wave functions in the middle of the vacuum region. The method enables (i) reduction of the number of contributing tip-substrate wave function combinations used in the corresponding transmission matrix, and (ii) to bundle up wave functions with similar symmetry in the lateral plane, so that (iii) an intuitive understanding of the STM contrast can be achieved. The theory is applied to a CO dimer adsorbed on a Cu(1 1 1) surface scanned by a single-atom Cu tip, whose STM image is discussed in detail by the outlined method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gustafsson
- Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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Sloan PA. Time-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy for molecular science. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:264001. [PMID: 21386458 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/26/264001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and its application in molecular science are reviewed. STM can image individual atoms and molecules and thus is able to observe the results of molecular processes such as diffusion, desorption, configuration switching, bond-breaking and chemistry, on the atomic scale. This review will introduce time-resolved STM, its experimental limitations and implementations with particular emphasis on thermally activated and tunnelling current induced molecular processes. It will briefly examine the push towards ultrafast imaging. In general, results achieved by time-resolved STM demonstrate the necessity of both space and time resolution for fully characterizing molecular processes on the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Sloan
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Ohara M, Kim Y, Kawai M. Controlling the reaction and motion of a single molecule by vibrational excitation. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Niemi E, Nieminen J. Molecular reorientation in assembled CO structures and contrast inversion in STM. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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BRAUN KF, MORESCO F, MORGENSTERN K, FÖLSCH S, REPP J, HLA SW, MEYER G, RIEDER KH. MANIPULATION OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NANOSYSTEMS: THE SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE AS AN OPERATIVE TOOL. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x03001218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlled manipulations with scanning tunneling microscope (STM) down to the scale of small molecules and single atoms allow to build molecular and atomic nanosystems, leading to the fascinating possibility of creating manmade structures on atomic scale. Here we present a short review on investigations based on atomic scale manipulation. Upon soft lateral manipulation of adsorbed species, in which only tip/particle forces are used, three different manipulation modes can be discerned: pushing, pulling and sliding. Even the manipulation of strongly bound native substrate atoms is possible. We demonstrate applications as local analytic and synthetic chemistry tools, with important consequences on surface structure research. Vertical manipulation of Xe and CO leads to improved imaging with functionalized tips. With CO deliberately transferred to the tip, we have also succeeded to perform vibrational spectroscopy on single molecules. Furthermore, we describe how we have reproduced a full chemical reaction with single molecules, whereby all basic steps, namely preparation of the reactants, diffusion and association, are induced with the STM tip. Here also field and electron current effects are employed. Finally, we have extended the manipulation techniques to large specially designed molecules by performing lateral manipulation in constant height and realizing the principle of a conformational molecular switch. Artificial nanoscale structures built in atom by atom fashion can serve as quantum laboratories for investigations of various physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.-F. BRAUN
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. MORESCO
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. MORGENSTERN
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. FÖLSCH
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. REPP
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. W. HLA
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. MEYER
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. H. RIEDER
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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