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Zhang X, Chen H, Zhang X, Xu L, Lei Y, Liu W, Li L, Xu H, Zhu C, Ma B. β-Aldehyde ketones as dual inhibitors of aldose reductase and α-glucosidase with antioxidant properties. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03426j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesized β-aldehyde ketone compounds have strong biological activity because of their ionizable hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Long Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yanqi Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Hulin Xu
- Beijing Qintian Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd, China
| | - Changjin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Bing Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
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Fujii J, Homma T, Miyata S, Takahashi M. Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A). Metabolites 2021; 11:343. [PMID: 34073440 PMCID: PMC8227408 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide an overview of the physiological roles of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A) and also discuss the functions of aldose reductase (AKR1B) and other family members when necessary. Many types of aldehyde compounds are cytotoxic and some are even carcinogenic. Such toxic aldehydes are detoxified via the action of AKR in an NADPH-dependent manner and the resulting products may exert anti-diabetic and anti-tumorigenic activity. AKR1A is capable of reducing 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal, which are reactive intermediates that are involved in glycation, a non-enzymatic glycosylation reaction. Accordingly, AKR1A is thought to suppress the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and prevent diabetic complications. AKR1A and, in part, AKR1B are responsible for the conversion of d-glucuronate to l-gulonate which constitutes a process for ascorbate (vitamin C) synthesis in competent animals. AKR1A is also involved in the reduction of S-nitrosylated glutathione and coenzyme A and thereby suppresses the protein S-nitrosylation that occurs under conditions in which the production of nitric oxide is stimulated. As the physiological functions of AKR1A are currently not completely understood, the genetic modification of Akr1a could reveal the latent functions of AKR1A and differentiate it from other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Miyata Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 5-17-21 Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0003, Japan;
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
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Chen H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Fan Z, Liu W, Lei Y, Zhu C, Ma B. Dihydrobenzoxazinone derivatives as aldose reductase inhibitors with antioxidant activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115699. [PMID: 33069078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrobenzoxazinone based design and synthesis produced two series of compounds as aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitor candidates. In particular, phenolic residues were embodied into the compounds for the combination of strengthening the inhibitory acitvity and antioxidant ability to retard the progression of diabetic complications. Most of the derivatives with styryl side chains exhibited excellent activities on selective ALR2 inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 0.082 to 0.308 μM, and {8-[2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl}-acetic acid (3a) was the most potent. More significantly, most of dihydrobenzoxazinone compounds revealed not only good inhibitory effect on ALR2, but also showed powerful antioxidant activity. Notably, phenolic compound 3a was even comparable to the well-known antioxidant Trolox, confirming that the C8 p-hydroxystyryl substitution was key structure of lowering oxidative stress. Therefore, these results provided an achievement of multifunctional ALR2 inhibitors possessing capacities for both ALR2 inhibition and as antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Zhenya Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yanqi Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Changjin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China.
| | - Bing Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China.
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Paidimuddala B, Mohapatra SB, Gummadi SN, Manoj N. Crystal structure of yeast xylose reductase in complex with a novel NADP-DTT adduct provides insights into substrate recognition and catalysis. FEBS J 2018; 285:4445-4464. [PMID: 30269423 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductases (ARs) belonging to the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily catalyze the conversion of carbonyl substrates into their respective alcohols. Here we report the crystal structures of the yeast Debaryomyces nepalensis xylose reductase (DnXR, AKR2B10) in the apo form and as a ternary complex with a novel NADP-DTT adduct. Xylose reductase, a key enzyme in the conversion of xylose to xylitol, has several industrial applications. The enzyme displayed the highest catalytic efficiency for l-threose (138 ± 7 mm-1 ·s-1 ) followed by d-erythrose (30 ± 3 mm-1 ·s-1 ). The crystal structure of the complex reveals a covalent linkage between the C4N atom of the nicotinamide ring of the cosubstrate and the S1 sulfur atom of DTT and provides the first structural evidence for a protein mediated NADP-low-molecular-mass thiol adduct. We hypothesize that the formation of the adduct is facilitated by an in-crystallo Michael addition of the DTT thiolate to the specific conformation of bound NADPH in the active site of DnXR. The interactions between DTT, a four-carbon sugar alcohol analog, and the enzyme are representative of a near-cognate product ternary complex and provide significant insights into the structural basis of aldose binding and specificity and the catalytic mechanism of ARs. DATABASE: Structural data are available in the PDB under the accession numbers 5ZCI and 5ZCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Paidimuddala
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Samar B Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Narayanan Manoj
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Chang KC, Petrash JM. Aldose Reductase Mediates Transforming Growth Factor β2 (TGF-β2)-Induced Migration and Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition of Lens-Derived Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:4198-210. [PMID: 26132779 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cataract surgery involves removal of lens tissue, but is associated with a high complication rate due to regrowth of residual lens epithelial cells to produce posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and diminished visual acuity. As inhibitors of aldose reductase (AR) have been shown to suppress markers of PCO, our studies were designed to identify a role for AR in the pathogenesis of PCO. METHODS Sorbinil-mediated AR inhibition was determined by measuring sorbitol accumulation. Cell migration was measured using both transwell and scratch assays. Proteins in the SMAD signaling pathway were measured by Western blotting. The interactions of AR and SMADs were demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and proximity ligation assay (PLA). Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) expression was measured by Western blot and quantitative PCR (q-PCR). Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities were measured in conditioned medium by zymography. RESULTS We observed that either Sorbinil-mediated AR inhibition or siRNA-mediated AR gene knockdown prevented migration of lens epithelial cells following exposure to TGF-β2. AR inhibition or AR knockdown reduced SMAD and MMP activation triggered by TGF-β2. In addition, we demonstrated AR inhibition or AR knockdown decreased TGF-β2-induced expression of EMT markers. Co-IP studies and PLA were used to demonstrate that AR and SMAD2 interact either directly or in close concert with additional factor(s) in a nonenzymatic manner. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that AR participates in the response of lens epithelial cells to TGF-β2. Our studies raise the possibility that AR inhibition may be effective in preventing development of PCO by disrupting the TGF-β2/SMAD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz
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Balendiran GK, Pandian JR, Drake E, Vinayak A, Verma M, Cascio D. B-factor Analysis and Conformational Rearrangement of Aldose Reductase. CURR PROTEOMICS 2014; 11:151-160. [PMID: 25364319 DOI: 10.2174/157016461103140922163444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose reaction that is catalyzed by Aldose Reductase (AR) follows a sequential ordered kinetic mechanism in which the co-factor NADPH binds to the enzyme prior to the aldehyde substrate. The kinetic/structural experiments have found a conformational change involving a hinge-like movement of a surface loop (residues 213-224) which is anticipated to take place upon the binding of the diphosphate moiety of NADPH. The reorientation of this loop, expected to permit the release of NADP+, represents the rate-limiting step of the catalytic mechanism. This study reveals: 1) The Translation/Libration/Screw (TLS) analysis of absolute B-factors of apo AR crystal structures indicates that the 212-224 loop might move as a rigid group. 2) Residues that make the flexible loop slide in the AR binary and ternary complexes. 3) The normalized B-factors separate this segment into three different clusters with fewer residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesaratnam K Balendiran
- Department of Chemistry, WBSH 6017, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555
| | - J Rajendran Pandian
- Department of Business Administration, College of Business Administration, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah Area/West Mishref, Kuwait
| | - Evin Drake
- Department of Chemistry, WBSH 6017, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555
| | - Anubhav Vinayak
- Department of Chemistry, WBSH 6017, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555
| | - Malkhey Verma
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Duilio Cascio
- UCLA-DOE, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, 220 Boyer Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Wang JF, Wei DQ, Lin Y, Wang YH, Du HL, Li YX, Chou KC. Insights from modeling the 3D structure of NAD(P)H-dependent D-xylose reductase of Pichia stipitis and its binding interactions with NAD and NADP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:323-9. [PMID: 17544374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H-dependent d-xylose reductase is a homodimeric oxidoreductase that belongs to the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. The enzyme has the special function to catalyze the first step in the assimilation of xylose into yeast metabolic pathways. Performing this function via reducing the open chain xylose to xylitol, the xylose reductase of Pichia stipitis is one of the most important enzymes that can be used to construct recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for utilizing xylose and producing alcohol. To investigate into the interaction mechanism of the enzyme with its ligand NAD and NADP, the 3D structure was developed for the NAD(P)H-dependent d-xylose reductase from P. stipitis. With the 3D structure, the molecular docking operations were conducted to find the most stable bindings of the enzyme with NAD and NADP, respectively. Based on these results, the binding pockets of the enzyme for NAD and NADP have been explicitly defined. It has been found that the residues in forming the binding pockets for both NAD and NADP are almost the same and mainly hydrophilic. These findings may be used to guide mutagenesis studies, providing useful clues to modify the enzyme to improve the utilization of xylose for producing alcohol. Also, because human aldose reductases have the function to reduce the open chain form of glucose to sorbitol, a process physiologically significant for diabetic patients at the time that their blood glucose levels are elevated, the information gained through this study may also stimulate the development of new strategies for therapeutic treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fang Wang
- Bioinformatics Center, Key Lab of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Leitgeb S, Petschacher B, Wilson DK, Nidetzky B. Fine tuning of coenzyme specificity in family 2 aldo-keto reductases revealed by crystal structures of the Lys-274-->Arg mutant of Candida tenuis xylose reductase (AKR2B5) bound to NAD+ and NADP+. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:763-7. [PMID: 15670843 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases of family 2 employ single site replacement Lys-->Arg to switch their cosubstrate preference from NADPH to NADH. X-ray crystal structures of Lys-274-->Arg mutant of Candida tenuis xylose reductase (AKR2B5) bound to NAD+ and NADP+ were determined at a resolution of 2.4 and 2.3A, respectively. Due to steric conflicts in the NADP+-bound form, the arginine side chain must rotate away from the position of the original lysine side chain, thereby disrupting a network of direct and water-mediated interactions between Glu-227, Lys-274 and the cofactor 2'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxy groups. Because anchoring contacts of its Glu-227 are lost, the coenzyme-enfolding loop that becomes ordered upon binding of NAD(P)+ in the wild-type remains partly disordered in the NADP+-bound mutant. The results delineate a catalytic reaction profile for the mutant in comparison to wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Leitgeb
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Meurisse R, Brasseur R, Thomas A. Aromatic side-chain interactions in proteins: Near- and far-sequence Tyr-X pairs. Proteins 2003; 54:478-90. [PMID: 14747996 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an extensive analysis of the aromatic Tyr-X interactions is performed on a data set of 593 PDB structures, X being Phe, His, Tyr, and Trp. The nonredundant Tyr-X pairs (2645) were retained and separated by both the residue distance in the sequence and the secondary structures they bridge. Similar to the Phe-X and His-X pairs, the far-sequence Tyr-X pairs (X partner > five apart in the sequence: 74%) show comparable secondary structures and conformers for either type of X partner, in contrast with the near-sequence Tyr-X pairs (26%). As the Phe-X pairs, the near-sequence Tyr-X pairs stabilize secondary structures, mainly the alpha- helices (positions 1, 3, and 4) and the beta-strands (position 2). Like the Phe-X and His-X pairs, most far-sequence Tyr-X pairs (34%) bridge beta-strands and only 11% bridge helices. As for the Phe-X and the His-X pairs, the X partners of the far-sequence Tyr-X pairs are frequently "above" the tyrosine ring with tilted and normal rings, whereas the X partner of the near-sequence Tyr-X pairs gradually moves from the "aside" to the "above" location, together with a progressive decrease of normal and increase of parallel rings, respectively. Unlike the His-X pairs, the interactions of the hetroatom in Tyr-X pairs are only favored with a sequence position +4 and over, owing to the spatial accessibility of the heteroatom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Meurisse
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, Faculté Scientifique Agronomique de Gembloux, Gembloux, Belgium.
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