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Klouda J, Benešová L, Kočovský P, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Voltammetry of 7-dehydrocholesterol as a new and useful tool for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome diagnosis. Talanta 2021; 229:122260. [PMID: 33838771 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol is an essential biomarker of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, a congenital autosomal recessive disorder. This study shows for the first time that electrochemical oxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol can be used for its voltammetric determination. Two classes of supporting electrolytes in acetonitrile and a mixture of acetonitrile-water were used: inorganic acids known to promote structural changes of steroids and indifferent electrolytes. Oxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol at ca +0.8 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3 in acetonitrile) in 0.1 mol L-1 NaClO4 in acetonitrile is useful for its voltammetric detection using common bare electrode materials. Detection limits for 7-dehydrocholesterol lie in the low micromolar range for all the working electrodes, including boron-doped diamond (0.4 μmol L-1) and disposable thin-film platinum electrodes (0.5 μmol L-1), which are advantageous because of the low volumes of studied solutions. After Bligh-Dyer extraction, quantification of 7-dehydrocholesterol concentration (boron-doped diamond) or concentration range (thin-film platinum) is easily attainable in artificial serum. The mere knowledge of the concentration range provides clinically valuable information, as 7-dehydrocholesterol levels are employed for SLOS diagnosis as a binary criterion (elevated, tens to hundreds μmol L-1 in symptomatic/non-elevated, typically bellow 1 μmol L-1 in healthy individuals in plasma). Moreover, it is shown that 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) can be oxidized in 0.1 mol L-1 HClO4 in acetonitrile. Under these conditions, their voltammetric response changes dramatically, and their oxidation potential difference transiently increases from 0.08 V to 0.25 V, which should facilitate their simultaneous voltammetric determination. This work constitutes a foundation for a reliable and straightforward method for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome diagnosis and monitoring 7-dehydrocholesterol's biotransformation to cholecalciferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klouda
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Benešová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Kočovský
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, Albertov 6, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Sitosterolemia: Four Cases of an Uncommon Cause of Hemolytic Anemia (Mediterranean Stomatocytosis with Macrothrombocytopenia). Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2021; 37:157-161. [PMID: 33707850 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-020-01346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is a rare autosomal recessively inherited lipid metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyper absorption of plant sterols from the intestinal mucosa leading to toxic levels in the blood. Four patients of age ranging from 11 to 29 years presented to the outpatient department with clinical features of hemolytic anemia. There were no features of hypercholesterolemia in any of the patients. Peripheral smear examination of all four patients showed stomatocytes and macrothrombocytopenia. Qualitative testing for plant sterols was performed in one case. Next generation sequencing revealed a compound heterozygous mutation in ABCG5 gene (c.1222C>T and c.1255C>T) in one case and homozygous mutations in ABCG5 gene (c.727C>T), (c.332G>A (p.G111E)), (c.1222C>T) in the other three cases. Ezetimibe (10 mg/day) was administered in one case, with complete resolution of symptoms. All patients were advised a low plant sterol diet and regular monitoring of hemoglobin and lipid profile. Our cases highlight a rare but important cause of hemolytic anemia that can be suspected from careful peripheral blood examination but only conclusively established by molecular genetic diagnosis.
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Andima M, Costabile G, Isert L, Ndakala AJ, Derese S, Merkel OM. Evaluation of β-Sitosterol Loaded PLGA and PEG-PLA Nanoparticles for Effective Treatment of Breast Cancer: Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization, and Antitumor Activity. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040232. [PMID: 30445705 PMCID: PMC6321471 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Sitosterol (β-Sit) is a dietary phytosterol with demonstrated anticancer activity against a panel of cancers, but its poor solubility in water limits its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. In this study, poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) were used to encapsulate β-Sit into nanoparticles with the aim of enhancing its in vitro anticancer activity. β-Sitosterol-loaded PLGA and PEG-PLA nanoparticles (β-Sit-PLGA and β-Sit-PEG-PLA) were prepared by using a simple emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. The nanoparticles were characterized for size, particle size distribution, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Their cellular uptake and antiproliferative activity was evaluated against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells using flow cytometry and MTT assays, respectively. β-Sit-PLGA and β-Sit-PEG-PLA nanoparticles were spherical in shape with average particle sizes of 215.0 ± 29.7 and 240.6 ± 23.3 nm, a zeta potential of -13.8 ± 1.61 and -23.5 ± 0.27 mV, respectively, and with narrow size distribution. The encapsulation efficiency of β-Sit was 62.89 ± 4.66 and 51.83 ± 19.72 % in PLGA and PEG-PLA nanoparticles, respectively. In vitro release in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and PBS/with 0.2% Tween 20 showed an initial burst release, followed by a sustained release for 408 h. β-Sit-PLGA nanoparticles were generally stable in a protein-rich medium, whereas β-Sit-PEG-PLA nanoparticles showed a tendency to aggregate. Flow cytometry analysis (FACS) indicated that β-Sit-PLGA nanoparticles were efficiently taken up by the cells in contrast to β-Sit-PEG-PLA nanoparticles. β-Sit-PLGA nanoparticles were therefore selected to evaluate antiproliferative activity. Cell viability was inhibited by up to 80% in a concentration range of 6.64⁻53.08 μg/mL compared to the untreated cells. Taken together, encapsulation of β-Sitosterol in PLGA nanoparticles is a promising strategy to enhance its anticancer activity against breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Andima
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Chemistry, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda.
| | - Gabriella Costabile
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Lorenz Isert
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Albert J Ndakala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Solomon Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Araújo LB, Silva SL, Galvão MA, Ferreira MR, Araújo EL, Randau KP, Soares LA. Total phytosterol content in drug materials and extracts from roots of Acanthospermum hispidum by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2013000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xiong Q, Wilson WK, Pang J. The Liebermann–Burchard Reaction: Sulfonation, Desaturation, and Rearrangment of Cholesterol in Acid. Lipids 2007; 42:87-96. [PMID: 17393214 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the Liebermann-Burchard (LB) colorimetric assay, treatment of cholesterol with sulfuric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetic acid elicits a blue color. We studied the reactivity of cholesterol under LB conditions and provide definitive NMR characterization for approximately 20 products, whose structure and distribution suggest the following mechanistic picture. The major reaction pathways do not involve cholestadienes, i-steroids, or cholesterol dimers, as proposed previously. Instead, cholesterol and its acetate and sulfate derivatives undergo sulfonation at a variety of positions, often with skeletal rearrangements. Elimination of an SO(3)H group as H(2)SO(3) generates a new double bond. Repetition of this desaturation process leads to polyenes and ultimately to aromatic steroids. Linearly conjugated polyene cations can appear blue but form too slowly to account for the LB color response, whose chemical origin remains unidentified. Nevertheless, the classical polyene cation model is not excluded for Salkowski conditions (sulfuric acid), which immediately generate considerable amounts of cholesta-3,5-diene. Some rearrangements of cholesterol in H(2)SO(4) resemble the diagenesis pathways of sterols and may furnish useful lipid biomarkers for characterizing geological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbo Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
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Oostendorp M, Engelke UFH, Willemsen MAAP, Wevers RA. Diagnosing Inborn Errors of Lipid Metabolism with Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Clin Chem 2006; 52:1395-405. [PMID: 16709621 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.069112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Many severe diseases are caused by defects in lipid metabolism. As a result, patients often accumulate unusual lipids in their blood and tissues, and proper identification of these lipids is essential for correct diagnosis. In this study, we investigated the potential use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy to simultaneously identify and quantify (un)usual lipids present in the blood of patients with different inborn errors of lipid metabolism.Methods: We extracted blood plasma or serum lipids in chloroform–methanol (2:1 by volume). After addition of the nonvolatile chemical shift and concentration reference compound octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, we performed 1H-NMR measurements on a 500-MHz spectrometer. Assignments were based on the literature, computer simulations, and reference spectra of relevant authentic standards.Results: Spectra of normal plasma samples allowed the identification of 9 lipid species. We found good correlation between conventional methods and 1H-NMR for cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. We also investigated 4 inborn errors of lipid metabolism (3 in sterol metabolism and 1 in fatty acid metabolism). NMR analysis led to a correct diagnosis for all 4 diseases, whereas the concentration of the diagnostic metabolite could be determined for 3.Conclusions: 1H-NMR spectroscopy of blood plasma or serum lipid extracts can be used to accurately identify and quantify lipids. The method can also identify unusual lipids in the blood of patients with inborn errors of lipid metabolism. This technique may therefore be applicable in clinical diagnosis and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Oostendorp
- Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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