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Merlino A. Metallodrug binding to serum albumin: Lessons from biophysical and structural studies. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Variations in the Human Serum Albumin Gene: Molecular and Functional Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031159. [PMID: 35163085 PMCID: PMC8835714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human albumin gene, the most abundant serum protein, is located in the long arm of chromosome 4, near the centromere, position 4q11–3. It is divided by 14 intervening introns into 15 exons, the last of which is untranslated. To date, 74 nucleotide substitutions (mainly missense) have been reported, determining the circulating variants of albumin or pre-albumin. In a heterozygous state, this condition is known as alloalbuminaemia or bisalbuminaemia (OMIM # 103600). The genetic variants are not associated with disease, neither in the heterozygous nor in the homozygous form. Only the variants resulting in familial dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia and hypertriiodothyroninaemia are of clinical relevance because affected individuals are at risk of inappropriate treatment or may have adverse drug effects. In 28 other cases, the pathogenic variants (mainly affecting splicing, nonsense, and deletions), mostly in the homozygous form, cause a premature stop in the synthesis of the protein and lead to the condition known as congenital analbuminaemia. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of genetic and molecular aspects, functional consequences and potential therapeutic uses of the variants. We will also discuss the molecular defects resulting in congenital analbuminaemia, as well as the biochemical and clinical features of this rare condition
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Immune Dysfunction and Albumin-Related Immunity in Liver Cirrhosis. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7537649. [PMID: 30930689 PMCID: PMC6410448 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7537649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis yearly causes 1.2 million deaths worldwide, ranking as the 10th leading cause of death in the most developed countries. High susceptibility to infections along with a significant risk for infection-related mortality justifies the description of liver cirrhosis as the world's most common immunodeficiency syndrome. Liver cirrhosis is an end-stage organic disease hallmarked by a multifaceted immune dysfunction due to deterioration of antimicrobial recognition and elimination mechanisms in macrophages along with an impaired antigen presentation ability in circulating monocytes. Bacterial translocation supports—and is supported by—uncontrolled activation of immune cell responses and/or loss of toll-like receptor (TLR) tolerance, which can turn exaggerated inflammatory responses to systemic inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin boosts systemic inflammatory activity through activation of TLR-2- and TLR-4-dependent pathways and facilitate a massive production of cytokines. This, in turn, results into elevated secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further enhances intestinal hyperpermeability and thus sustains a vicious circle of events widely known as “leaky gut.” Albumin can be of particular benefit in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and/or hepatorenal syndrome type of acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI) due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress as well as volume-expanding properties and endothelial-stabilizing attributes. However, presence of autoantibodies against albumin in patients with liver cirrhosis has been described. Although previous research suggested that these antibodies should be regarded as naturally occurring antibodies (NOA), the origin of the antialbumin immune response is obscure. High occurrence of NAO/albumin complexes in patients with liver disease might reflect a limited clearance capacity due to bypassing portal circulation. Moreover, high burden of oxidized albumin is associated with less favorable outcome in patients with liver cirrhosis. To date, there is no data available as to whether oxidized forms of albumin result in neoepitopes recognized by the immune system. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to hypothesize that these alterations may have the potential to induce antialbumin immune responses and thus favor systemic inflammation.
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Gili C, Bonsembiante F, Beffagna G, Mazzariol S, Gelain ME. Mutations and polymorphism in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821) albumin gene: First identification of mutations responsible for inherited bisalbuminemia. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:12-17. [PMID: 28273558 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary bisalbuminemia is an asymptomatic and heterozygous condition in a range of species characterized by the presence of two serum albumin fractions with different electrophoretic mobility resulting in a bicuspid pattern on serum electrophoresis. Bisalbuminemia has been diagnosed by electrophoresis in two bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) families, but causative mutations and the inheritance pattern have not been identified. The aims of this work are: to investigate polymorphisms of the bottlenose dolphin albumin gene and to identify mutations causative of bisalbuminemia; to identify the inheritance pattern in two bottlenose dolphin families. Coding regions of the albumin gene were screened for mutations in 15 bottlenose dolphins kept under human care from two distinct families. Eighteen albumin mutations (three synonymous and 15 non-synonymous) were identified. Two non-synonymous variations co-segregated with bisalbuminemic phenotype: p.Phe146Leu in exon 4 and p.Tyr163His in exon 5. The amino acid change in exon 5 was associated with the secondary and/or tertiary structure variation of the protein and has been reported as causative of bisalbuminemia in humans. Pedigree analysis of the dolphin families showed an autosomal codominant inheritance pattern. In this work, the mutations potentially responsible for bisalbuminemia were identified and confirmed the autosomal codominant trait in bottlenose dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gili
- Costa Edutainment spa, Acquario di Genova, Area Porto Antico, Ponte Spinola, 16128 Genova, Italy.
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Giorgia Beffagna
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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Kragh-Hansen U, Galliano M, Minchiotti L. Clinical, Genetic, and Protein Structural Aspects of Familial Dysalbuminemic Hyperthyroxinemia and Hypertriiodothyroninemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:297. [PMID: 29163366 PMCID: PMC5671950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH-T4) and hypertriiodothyroninemia (FDH-T3) are dominantly inherited syndromes characterized by a high concentration of thyroid hormone in the blood stream. The syndromes do not cause disease, because the concentration of free hormone is normal, but affected individuals are at risk of erroneous treatment. FDH-T4 is the most common cause of euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia in Caucasian populations in which its prevalence is about 1 in 10,000 individuals, but the prevalence can be much higher in some ethnic groups. The condition is caused by a genetic variant of human serum albumin (HSA); Arg218 is mutated to histidine, proline, or serine or Arg222 is changed to isoleucine. The disorder is characterized by greater elevation in serum l-thyroxine (T4) than in serum triiodothyronine (T3); T4 can be increased by a factor 8-15. The high serum concentration of T4 is due to modification of a binding site located in the N-terminal half of HSA (in subdomain IIA). Thus, mutating Arg218 or Arg222 for a smaller amino acid reduces the steric restrictions in the site and creates a high-affinity binding site. The mutations can also affect binding of other ligands and can perhaps cause modified pharmacokinetics of albumin-binding drugs. In normal HSA, the high-affinity site has another location (in subdomain IIIB). Different locations of these sites imply that persons with and without FDH-T4 can have different types of interactions, and thereby complications, when given albumin-binding drugs. FDH-T3 is caused by a leucine to proline mutation in position 66 of HSA, which results in a large increment of the binding affinity for T3 but not for T4. For avoiding unwanted treatment of euthyroid persons with hyperthyroxinemia or hypertriiodothyroninemia, protein sequencing and/or sequencing of the albumin gene should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kragh-Hansen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Ulrich Kragh-Hansen,
| | - Monica Galliano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Pavićević ID, Jovanović VB, Takić MM, Penezić AZ, Aćimović JM, Mandić LM. Fatty acids binding to human serum albumin: Changes of reactivity and glycation level of Cysteine-34 free thiol group with methylglyoxal. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 224:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kragh-Hansen U, Minchiotti L, Galliano M, Peters T. Human serum albumin isoforms: genetic and molecular aspects and functional consequences. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5405-17. [PMID: 23558059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, 67 different genetic variants of human serum albumin and proalbumin have been molecularly characterized at the protein and/or gene level. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes present knowledge about genetic and molecular aspects, functional consequences and potential uses of the variants. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The frequency of bisalbuminemia in the general population is probably about 1:1000, but it can be much higher in isolated populations. Mutations are often due to hypermutable CpG dinucleotides, and in addition to single-amino acid substitutions, glycosylated variants and C-terminally modified alloalbumins have been found. Some mutants show altered stability in vivo and/or in vitro. High-affinity binding of Ni(++) and Cu(++) is blocked, or almost so, by amino acid changes at the N-terminus. In contrast, substitution of Leu90 and Arg242 leads to strong binding of triiodothyronine and l-thyroxine, respectively, resulting in two clinically important syndromes. Variants often have modified plasma half-lives and organ uptakes when studied in mice. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Because alloalbumins do not seem to be associated with disease, they can be used as markers of migration and provide a model for study of neutral molecular evolution. They can also give valuable molecular information about albumins binding sites, antioxidant and enzymatic properties, as well as stability. Mutants with increased affinity for endogenous or exogenous ligands could be therapeutically relevant as antidotes, both for in vivo and extracorporeal treatment. Variants with modified biodistribution could be used for drug targeting. In most cases, the desired function can be further elaborated by producing site-directed, recombinant mutants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Serum Albumin.
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Minchiotti L, Galliano M, Kragh-Hansen U, Peters T. Mutations and polymorphisms of the gene of the major human blood protein, serum albumin. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:1007-16. [PMID: 18459107 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have tabulated the 77 currently known mutations of the familiar human blood protein, serum albumin (ALB). A total of 65 mutations result in bisalbuminemia. Physiological and structural effects of these mutations are included where observed. Most of the changes are benign. The majority of them were detected upon clinical electrophoretic studies, as a result of a point mutation of a charged amino acid residue. Three were discovered by their strong binding of thyroxine or triiodothyronine. A total of 12 of the tabulated mutations result in analbuminemia, defined as a serum albumin concentration of <1 g/L. These were generally detected upon finding a low albumin concentration in patients with mild edema, and involve either splicing errors negating translation or premature stop codons producing truncated albumin molecules. A total of nine mutations, five of those with analbuminemia and four resulting in variants modified near the C-terminal end, cause frameshifts. Allotypes from three of the point mutations become N-glycosylated and one C-terminal frameshift mutation shows O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Minchiotti
- Department of Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Kragh-Hansen U, Campagnoli M, Dodig S, Nielsen H, Benko B, Raos M, Cesati R, Sala A, Galliano M, Minchiotti L. Structural analysis and fatty acid-binding properties of two Croatian variants of human serum albumin. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 349:105-12. [PMID: 15469862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present work was to characterize the molecular defects of a slow-migrating (albumin Zagreb) and a fast-migrating (albumin Krapina) genetic variant of human serum albumin detected in heterozygous persons living in Croatia and to elucidate the fatty acid-binding properties of the two alloalbumins. METHODS Purification and structural identification of the variants were performed by conventional protein chemistry methods, whereas types and amounts of albumin-bound, endogenous fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS Protein sequencing established that albumin Zagreb is a proalbumin variant (-1Arg-->Gln), and that albumin Krapina is due to a mutation within the mature polypeptide chain (573Lys-->Glu). The gas chromatographic results showed that the fatty acid-binding properties of the proalbumin variant are normal, while the amino acid substitution in position 573 resulted in a general decrease of fatty acid binding. CONCLUSIONS The structural defects of the first alloalbumins, detected by routine clinical electrophoresis among the Croatian population, were characterized. Albumin Zagreb is caused by a hot-spot mutation occurring in a CpG sequence in the albumin gene. It is commonly assumed that bisalbuminaemia has no direct clinical relevance. However, the present study suggests that naturally occurring mutations can affect the ligand-binding properties of human serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kragh-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
Drug binding to Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is an area of intense research. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs are strongly affected by their binding to this protein. In this article, the field is reviewed, as well as our models to predict drug-binding affinities to HSA from drug structure. The physiological role of HSA is described, as well as its influence in drug action. The crystal structures of this protein are discussed, emphasizing the two drug-binding sites and the fatty acids binding sites observed therein. The advantages of using high-performance affinity chromatography to rapidly screen drugs for HSA binding are explained. The different QSAR models for HSA binding of restricted families of drugs (both from other groups and our group) are enumerated. Finally, a detailed description of our general models to predict drug-binding strengths to HSA from structure is given. It is expected for these models to be useful in drug design and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Department of Cheminformatics, GlaxoSmithKline, Centro de Investigación Básica, Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, E-28760 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Over 10,000 mutations in the TP53 suppressor gene have been recorded in the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) tumor data base. About 4% of these mutations are silent. It is a question whether these mutations play a role in tumor development. In order to approach this question, we asked whether the reported silent mutations are randomly distributed throughout the TP53 gene. The p53 data base was searched exon by exon. From the frequency of codons with no silent mutations, the average number of silent mutations per codon for each exon was calculated using the Poisson distribution. The results indicate the distribution to be non-random. About one-third of all silent mutations occur in "hot-spots" and after subtraction of these hot-spots, the remaining silent mutations are randomly distributed. In addition, the percentage of silent mutations among the total in the silent mutation hot-spots is close to that expected for random mutation. We conclude that most of the silent mutations recorded in tumors play no role in tumor development and that the percentage of silent mutation is an indication of the amount of random mutation during tumorigenesis. Silent mutations occur to a significantly different extent in different tumor types. Tumors of the esophagus and colon have a low frequency of silent mutations, tumors of the prostate have a high frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Strauss
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisalbuminemia is a dysproteinemia characterized by the occurrence of two albumin fractions on serum protein separation by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate sheets. Bisalbuminemia may occur as a hereditary trait or as analytical interference with some drugs, especially penicillin. METHODS Two patients with the finding of bisalbuminemia are presented. Both patients (patient 1 was a 4-1/2-month-old male infant, and patient 2 was a 15-year-old boy) were admitted for respiratory infection. RESULTS Bisalbuminemia was detected by serum protein electrophoresis and confirmed by isoelectric focusing in pH gradient gel (pH range 4.0-6.5). This finding was supported by simultaneous detection of abnormal albumin in the mother of patient 1, while the father had normal albumin. The abnormal fast albumin in both patients had an increased relative mobility of 1.08 when measured from the sample application position. CONCLUSIONS The results presented are the first description of albumin mutations in Croatia (that according to the CISMEL group could be classified as ZC/HZ), and present the first step in identification prior to determination of structural change and amino acid sequence in the albumin molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dodig
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital for Respiratory Disorders in Children and Adolescents, Srebrnjak 100, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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