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Bacha MM, Mami I, Gaied H, Ounissi M, Hedri H, Abderrahim E, Ben Abdallah T. [Emphysematous pyelonephritis and cystitis: An exceptional complication in a kidney transplant recipient]. Nephrol Ther 2021; 17:458-462. [PMID: 33994137 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a rare and severe infectious complication characterized by the presence of gas in the renal parenchyma, excretory cavities and surrounded tissues. It is due to the development of non-anaerobic gasifier bacteria. We report a new rare case of emphysematous pyelonephritis in a kidney transplant recipient, particular by its occurrence in a non-functional graft and its exceptional association with emphysematous cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mongi Bacha
- Service de médecine interne A, hôpital Charles-Nicolle, boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006 BS Tunis, Tunisie; Laboratoire de recherche d'immunologie de la transplantation rénale et d'immunopathologie (LR03SP01), hôpital Charles-Nicolle, boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006 BS Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
| | - Ikram Mami
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie; Service de néphrologie, hôpital La Rabta, 1007 Jabbari, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Hanène Gaied
- Service de médecine interne A, hôpital Charles-Nicolle, boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006 BS Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Mondher Ounissi
- Service de médecine interne A, hôpital Charles-Nicolle, boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006 BS Tunis, Tunisie; Laboratoire de recherche d'immunologie de la transplantation rénale et d'immunopathologie (LR03SP01), hôpital Charles-Nicolle, boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006 BS Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Hafedh Hedri
- Service de médecine interne A, hôpital Charles-Nicolle, boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006 BS Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Ezzeddine Abderrahim
- Service de médecine interne A, hôpital Charles-Nicolle, boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006 BS Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Taïeb Ben Abdallah
- Service de médecine interne A, hôpital Charles-Nicolle, boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006 BS Tunis, Tunisie; Laboratoire de recherche d'immunologie de la transplantation rénale et d'immunopathologie (LR03SP01), hôpital Charles-Nicolle, boulevard du 9 Avril, 1006 BS Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
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2
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Takahashi K, Malinzak LE, Safwan M, Kim DY, Patel AK, Denny JE. Emphysematous pyelonephritis in renal allograft related to antibody-mediated rejection: A case report and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 21:e13026. [PMID: 30414224 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare condition which can rapidly progress to sepsis and multiple organ failure with high mortality. We experienced a rare case of EPN in a renal allograft related to antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). The patient received a deceased donor kidney transplant due to end-stage renal disease secondary to diabetes mellitus. Cross-match test was negative but she had remote history of anti-HLA-A2 antibody corresponding with the donor HLA. Surgery concluded without any major events. Anti-thymoglobulin was given perioperatively for induction. She was compliant with her immunosuppressive medications making urine of 2 L/d with serum creatinine of 1.9 mg/dL at discharge on post-operative day (POD) 6. She did well until POD 14 when she presented to the clinic with features of sepsis, pain over the transplanted kidney area and decline in urine volume with elevated serum creatinine. CT revealed extensive gas throughout the transplanted kidney. Renal scan revealed non-functional transplant kidney with no arterial flow. Based on these findings, a decision to perform transplant nephrectomy was made. At laparotomy, the kidney was completely necrotic. Pathology showed non-viable kidney parenchyma with the tubules lacking neutrophilic casts suggestive of ischemic necrosis. Donor-specific antibody (DSA) returned positive with high intensity anti-HLA-A2 antibody. This is the first case of early EPN in allograft considered to have occurred as a result of thrombotic ischemia secondary to AMR. This case suggests consideration of perioperative anti-B-cell and/or anti-plasma cell therapies for historical DSA and strict post-operative follow-up in immunologically high-risk recipients to detect early signs of rejection and avoid deleterious outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lauren E Malinzak
- Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mohamed Safwan
- Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Dean Y Kim
- Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Anita K Patel
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jason E Denny
- Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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3
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Ágreda Castañeda F, Lorente D, Trilla Herrera E, Gasanz Serrano C, Servian Vives P, Iztueta Saavedra I, Morote Robles J. Extensive emphysematous pyelonephritis in a renal allograft: case report and review of literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:642-7. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Lorente
- Department of Urology; Vall d′Hebrón Hospital, Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - E. Trilla Herrera
- Department of Urology; Vall d′Hebrón Hospital, Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Gasanz Serrano
- Department of Urology; Vall d′Hebrón Hospital, Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - P. Servian Vives
- Department of Urology; Vall d′Hebrón Hospital, Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | | | - J. Morote Robles
- Department of Urology; Vall d′Hebrón Hospital, Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Alexander S, Varughese S, David V, Kodgire S, Mukha R, Kekre N, Tamilarasi V, Jacob C, John G. Extensive emphysematous pyelonephritis in a renal allograft treated conservatively: case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2012; 14:E150-5. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Alexander
- Department of Nephrology; Christian Medical College; Vellore; India
| | - S. Varughese
- Department of Nephrology; Christian Medical College; Vellore; India
| | - V.G. David
- Department of Nephrology; Christian Medical College; Vellore; India
| | - S.V. Kodgire
- Department of Nephrology; Christian Medical College; Vellore; India
| | - R.P. Mukha
- Department of Urology; Christian Medical College; Velore; India
| | - N.S. Kekre
- Department of Urology; Christian Medical College; Velore; India
| | - V. Tamilarasi
- Department of Nephrology; Christian Medical College; Vellore; India
| | - C.K. Jacob
- Department of Nephrology; Christian Medical College; Vellore; India
| | - G.T. John
- Department of Renal Medicine; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Queensland; Australia
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Al-Geizawi SMT, Farney AC, Rogers J, Assimos D, Requarth JA, Doares W, Winfrey S, Stratta RJ. Renal allograft failure due to emphysematous pyelonephritis: successful non-operative management and proposed new classification scheme based on literature review. Transpl Infect Dis 2010; 12:543-50. [PMID: 20825591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare necrotizing infection of the kidney caused by gas-forming organisms, usually occurs in diabetic patients, and often requires nephrectomy for effective therapy. EPN is rarely reported in renal allografts, with only 20 cases found in the English literature. We report herein a case of EPN in a transplanted kidney resulting in acute renal failure and sepsis. The patient was managed non-operatively with subsequent recovery of renal allograft function. Based on this experience and a review of the literature, we suggest an amended classification system for EPN in kidney transplantation to plan and guide treatment options accordingly. However, the scarcity of this disease process, coupled with the lack of prospective validation of the new classification scheme, prevents drawing definitive conclusions regarding optimal management strategies including the role and timing of allograft nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M T Al-Geizawi
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Fujita S, Watanabe J, Reed AI, Hemming AW, Solis D, Netzel TC, Banull K, Schain DC, Howard RJ. Case of emphysematous pyelonephritis in a renal allograft. Clin Transplant 2005; 19:559-62. [PMID: 16008605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a rare, but serious complication after renal transplantation. This is a case report of a 49-yr-old female who had a renal transplant for diabetic nephropathy. She presented to ER with about 1 wk history of right lower abdominal pain and fever 15 months after the transplant. She had gross hematuria and mental status changes just prior to presentation. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen showed extensive retroperitoneal and extraperitoneal air dissecting from the transplanted kidney in the right lower quadrant to the level of the mediastinum. There was air in the urinary bladder. These findings were highly suggestive of extensive emphysematous pyelonephritis. The patient was taken to the operating room emergently and underwent a transplant nephrectomy. Blood culture and urine culture were subsequently positive for Salmonella (serogroup O 6, 8 or C2). Initial blood culture also yielded Enterobacter cloacae. The patient was treated with imipenem, cefepime, flagyl, and diflucan empirically: this was later changed to complete a 6-wk course of ciprofloxacin upon discharge. Her hospital course was complicated by a urinary leak; she was discharged to home on day 21. This is the 12th reported case of emphysematous pyelonephritis occurred in a renal transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Fujita
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Flordia College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0286, USA.
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Rao PS, Ravindran A, Elsamaloty H, Modi KS. Emphysematous urinoma in a renal transplant patient. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:E29. [PMID: 11684581 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.28626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Urinary infection is a common complication after kidney transplantation. In some instances, especially with Escherichia coli infections, there is formation and collection of gas in the parenchyma and collecting system of the kidney, giving rise to the condition of emphysematous pyelonephritis. Such a process could occur in collections of urine (urinoma) secondary to ureteric leak in the transplant kidney. This process has not been described so far. In this report, we describe the first case of an infected urinoma with an interesting radiologic finding, a so-called emphysematous urinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Rao
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
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Goral S, Stone W. Emphysematous pyelonephritis in a nonfunctioning renal allograft of a patient undergoing hemodialysis. Am J Med Sci 1997; 314:354-6. [PMID: 9365342 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199711000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A hemodialysis patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and a non-functioning renal allograft in whom fever, low blood pressure, and confusion developed is reported. She underwent extensive evaluation and allograft nephrectomy for emphysematous pyelonephritis that was diagnosed by the presence of air in the collecting system of the transplanted kidney during computerized tomography of the abdomen. In nine patients with emphysematous pyelonephritis in renal allografts reported previously, this is the first instance of emphysematous pyelonephritis in a renal allograft with coagulase-negative staphylococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goral
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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9
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Emphysematous Pyelonephritis in a Nonfunctioning Renal Allograft of a Patient Undergoing Hemodialysis. Am J Med Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9629(15)40238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Akalin E, Hyde C, Schmitt G, Kaufman J, Hamburger RJ. Emphysematous cystitis and pyelitis in a diabetic renal transplant recipient. Transplantation 1996; 62:1024-6. [PMID: 8878399 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199610150-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Emphysematous cystitis is a rare complication of urinary tract infection. Patients with diabetes mellitus, neurogenic bladder, bladder outlet obstruction, and recurrent urinary tract infection are at increased risk for the disease. We present a case of emphysematous cystitis and pyelitis in a diabetic renal transplant recipient. He was treated with antibiotics alone with complete clinical and radiologic resolution. The clinical course was benign, as described in most patients. The prognosis of emphysematous cystitis is good after early diagnosis and prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics, blood glucose control, and adequate urinary drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Akalin
- Renal Division, Boston Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Massachusetts, USA
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