Detection of ophthalmic artery stenosis by least-mean squares backpropagation neural network

Neural network approaches to grade adult depression

Depression is a common but worrying psychological disorder that adversely affects one's quality of life. It is more ominous to note that its incidence is increasing. On the other hand, screening and grading of depression is still a manual and time consuming process that might be biased. In addition, grades of depression are often determined in continuous ranges, e.g., 'mild to moderate' and 'moderate to severe' instead of making them more discrete as 'mild', 'moderate', and 'severe'. Grading as a continuous range is confusing to the doctors and thus affecting the management plan at large. Given this practical issue, the present paper attempts to differentiate depression grades more accurately using two neural net learning approaches-'supervised', i.e., classification with Back propagation neural network (BPNN) and Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) classifiers, and 'unsupervised', i.e., 'clustering' technique with Self-organizing map (SOM), built in MATLAB 7. The reason for using the supervised and unsupervised learning approaches is that, supervised learning depends exclusively on domain knowledge. Supervision may induce biasness and subjectivities related to the decision-making. Finally, the performance of BPNN and ANFIS are compared and discussed. It was observed that ANFIS, being a hybrid system, performed much better compared to the BPNN classifier. On the other hand, SOM-based clustering technique is also found useful in constructing three distinct clusters. It also assists visualizing the multidimensional data clusters into 2-D.

The association forecasting of 13 variants within seven asthma susceptibility genes on 3 serum IgE groups in Taiwanese population by integrating of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and classification analysis methods

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. It is caused by complicated coactions between various genetic factors and environmental allergens. The study aims to integrate the concept of implementing adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and classification analysis methods for forecasting the association of asthma susceptibility genes on 3 serum IgE groups. The ANFIS model was trained and tested with data sets obtained from 425 asthmatic subjects and 483 non-asthma subjects from the Taiwanese population. We assessed 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven well-known asthma susceptibility genes; firstly, the proposed ANFIS model learned to reduce input features from the 13 SNPs. And secondly, the classification will be used to classify the serum IgE groups from the simulated SNPs results. The performance of the ANFIS model, classification accuracies and the results confirmed that the integration of ANFIS and classified analysis has potential in association discovery.

Prediction of aortic diameter values in healthy Turkish infants, children, and adolescents by using artificial neural network

The aorta is the largest vessel in the systemic circuit. Its diameter is very important to guess for child before adult age, due to growing up body. Aortic diameter, one of the cardiac values, changes in time. Evaluation of the cardiac structures and generating a valid regional curve requires a large study group experience for accurate data on normal values. In this study, our aim is to estimate aortic diameter values without curve of charts. Using real sample of the all groups has been predicted using a hybrid system based on combination of Line Based Normalization Method (LBNM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. In this study, aortic diameter values dataset divided into two groups as 50% training-50% testing of whole dataset. In order to show the performance of the proposed method, two fold cross validation and prevalent performance measuring methods, Mean Square Error (MSE), Absolute Deviation (AD), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), statistical relation factor T and R2, have been used. The obtained MSE results from combination of Min-Max normalization and ANN, combination of Decimal Scaling and ANN, combination of Z-score and ANN, and combination of LBNM and ANN (the proposed method) are 0.00517, 0.001299, 0.006196, and 0.000145, respectively. For the suggested method, error's results have been given discretely for every age up to adult age. The results are compared to real aortic diameter values by expert with nine year experiences in medical area. These results have shown that the proposed method can be confidently used in the prediction of aortic diameter values in healthy Turkish infants, children and adolescents.

Utilization of Discretization method on the diagnosis of optic nerve disease

The optic nerve disease is an important disease that appears commonly in public. In this paper, we propose a hybrid diagnostic system based on discretization (quantization) method and classification algorithms including C4.5 decision tree classifier, artificial neural network (ANN), and least square support vector machine (LSSVM) to diagnose the optic nerve disease from Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) signals with discrete values. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of Discretization method on the classification of optic nerve disease. Since the VEP signals are non-linearly-separable, low classification accuracy can be obtained by classifier algorithms. In order to overcome this problem, we have used the Discretization method as data pre-processing. The proposed method consists of two phases: (i) quantization of VEP signals using Discretization method, and (ii) diagnosis of discretized VEP signals using classification algorithms including C4.5 decision tree classifier, ANN, and LSSVM. The classification accuracies obtained by these hybrid methods (combination of C4.5 decision tree classifier-quantization method, combination of ANN-quantization method, and combination of LSSVM-quantization method) with and without quantization strategy are 84.6-96.92%, 94.20-96.76%, and 73.44-100%, respectively. As can be seen from these results, the best model used to classify the optic nerve disease from VEP signals is obtained for the combination of LSSVM classifier and quantization strategy. The obtained results denote that the proposed method can make an effective interpretation and point out the ability of design of a new intelligent assistance diagnosis system.

Ensemble adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system with weighted arithmetical mean and application to diagnosis of optic nerve disease from visual-evoked potential signals

OBJECTIVE

This paper presents a new method based on combining principal component analysis (PCA) and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to diagnose the optic nerve disease from visual-evoked potential (VEP) signals. The aim of this study is to improve the classification accuracy of ANFIS classifier on diagnosis of optic nerve disease from VEP signals. With this aim, a new classifier ensemble based on ANFIS and PCA is proposed.

METHODS AND MATERIAL

The VEP signals dataset include 61 healthy subjects and 68 patients suffered from optic nerve disease. First of all, the dimension of VEP signals dataset with 63 features has been reduced to 4 features using PCA. After applying PCA, ANFIS trained using three different training-testing datasets randomly with 50-50% training-testing partition.

RESULTS

The obtained classification results from ANFIS trained separately with three different training-testing datasets are 96.87%, 98.43%, and 98.43%, respectively. And then the results of ANFIS trained with three different training-testing datasets randomly with 50-50% training-testing partition have been combined with three different ways including weighted arithmetical mean that proposed firstly by us, arithmetical mean, and geometrical mean. The classification results of ANFIS combined with three different ways are 98.43%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Also, ensemble ANFIS has been compared with ANN ensemble. ANN ensemble obtained 98.43%, 100%, and 100% prediction accuracy with three different ways including arithmetical mean, geometrical mean and weighted arithmetical mean.

CONCLUSION

These results have shown that the proposed classifier ensemble approach based on ANFIS trained with different train-test datasets and PCA has produced very promising results in the diagnosis of optic nerve disease from VEP signals.

Usage of eigenvector methods to improve reliable classifier for Doppler ultrasound signals

A new approach based on the implementation of the automated diagnostic systems for Doppler ultrasound signals classification with the features extracted by eigenvector methods is presented. In practical applications of pattern recognition, there are often diverse features extracted from raw data which needs recognizing. Because of the importance of making the right decision, the present work is carried out for searching better classification procedures for the Doppler ultrasound signals. Decision making was performed in two stages: feature extraction by the eigenvector methods and classification using the classifiers trained on the extracted features. The aim of the study is classification of the Doppler ultrasound signals by the combination of eigenvector methods and the classifiers. The present research demonstrated that the power levels of the power spectral density (PSD) estimates obtained by the eigenvector methods are the features which well represent the Doppler ultrasound signals and the probabilistic neural networks (PNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained on these features achieved high classification accuracies.

Probabilistic neural networks employing Lyapunov exponents for analysis of Doppler ultrasound signals

The implementation of probabilistic neural networks (PNNs) with the Lyapunov exponents for Doppler ultrasound signals classification is presented. This study is directly based on the consideration that Doppler ultrasound signals are chaotic signals. This consideration was tested successfully using the nonlinear dynamics tools, like the computation of Lyapunov exponents. Decision making was performed in two stages: computation of Lyapunov exponents as representative features of the Doppler ultrasound signals and classification using the PNNs trained on the extracted features. The present research demonstrated that the Lyapunov exponents are the features which well represent the Doppler ultrasound signals and the PNNs trained on these features achieved high classification accuracies.

Combining eigenvector methods and support vector machines for detecting variability of Doppler ultrasound signals

In this paper, the multiclass support vector machines (SVMs) with the error correcting output codes (ECOC) were presented for detecting variabilities of the multiclass Doppler ultrasound signals. The ophthalmic arterial (OA) Doppler signals were recorded from healthy subjects, subjects suffering from OA stenosis, subjects suffering from ocular Behcet disease. The internal carotid arterial (ICA) Doppler signals were recorded from healthy subjects, subjects suffering from ICA stenosis, subjects suffering from ICA occlusion. Methods of combining multiple classifiers with diverse features are viewed as a general problem in various application areas of pattern recognition. Because of the importance of making the right decision, better classification procedures for Doppler ultrasound signals are searched. Decision making was performed in two stages: feature extraction by eigenvector methods and classification using the SVMs trained on the extracted features. The research demonstrated that the multiclass SVMs trained on extracted features achieved high accuracy rates.

Training a learning vector quantization network using the pattern electroretinography signals

In this study, the pattern electroretinography (PERG) signals derived from evoked potential across retinal cells of subjects after visual stimulation were analyzed using artificial neural network (ANN) with 172 healthy and 148 diseased subjects. ANN was employed to PERG signals to distinguish between healthy eye and diseased eye. Supervised network examined was a competitive learning vector quantization network. The designed classification structure has about 94% sensitivity, 90.32% specifity, 5.94% false negative, 9.67% false positive and correct classification is calculated to be 92%. Testing results were found to be compliant with the expected results that are derived from the physician's direct diagnosis. The end benefit would be to assist the physician to make the final decision without hesitation.

Utilization of artificial neural networks and autoregressive modeling in diagnosing mitral valve stenosis

This research is concentrated on the diagnosis of mitral heart valve stenosis through the analysis of Doppler Signals' AR power spectral density graphic with the help of ANN. Multilayer feedforward ANN trained with a Levenberg Marquart backpropagation algorithm was implemented in the MATLAB environment. Correct classification of 94% was achieved, whereas 4 false classifications have been observed for the test group of 68 subjects in total. The designed classification structure has about 97.3% sensitivity, 90.3% specifity and positive prediction is calculated to be 92.3%. The stated results show that the proposed method can make an effective interpretation.

Wavelet-Based Neural Network Analysis of Internal Carotid Arterial Doppler Signals

In this study, internal carotid arterial Doppler signals recorded from 130 subjects, where 45 of them suffered from internal carotid artery stenosis, 44 of them suffered from internal carotid artery occlusion and the rest of them were healthy subjects, were classified using wavelet-based neural network. Wavelet-based neural network model, employing the multilayer perceptron, was used for analysis of the internal carotid arterial Doppler signals. Multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used to detect stenosis and occlusion in internal carotid arteries. In order to determine the MLPNN inputs, spectral analysis of the internal carotid arterial Doppler signals was performed using wavelet transform (WT). The MLPNN was trained, cross validated, and tested with training, cross validation, and testing sets, respectively. All these data sets were obtained from internal carotid arteries of healthy subjects, subjects suffering from internal carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. The correct classification rate was 96% for healthy subjects, 96.15% for subjects having internal carotid artery stenosis and 96.30% for subjects having internal carotid artery occlusion. The classification results showed that the MLPNN trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was effective to detect internal carotid artery stenosis and occlusion.

Utilization of artificial neural networks in the diagnosis of optic nerve diseases

This research is concentrated on the diagnosis of optic nerve disease through the analysis of pattern electroretinography (PERG) signals with the help of artificial neural network (ANN). Multilayer feed forward ANN trained with a Levenberg Marquart (LM) backpropagation algorithm was implemented. The designed classification structure has about 96.4% sensitivity, 90.4% specifity and positive prediction is calculated to be 94.2%. The end results are classified as healthy and diseased. Testing results were found to be compliant with the expected results that are derived from the physician's direct diagnosis. The end benefit would be to assist the physician to make the final decision without hesitation.

Feature extraction from Doppler ultrasound signals for automated diagnostic systems

This paper presented the assessment of feature extraction methods used in automated diagnosis of arterial diseases. Since classification is more accurate when the pattern is simplified through representation by important features, feature extraction and selection play an important role in classifying systems such as neural networks. Different feature extraction methods were used to obtain feature vectors from ophthalmic and internal carotid arterial Doppler signals. In addition to this, the problem of selecting relevant features among the features available for the purpose of classification of Doppler signals was dealt with. Multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLPNNs) with different inputs (feature vectors) were used for diagnosis of ophthalmic and internal carotid arterial diseases. The assessment of feature extraction methods was performed by taking into consideration of performances of the MLPNNs. The performances of the MLPNNs were evaluated by the convergence rates (number of training epochs) and the total classification accuracies. Finally, some conclusions were drawn concerning the efficiency of discrete wavelet transform as a feature extraction method used for the diagnosis of ophthalmic and internal carotid arterial diseases.

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for analysis of Doppler signals

In this study, a new approach based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was presented for detection of ophthalmic artery stenosis. Decision making was performed in two stages: feature extraction using the wavelet transform (WT) and the ANFIS trained with the backpropagation gradient descent method in combination with the least squares method. The ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals were recorded from 128 subjects that 62 of them had suffered from ophthalmic artery stenosis and the rest of them had been healthy subjects. Some conclusions concerning the impacts of features on the detection of ophthalmic artery stenosis were obtained through analysis of the ANFIS. The performance of the ANFIS classifier was evaluated in terms of training performance and classification accuracies (total classification accuracy was 97.59%) and the results confirmed that the proposed ANFIS classifier has potential in detecting the ophthalmic artery stenosis.

Combining neural network and genetic algorithm for prediction of lung sounds

Recognition of lung sounds is an important goal in pulmonary medicine. In this work, we present a study for neural networks-genetic algorithm approach intended to aid in lung sound classification. Lung sound was captured from the chest wall of The subjects with different pulmonary diseases and also from the healthy subjects. Sound intervals with duration of 15-20 s were sampled from subjects. From each interval, full breath cycles were selected. Of each selected breath cycle, a 256-point Fourier Power Spectrum Density (PSD) was calculated. Total of 129 data values calculated by the spectral analysis are selected by genetic algorithm and applied to neural network. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network employing backpropagation training algorithm was used to predict the presence or absence of adventitious sounds (wheeze and crackle). We used genetic algorithms to search for optimal structure and training parameters of neural network for a better predicting of lung sounds. This application resulted in designing of optimum network structure and, hence reducing the processing load and time.

A mixture of experts network structure for modelling Doppler ultrasound blood flow signals

Mixture of experts (ME) is a modular neural network architecture for supervised learning. This paper illustrates the use of ME network structure to guide modelling Doppler ultrasound blood flow signals. Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm was used for training the ME so that the learning process is decoupled in a manner that fits well with the modular structure. The ophthalmic and internal carotid arterial Doppler signals were decomposed into time-frequency representations using discrete wavelet transform and statistical features were calculated to depict their distribution. The ME network structures were implemented for diagnosis of ophthalmic and internal carotid arterial disorders using the statistical features as inputs. To improve diagnostic accuracy, the outputs of expert networks were combined by a gating network simultaneously trained in order to stochastically select the expert that is performing the best at solving the problem. The ME network structure achieved accuracy rates which were higher than that of the stand-alone neural network models.

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems for analysis of internal carotid arterial Doppler signals

In this study, a new approach based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was presented for detection of internal carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. The internal carotid arterial Doppler signals were recorded from 130 subjects that 45 of them suffered from internal carotid artery stenosis, 44 of them suffered from internal carotid artery occlusion and the rest of them were healthy subjects. The three ANFIS classifiers were used to detect internal carotid artery conditions (normal, stenosis and occlusion) when two features, resistivity and pulsatility indices, defining changes of internal carotid arterial Doppler waveforms were used as inputs. To improve diagnostic accuracy, the fourth ANFIS classifier (combining ANFIS) was trained using the outputs of the three ANFIS classifiers as input data. The proposed ANFIS model combined the neural network adaptive capabilities and the fuzzy logic qualitative approach. Some conclusions concerning the impacts of features on the detection of internal carotid artery stenosis and occlusion were obtained through analysis of the ANFIS. The performance of the ANFIS model was evaluated in terms of classification accuracies and the results confirmed that the proposed ANFIS classifiers have some potential in detecting the internal carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. The ANFIS model achieved accuracy rates which were higher than that of the stand-alone neural network model.

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for classification of EEG signals using wavelet coefficients

This paper describes the application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model for classification of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Decision making was performed in two stages: feature extraction using the wavelet transform (WT) and the ANFIS trained with the backpropagation gradient descent method in combination with the least squares method. Five types of EEG signals were used as input patterns of the five ANFIS classifiers. To improve diagnostic accuracy, the sixth ANFIS classifier (combining ANFIS) was trained using the outputs of the five ANFIS classifiers as input data. The proposed ANFIS model combined the neural network adaptive capabilities and the fuzzy logic qualitative approach. Some conclusions concerning the saliency of features on classification of the EEG signals were obtained through analysis of the ANFIS. The performance of the ANFIS model was evaluated in terms of training performance and classification accuracies and the results confirmed that the proposed ANFIS model has potential in classifying the EEG signals.

Improving medical diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound Doppler signals by combining neural network models

There are a number of different quantitative models that can be used in a medical diagnostic decision support system including parametric methods (linear discriminant analysis or logistic regression), nonparametric models (k nearest neighbor or kernel density) and several neural network models. The complexity of the diagnostic task is thought to be one of the prime determinants of model selection. Unfortunately, there is no theory available to guide model selection. This paper illustrates the use of combined neural network models to guide model selection for diagnosis of ophthalmic and internal carotid arterial disorders. The ophthalmic and internal carotid arterial Doppler signals were decomposed into time-frequency representations using discrete wavelet transform and statistical features were calculated to depict their distribution. The first-level networks were implemented for the diagnosis of ophthalmic and internal carotid arterial disorders using the statistical features as inputs. To improve diagnostic accuracy, the second-level networks were trained using the outputs of the first-level networks as input data. The combined neural network models achieved accuracy rates which were higher than that of the stand-alone neural network models.

Determining variability of ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals using Lyapunov exponents

The new method presented in this study was directly based on the consideration that ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals are chaotic signals. This consideration was tested successfully using the nonlinear dynamics tools, like the computation of Lyapunov exponents. Multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) architecture was formulated and used as a basis for determining variabilities such as stenosis, ocular Behcet disease, and uveitis disease in the physical state of ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals. The computed Lyapunov exponents of the ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals were used as inputs of the MLPNN. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the detection process. The ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals were classified with the accuracy varying from 93.75% to 97.06%. The results confirmed that the proposed MLPNN trained with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm has potential in detecting stenosis, Behcet disease and uveitis disease in ophthalmic arteries.

Wavelet-based neural network analysis of ophthalmic artery Doppler signals

In this study, ophthalmic artery Doppler signals were recorded from 115 subjects, 52 of whom had ophthalmic artery stenosis while the rest were healthy controls. Results were classified using a wavelet-based neural network. The wavelet-based neural network model, employing the multilayer perceptron, was used for analysis of ophthalmic artery Doppler signals. A multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used to detect stenosis in ophthalmic arteries. In order to determine the MLPNN inputs, spectral analysis of ophthalmic artery Doppler signals was performed using wavelet transform. The MLPNN was trained, cross validated, and tested with training, cross validation, and testing sets, respectively. All data sets were obtained from ophthalmic arteries of healthy subjects and subjects suffering from ophthalmic artery stenosis. The correct classification rate was 97.22% for healthy subjects, and 96.77% for subjects having ophthalmic artery stenosis. The classification results showed that the MLPNN trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was effective to detect ophthalmic artery stenosis.