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Adhikari I, Eriksson T, Luostarinen T, Lehtinen M, Apter D. The risk of cervical atypia in oral contraceptive users. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2018; 23:12-17. [PMID: 29412045 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2018.1431214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interactions of oral contraceptive (OC) use, risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and associated cellular atypia are complex. We investigated the association between history of OC-use, and cytological or histopathological abnormalities in a cohort of non-HPV vaccinated originally 16-17-year-old women participating the PATRICIA trial for 4 years. METHODS The total number of hepatitis A-virus (control) vaccine recipients participating in the clinical PATRICIA trial in Finland was 2399. Nine-hundred and ninety-nine women returned questionnaires on living conditions-life habits and sexual health after completing the study. Mean age at answering the questionnaire at the end of the clinical trial was 22 years. Age at sexual debut varied between 12 and 16 years for majority of the women. Cervical cytological samples were obtained every 6 months throughout the PATRICIA trial. The relative risk of cervical atypia associated with time since start of oral contraceptives use was calculated as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using logistic regression. RESULTS Compared to never-users, the smoking and age-at-sexual-debut adjusted relative risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1) in women who had started the use of oral contraceptives for more than 1 year was low (OR 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.7). Risk of cytological atypia was also reduced (OR 0.6) albeit not significantly (95% CI: 0.3-1.3). CONCLUSIONS Use of oral contraceptives does not increase the risk of cervical atypia but when established might instead be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Adhikari
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Tiina Eriksson
- a Department of Health Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
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Dos Santos O, Rigo GV, Macedo AJ, Tasca T. Trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolates: cytoadherence and adherence to polystyrene, intrauterine device, and vaginal ring. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3275-3284. [PMID: 29026991 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The parasitism by Trichomonas vaginalis is complex and in part is mediated by cytoadherence accomplished via five surface proteins named adhesins and a glycoconjugate called lipophosphoglycan (TvLPG). In this study, we evaluated the ability of T. vaginalis isolates to adhere to cells, plastic (polystyrene microplates), intrauterine device (IUD), and vaginal ring. Of 32 T. vaginalis isolates, 4 (12.5%) were strong adherent. The T. vaginalis isolates TV-LACM6 and TV-LACM14 (strong polystyrene-adherent) were also able to adhere to IUD and vaginal ring. Following chemical treatments, results demonstrated that the T. vaginalis components, lipophosphoglycan, cytoskeletal proteins, and surface molecules, were involved in both adherence to polystyrene and cytoadherence. The gene expression level from four adhesion proteins was highest in trophozoites adhered to cells than trophozoites adhered to the abiotic surface (polystyrene microplate). Our data indicate the major involvement of TvLPG in adherence to polystyrene, and that adhesins are important for cytoadherence. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the first report showing the T. vaginalis adherence to contraceptive devices, reaffirming its importance as pathogen among women in reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelta Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 43431, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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Wang LY, OuYang L, Tong F, Zhang XJ, Li XD, Wang CC, Li X, Sun L, Sun YH. The effect of contraceptive methods on reproductive tract infections risk: a cross-sectional study having a sample of 52,481 women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 294:1249-1256. [PMID: 27538571 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-016-4172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between specific contraceptives use and reproductive tract infections (RTIs). STUDY DESIGN Participants consisted of 52,481 rural married women of reproductive age identified from a cross-sectional study in Anhui Province of China. The questionnaire, gynecological examination, and laboratory inspection were used to collect data. The subgroup analysis was performed to estimate the effect of the specific contraceptives on the specific RTIs. RESULTS A total of 49,970 (95.2 %) women used contraceptive methods and 31,390 (59.8 %) women had at least one RTI. Overall, use of intrauterine device (IUD), condom, female sterilisation, rhythm method, and oral contraceptive (OC) were associated with RTIs. In the subgroup analysis, IUD use was a risk factor for endocervicitis, bacterial vaginosis (BV), and trichomoniasis; condom, rhythm method, and OC were associated with endocervicitis; female sterilisation was associated with endocervicitis and trichomoniasis. Moreover, male sterilisation was associated with endocervicitis; withdrawal was a protective factor for endocervicitis and a risk factor for trichomoniasis; subdermal implant was associated with candidiasis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). CONCLUSIONS All the contraceptive methods may lead to the RTIs. A properly assessment for contraceptive methods use is needed for female reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Le OuYang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiu-De Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Huan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Chih HJ, Lee AH, Colville L, Xu D, Binns CW. Condom and oral contraceptive use and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Australian women. J Gynecol Oncol 2014; 25:183-7. [PMID: 25045430 PMCID: PMC4102736 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2014.25.3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the association between condom use and oral contraceptive consumption and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Perth clinics. A total of 348 women responded to the structured questionnaire. Information sought included demographic and lifestyle characteristics such as the use of condom for contraception, consumption of oral contraceptive, and duration of oral contraceptive usage. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and associated 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression models and reported as estimates of the relative risk. Results The prevalence of CIN was found to be 15.8%. The duration of oral contraceptive consumption among women with abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear result indicating CIN was significantly shorter than those without abnormal Pap smear result (mean±SD, 5.6±5.2 years vs. 8.2±7.6 years; p=0.002). Comparing to ≤3 years usage, prolonged consumption of oral contraceptive for ≥10 years reduced the risk of CIN (p=0.012). However, use of condom for contraception might not be associated with a reduced risk of CIN after accounting for the effects of confounding factors (adjusted OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.05 to 5.11; p=0.577). Conclusion Use of oral contraceptives, but not condoms, for contraception appeared to be inversely associated with CIN. Prolonged use of oral contraceptive demonstrated its benefits of reducing the risk of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jun Chih
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Andy H Lee
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Linda Colville
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel Xu
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Colin W Binns
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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The association between oral contraceptives, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, and trichomoniasis. Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36:336-40. [PMID: 19556926 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e318199723f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormonal contraception use by women may increase the risk of acquiring certain sexually transmitted infections. We explored the effect of hormonal contraceptive use, specifically oral contraception (OC), and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on Trichomonas vaginalis infections in women. METHODS We examined data from a prospective case-control study of women with trichomoniasis and noninfected female patients recruited from 3 public sexually transmitted disease clinics. Women with positive wet mount microscopy or T. vaginalis culture results were classified as having trichomoniasis. Participants underwent physical examinations, sexually transmitted infections testing and completed questionnaires which included information about demographics, sexual behavior, douching and contraceptive use. We assessed the association between hormonal contraceptives and trichomoniasis using bivariable and multivariable analysis and estimated exposure odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS We identified 427 women with trichomoniasis and 144 uninfected women who had information reported about contraception use. Compared with nonhormonal contraceptive use, OC use was negatively associated with trichomoniasis in bivariable analysis (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8). This association was no longer statistically significant after adjusting for demographic variables, douching and condom use (aOR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.5-1.6). Use of DMPA, compared with nonhormonal contraceptive use, was not associated with trichomoniasis in bivariable or multivariable analyses (OR: 1.0, 95% CI: 0.5-2.1; aOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.6-3.4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although OC use appeared to have a protective effect in the bivariable analysis, the hormonal contraceptives OC and DMPA were not associated with T. vaginalis infection after adjustment for other factors.
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Kazerooni T, Mousavizadeh K, Abdollahee A, Sarkarian M, Sattar A. Abortifacient effect of Prangos ferulacia on pregnant rats. Contraception 2006; 73:554-6. [PMID: 16627045 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 09/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prangos ferulacea grows in southern Iran and used in Iranian herbal medicine for gastrointestinal disorders, but it seems it has an abortifacient effect on pregnant women. To verify its potential as an abortifacient agent, we administered the leaves of this plant to pregnant rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extract of the leaves was administered orally at different doses to 60 rats on the first 18 days of pregnancy. Group 1 (G1) was considered as control group and was given only water. Groups 2-5 (G2-G5) received 25, 50, 100 mg/g per day and Groups 6-8 (G6-G8) received 300, 500 and 1000 mg/g per day, respectively. On Day 18 of pregnancy, they were killed and laparotomized. The uterine horns of each group were opened to see whether they contained any live and degenerated/dead fetuses. We used Student's t-test to analyze the data (p < or = .05 was considered significant). RESULTS Of the total 504 fetuses in the studied groups, 13 fetuses (2.57%) were aborted. The abortion rate in the control group was 2 (1.94%) of 103 fetuses; the abortion rate was higher in the treated groups but not statistically significant. There was no relationship between the dose and type of extract and abortion rate in all studied groups. CONCLUSION This study shows that the aqueous or hydroalcoholic extract of P. ferulacea is ineffective on the rate of abortion of pregnant rats. Future studies should be performed with higher doses to test the efficacy of this agent on other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talieh Kazerooni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1111, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
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