Metal chelates of fluorinated 1,3-diketones and related compounds

A phototoxic thulium complex exhibiting intracellular ROS production upon 630 nm excitation in cancer cells

A lanthanide(III) complex with a thulium metal centre connected via a terpyridine unit to a light harvesting antenna with strong absorption in the therapeutic window [>590 nm] was synthesised and tested as a possible photosensitiser (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The complex exhibited significant phototoxic activity on cancer cells upon irradiation in the therapeutic window and from intracellular and solution studies ROS production was identified as the compound's phototoxic mode of action. In cell viability assays, a 10-fold lowered IC₅₀ value was obtained upon irradiation compared to the dark control.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry of Diferrocenyl β-Diketones, -Diketonates, and Pyrazoles

The synthesis of FcC(O)CH(R)C(O)Fc (Fc = Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)(η⁵-C₅H₅); R = H, 5; ⁿBu, 7; CH₂CH₂(OCH₂CH₂)₂OMe, 9), [M(κ²O,O′-FcC(O)CHC(O)Fc)_n] (M = Ti, n = 3, 10; M = Fe, n = 3, 11; M = BF₂, n = 1, 12), and 1-R′-3,5-Fc₂-^cC₃HN₂ (R′ = H, 13; Me, 14; Ph, 15) is discussed. The solid-state structures of 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, and 16 ([TiCl₂(κ²O,O′-PhC(O)CHC(O)Ph)₂]) show that 7 and 9 exist in their β-diketo form. Compound 13 crystallizes as a tetramer based on a hydrogen bond pattern, including one central water molecule. The electrochemical behavior of 5–7 and 9–16 was studied by cyclic and square-wave voltammetry, showing that the ferrocenyls can separately be oxidized reversibly between −50 and 750 mV (5–7, 9, 12–15: two Fc-related events; 10, 11: six events, being partially superimposed). For complex 10, Ti-centered reversible redox processes appear at −985 (Ti^II/Ti^III) and −520 mV (Ti^III/Ti^IV). Spectro-electrochemical UV-Vis/NIR measurements were carried out on 5, 6, and 12, whereby only 12 showed an IVCT (intervalence charge-transfer) band of considerable strength (ν_max = 6250 cm⁻¹, Δν_½ = 4725 cm⁻¹, ε_max = 240 L·mol⁻¹·cm⁻¹), due to the rigid C₃O₂B cycle, enlarging the coupling strength between the Fc groups.

β‑Diketonate-Iron(III) Complex: A Versatile Fluorine-19 MRI Signal Enhancement Agent

Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has gained considerable momentum as a promising imaging modality for in vivo tracking of cellular therapies and as a diagnostic for inflammatory disease. To further the utility of this technique, we increase imaging probe sensitivity by merging paramagnetic metal chelates with aqueous perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsions. We prepared a highly fluorinated ferric tris(β-diketonate) chelate (MW = 1265.2 g/mol) at gram scale. This iron chelate is soluble in multiple PFC oils used for MRI and readily reduces the ¹⁹F longitudinal relaxation time (T ₁) to <100 ms with modest line broadening and displays superior properties for ¹⁹F MRI applications. The sensitivity enhancement by Fe(III) laden PFC nanoemulsion was confirmed in MRI phantom studies, where reduced T ₁ speeds data acquisition thereby increasing the ¹⁹F image sensitivity per time via signal averaging. Additionally, ¹⁹F relaxivity of nanoemulsions incorporating other metal ions, including Gd, Er, Ho, Dy, Mn, Cr, and Ni, were evaluated. High-moment lanthanide ions, such as Gd(III), display severe line broadening, but other ions [e.g., Ho(III)] induce pseudocontact chemical shifts (up to 0.5 ppm) of ¹⁹F in nanoemulsion, which makes them potentially useful for multichromatic ¹⁹F imaging. Formulated nanoemulsions have a shelf life >200 days. Free β-diketonate or its iron complex in formed PFC nanoemulsion did not induce cytotoxicity in intracellularly labeled macrophages. Overall, ferric tris(β-diketonate) chelate provides a scalable approach for boosting sensitivity of PFC-based ¹⁹F MRI probes. More generally, it can functionalize PFC oil, whose chemical modification remains challenging.

Synthesis, DFT Calculation, and Antimicrobial Studies of Novel Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), and Mn(II) Heteroleptic Complexes Containing Benzoylacetone and Dithiocarbamate

Heteroleptic complexes of zinc(II), copper(II), manganese(II), and cobalt(II) of the types [MLL'(H2O)2]·nH2O and [MLL']·nH2O have been synthesized using sodium N-methyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamate (L) and benzoylacetone (L'). The metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, electrical conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared (IR), and UV-visible spectroscopic studies. The electrical conductance measurements revealed the nonelectrolytic nature of the synthesized complexes. The results of the elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and electronic spectra inferred that the Zn(II) complex adopted a four-coordinate geometry while the Co(II), Cu(II), and Mn(II) complexes assumed octahedral geometries. The IR spectra showed that the metal ions coordinated with the ligands via the S- and O-donor atoms. The geometry, electronic, and thermodynamic parameters of the complexes were obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The spin density distributions, relative strength of H-bonds, and thermodynamic parameters revealed that the order of stability of the metal complexes is Mn < Co < Cu > Zn. The agar diffusion methods were used to study the antimicrobial activity of the complexes against two Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. pneumoniae), one Gram negative bacterium (E. coli), and two fungi organisms (A. niger and A. candida) and the complexes showed a broad spectrum of activities against the microbes.

Synthesis and characterization of tin(II) complexes of fluorinated Schiff bases derived from amino acids

New tin(II) complexes of general formula Sn(L)(2) (L=monoanion of 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone phenylalanine L(1)H, 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone alanine L(2)H, 3-methyl-4-fluoro acetophenone tryptophan L(3)H, 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone valine L(4)H, 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone isoleucine L(5)H and 3-methyl-4-fluoro-acetophenone glycine L(6)H) have been prepared. It is characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance measurements and molecular weight determinations. Bonding of these complexes is discussed in terms of their UV-visible, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H, (13)C, (19)F and (119)Sn NMR) spectral studies. The ligands act as bidentate towards metal ions, via the azomethine nitrogen and deprotonated oxygen of the respective amino acid. Elemental analyses and NMR spectral data of the ligands with their tin(II) complexes agree with their proposed square pyramidal structures. A few representative ligands and their tin complexes have been screened for their antibacterial activities and found to be quite active in this respect.

Benzothiazolylazo derivatives of some β-dicarbonyl compounds and their Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes

The coupling of diazotized 2-aminobenzothiazole with 1,3- dicarbonyl compounds (benzoylacetone, methylacetoacetate and acetoacetanilide) yielded a new series of tridentate ligand systems (HL). Analytical, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral data indicated that the compounds exist in the intramolecularly hydrogen bonded azo-enol tautomeric form in which one of the carbonyl groups of the dicarbonyl moiety had enolised and hydrogen bonded to one of the azo nitrogen atoms. The compounds formed stable complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions. The Cu(II) complexes conform to [CuL(OAc)] stoichiometry while the Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes are in agreement with [ML2] stoichiometry. Analytical, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral data of the complexes are consistent with the replacement of the chelated enol proton of the ligand with a metal ion, thus leading to a stable sixmembered chelate ring involving a cyclic nitrogen, one of the azo nitrogens and the enolate oxygen. The Zn(II) chelates are diamagnetic while Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes showed a normal paramagnetic moment.

1-naphthylazo derivatives of some 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and their Cu (II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes

The coupling of diazotized 1-aminonaphthalene with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (acetylacetone, methylacetoacetate and acetoacetanilide) yielded a new series of bidentate ligand systems (HL). Analytical, IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data indicate that the compounds exist in the intramolecularly hydrogen bonded keto-hydrazone form. With Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II), these potential monobasic bidentate ligands formed [ML2] type complexes. The IR, 1H- -NMR and mass spectral data of the complexes are consistent with the replacement of the chelated hydrazone proton of the ligand by a metal ion, thus leading to a stable six-membered chelate ring involving the hydrazone nitrogen and the hydrogen bonded carbonyl oxygen. The Ni(II) and Zn(II) chelates are diamagnetic, while the Cu(II) complexes are paramagnetic. In the metal complexes of the naphthylazo derivatives of acetylacetone and methylacetoacetate, the acetyl carbonyl is involved in coordination, whereas in the chelates of the naphthylazo derivative of acetoacetanilide, the anilide carbonyl is bonded with the metal ion.

Unsaturated β-ketoesters and their Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes

A new series of ?-ketoesters in which the keto group is attached to the olefinic linkage were synthesized by the reaction of methyl acetoacetate and aromatic aldehydes under specified conditions. The existence of these compounds predominantly in the intramolecularly hydrogen bonded enol form was well demonstrated from their IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data. Details on the formation of their [ML2] complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) and the nature of the bonding are discussed on the basis of analytical and spectral data.

Synthesis of Some Transition Metal Complexes of Ligands Derived from 5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-2,3-furandione

A series of amide ligands was prepared by the reactions of 5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-2,3-furandione and aromatic amines. The ligands reacted with Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions to yield mononuclear complexes. The ligands and complexes were characterised by elemental analyses, mass, FTIR, UV-vis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral studies, as well as magnetic moment, AAS and conductance measurements as appropriate

Metal complexes of Schiff bases derived from dicinnamoylmethane and aliphatic diamines

Two new Schiff bases containing olefinic linkages have been synthesized by condensing aliphatic diamines with dicinnamoylmethane under specified conditions. The existence of these compounds predominantly in the intramolecularly hydrogen bonded keto-enamine form was well demonstrated by their IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data. Dibasic tetradentate N2O2 coordination of the compounds in their [ML] complexes (M = Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)) was established on the basis of analytical and spectral data.

Metal complexes of Schiff’s bases derived from 3-(arylazo)-2,4- -pentanediones with 2-aminophenol and 2-aminothiophenol

Phenylazo- and thiazolylazo-2,4-pentanediones on reaction with 2-aminophenol and 2-aminothiophenol yielded a new series of polydentate Schiff?s base ligands. The structure and tautomeric nature of these compounds and their metal complexes were established on the basis of their IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data. The spectral and analytical data revealed the condensation of both carbonyl groups of 3-(2-thiazolylazo)- 2,4-pentanedione with 2-aminophenol to form an N2O2 tetradentate ligand. Details on the formation of its [ML] complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) and the nature of their bonding are discussed based on analytical, IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data.

Bis(acetylacetonato)tricarbonyl Tungsten(II): A Convenient Precursor to Chiral Bis(acac) Tungsten(II) Complexes

Two equivalents of acetylacetonate (acac) have been successfully introduced into a monomeric tungsten(II) coordination sphere. With the tetracarbonyltriiodotungsten(II) anion as a precursor, the formation of a tungsten(II) bis(acac) tricarbonyl complex, W(CO)3(acac)2, 1, has been accomplished. The addition of PMe3 or PMe2Ph to tricarbonyl complex 1 formed tungsten(II)bis(acac)dicarbonylphosphine complexes 2a and 2b, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the parent tricarbonyl complex, 1, and dicarbonyl trimethylphosphine complex 2a confirmed seven-coordinate geometries for both complexes. Variable-temperature 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy revealed fluxional behavior for these seven-coordinate molecules: rapid exchange of the three carbon monoxide ligands in 1 was observed, and movement of the phosphine ligand through a mirror plane in a C(S) intermediate species was observed for both 2a and 2b. Tricarbonyl complex 1 reacted readily with alkyne reagents to form bis(acac)monocarbonylmonoalkynetungsten(II) complexes 3a (PhC(triple bond)CH) and 3b (MeC(triple bond)CMe). Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to probe rotation of the alkyne ligand in 3a and 3b. The introduction of two alkyne ligands was accomplished thermally using excess PhC(triple bond)CPh to form bis(alkyne) complex 4 which was characterized crystallographically, as well as by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The availability of W(CO)3(acac)2 as a source of the W(acac)2 d4 moiety lies at the heart of the chemistry reported here.

Metal-Based Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) Complexes With Amino Acid-Derived Compounds

A series of antibacterial and antifungal amino acid-derived compounds and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments, and IR, and electronic spectral measurements. Ligands (L(1))-(L(5)) were derived by condensation of beta-diketones with glycine, phenylalanine, valine, and histidine and act as bidentate towards metal ions (cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc) via the azomethine-N and deprotonated-O of the respective amino acid. The stoichiometric reaction between the metal(II) ion and synthesized ligands in molar ratio of M : L (1 : 1) resulted in the formation of the metal complexes of type [M(L)(H(2)O)(4)]Cl (where M = Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II)) and of M : L (1 : 2) of type [M(L)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] (where M = Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)). The magnetic moment data suggested for the complexes to have an octahedral geometry around the central metal atom. The electronic spectral data also supported the same octahedral geometry of the complexes. Elemental analyses and NMR spectral data of the ligands and their metal(II) complexes agree with their proposed structures. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal(II) complexes, were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against four Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexeneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi) and two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains and for in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani, and Candida glaberata. The results of these studies show the metal(II) complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against one or more species as compared to the uncomplexed ligands. The brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in vitro cytotoxic properties. Five compounds, (3), (7), (10), (11), and (22), displayed potent cytotoxic activity as LD(50) = 8.974 x 10(-4), 7.022 x 10(-4), 8.839 x 10(-4), 7.133 x 10(-4), and 9.725 x 10(-4) M/mL, respectively, against Artemia salina.

Synthesis and structure of new trichloromethyl-β-diketones — 5-Trichloromethylisoxazole and 5-isoxazolecarboxylic acid derivatives

An improved method for the synthesis of a new series of trichloromethyl-β-diketones including 1,1,1-trichloropentan-2,4-dione (2a), 1,1,1-trichloro-3-methylhexan-2,4-dione (2b), 4,4,4-trichloro-1-phenylbutan-1,3-dione (2c), 4,4,4-trichloro-2-methyl-1-phenylbutan-1,3-dione (2d), 2-trichloroacetylcyclohexanone (2e), 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone (2f), 4-tert-butylcycloheptanone (2g), and 4-tert-butylcyclooctanone (2h) is reported. A multinuclear NMR study showed that β-dicarbonyl compounds 2b and 2d–2h are predominantly in the keto form and 2a and 2c are in the enol form. The trichloromethyl-β-diketones react with hydroxylamine hydrochloride leading to three sets of isoxazole derivatives.Key words: acetals, acylation, trichloromethyl-1,3-diketones, 2-trichloroacetylcycloalkanones, isoxazoles, cyclocondensation.

Synthesis and characterization of volatile, fluorine-free beta-ketoiminate lanthanide MOCVD precursors and their implementation in low-temperature growth of epitaxial CeO(2) buffer layers for superconducting electronics

A new class of volatile, low-melting, fluorine-free lanthanide metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) precursors has been developed. The neutral, monomeric Ce, Nd, Gd, and Er complexes are coordinatively saturated by a versatile, multidentate ether-functionalized beta-ketoiminato ligand series, the melting point and volatility characteristics of which can be tuned by altering the alkyl substituents on the keto, imino, and ether sites of the ligand. Direct comparison with conventional lanthanide beta-diketonate complexes reveals that the present precursor class is a superior choice for lanthanide oxide MOCVD. Epitaxial CeO(2) buffer layer films can be grown on (001) YSZ substrates by MOCVD at significantly lower temperatures (450-650 degrees C) than previously possible by using one of the newly developed cerium beta-ketoiminate precursors. Films deposited at 540 degrees C have good out-of-plane (Deltaomega = 0.85 degrees ) and in-plane (Deltaphi = 1.65 degrees ) alignment and smooth surfaces (rms roughness approximately 4.3 A). The film growth rate decreases and the films tend to be smoother as the deposition temperature is increased. High-quality yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) films grown on these CeO(2) buffer layers by pulsed organometallic molecular beam epitaxy exhibit very good electrical transport properties (T(c) = 86.5 K, J(c) = 1.08 x 10(6) A/cm(2) at 77.4 K).

Syntheses, structures, and luminescence of novel lanthanide complexes of tripyridylamine, N,N,N',N'-tetra(2-pyridyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine and N,N,N',N'-tetra(2-pyridyl)biphenyl-4,4'-diamine

Two novel blue luminescent bridging ligands N,N,N',N'-tetra(2-pyridyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine (tppd) and N,N,N',N'-tetra(2-pyridyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (tpbpd) have been synthesized. Several novel lanthanide complexes containing 2,2',2"-tripyridylamine (2,2',2"-tpa), 2,2',3"-tpa, tppd, or tpbpd ligands have been synthesized and characterized structurally, which include Pr(hfa)3(2,2',2"-tpa), I, Ln(tmhd)3(2,2',3"-tpa), 2 (Ln = Dy, 2a; Eu, 2b; Tb, 2c; Sm, 2d), [Eu(tmhd)3][Pr(hfa)3](2,2',3"-tpa), 3, [Pr(hfa)3]2(tppd), 4, and [Ln(hfa)3]2(tpbpd), 5, where Ln = Pr (5a), Eu (5b), tmhd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato, and hfa = hexafluoroacetylacetonate. The Dy(III), Eu(III), and Tb(III) complexes display a bright photoluminescence, which can be achieved by either a direct excitation process or an indirect excitation process. Compounds 2a-2d can be sublimed readily.