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Ferguson MA, Asp EW, Kletenik I, Tranel D, Boes AD, Nelson JM, Schaper FLWVJ, Siddiqi S, Turner JI, Anderson JS, Nielsen JA, Bateman JR, Grafman J, Fox MD. A neural network for religious fundamentalism derived from patients with brain lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322399121. [PMID: 39190343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322399121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Religious fundamentalism, characterized by rigid adherence to a set of beliefs putatively revealing inerrant truths, is ubiquitous across cultures and has a global impact on society. Understanding the psychological and neurobiological processes producing religious fundamentalism may inform a variety of scientific, sociological, and cultural questions. Research indicates that brain damage can alter religious fundamentalism. However, the precise brain regions involved with these changes remain unknown. Here, we analyzed brain lesions associated with varying levels of religious fundamentalism in two large datasets from independent laboratories. Lesions associated with greater fundamentalism were connected to a specific brain network with nodes in the right orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior parietal lobe. This fundamentalism network was strongly right hemisphere lateralized and highly reproducible across the independent datasets (r = 0.82) with cross-validations between datasets. To explore the relationship of this network to lesions previously studied by our group, we tested for similarities to twenty-one lesion-associated conditions. Lesions associated with confabulation and criminal behavior showed a similar connectivity pattern as lesions associated with greater fundamentalism. Moreover, lesions associated with poststroke pain showed a similar connectivity pattern as lesions associated with lower fundamentalism. These findings are consistent with the current understanding of hemispheric specializations for reasoning and lend insight into previously observed epidemiological associations with fundamentalism, such as cognitive rigidity and outgroup hostility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Ferguson
- Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Erik W Asp
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Psychology, Hamline University, St. Paul, MN 55104
- Wesley and Lorene Artz Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Psychology, Hamline University, St. Paul, MN 55104
| | - Isaiah Kletenik
- Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jenae M Nelson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706
| | - Frederic L W V J Schaper
- Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shan Siddiqi
- Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joseph I Turner
- Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Jared A Nielsen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 04602
| | - James R Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salisbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, NC 28144
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Michael D Fox
- Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Freedman M, Binns MA, Meltzer JA, Hashimi R, Chen R. Enhanced mind-matter interactions following rTMS induced frontal lobe inhibition. Cortex 2024; 172:222-233. [PMID: 38065765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
A major barrier to acceptance of psi is that effects are small and hard to replicate. To address this issue, we developed a novel neurobiological model to study this controversial phenomenon based upon the concept that the brain may act as a psi-inhibitory filter. Our previous research in individuals with frontal lobe damage suggests that this filter includes the left medial middle frontal region. We report our findings in healthy participants with rTMS induced reversible brain lesions. In support of our a priori hypothesis, we found a significant psi effect following rTMS inhibition of the left medial middle frontal lobe. This significant effect was found using a post hoc weighting procedure aligned with our overarching hypothesis. This suggests that the brain may inhibit psi and that individuals with neurological or reversible rTMS induced frontal lesions may comprise an enriched sample for detection and replication of this controversial phenomenon. Our findings are potentially transformative for the way we view interactions between the brain and seemingly random events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Freedman
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, M6A 2E1, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, M5S 3H2, Ontario, Canada; Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, M6A 2E1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Malcolm A Binns
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, M6A 2E1, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, M5T 3M7, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jed A Meltzer
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, M6A 2E1, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, M5S 3G3, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Rohila Hashimi
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, M6A 2E1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Robert Chen
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, M5S 3H2, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada.
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Gainotti G. Is Anosognosia for Left-Sided Hemiplegia Due to a Specific Self-Awareness Defect or to a Poorly Conscious Working Mode Typical of the Right Hemisphere? Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:964. [PMID: 38131820 PMCID: PMC10740477 DOI: 10.3390/bs13120964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to evaluate whether the association between 'anosognosia for hemiplegia' and lesions of the right hemisphere points to a special self-awareness role of the right side of the brain, or could instead be due to a working mode typical of the right hemisphere. This latter viewpoint is consistent with a recently proposed model of human brain asymmetries that assumes that language lateralization in the left hemisphere might have increased the left hemisphere's level of consciousness and intentionality in comparison with the right hemisphere's less conscious and more automatic functioning. To assess these alternatives, I tried to ascertain whether anosognosia is greater for left-sided hemiplegia than for other disorders provoked by right brain lesions, or whether unawareness prevails in tasks more clearly related to the disruption of the right hemisphere's more automatic (and less conscious) functioning. Data consistent with the first alternative would support the existence of a specific link between anosognosia for hemiplegia and self-awareness, whereas data supporting the second option would confirm the model linking anosognosia to a poorly conscious working mode typical of the right hemisphere. Analysis results showed that the incidence of anosognosia of the highly automatic syndrome of unilateral neglect was greater than that concerning the unawareness of left hemiplegia, suggesting that anosognosia for left-sided hemiplegia might be due to the poorly conscious working mode typical of the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gainotti
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Tisserand A, Philippi N, Botzung A, Blanc F. Me, Myself and My Insula: An Oasis in the Forefront of Self-Consciousness. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040599. [PMID: 37106799 PMCID: PMC10135849 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The insula is a multiconnected brain region that centralizes a wide range of information, from the most internal bodily states, such as interoception, to high-order processes, such as knowledge about oneself. Therefore, the insula would be a core region involved in the self networks. Over the past decades, the question of the self has been extensively explored, highlighting differences in the descriptions of the various components but also similarities in the global structure of the self. Indeed, most of the researchers consider that the self comprises a phenomenological part and a conceptual part, in the present moment or extending over time. However, the anatomical substrates of the self, and more specifically the link between the insula and the self, remain unclear. We conducted a narrative review to better understand the relationship between the insula and the self and how anatomical and functional damages to the insular cortex can impact the self in various conditions. Our work revealed that the insula is involved in the most primitive levels of the present self and could consequently impact the self extended in time, namely autobiographical memory. Across different pathologies, we propose that insular damage could engender a global collapse of the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tisserand
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Laboratory (CNRS, UMR 7357), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Philippi
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Laboratory (CNRS, UMR 7357), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Botzung
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Laboratory (CNRS, UMR 7357), 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Schore A. Right brain-to-right brain psychotherapy: recent scientific and clinical advances. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2022; 21:46. [PMID: 36403062 PMCID: PMC9675148 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-022-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article overviews my recent acceptance of a Lifetime Achievement Award from Sapienza University of Rome, in which I discussed three decades of my work on the right brain in development, psychopathogenesis, and psychotherapy. In the following, I offer current brain laterality and hemispheric asymmetry research indicating that right brain emotional and relational processes operate beneath conscious awareness not only in early human development, but over the lifespan. I discuss recent interdisciplinary studies on the central role of ultrarapid right brain-to-right brain intersubjective communications of face, voice, and gesture and the implicit regulation of emotion in nonverbal attachment dynamics. Special emphasis is on the fundamental psychobiological process of interpersonal synchrony, and on the evolutionary mechanism of attachment, the interactive regulation of biological synchrony within and between organisms. I then present some clinical applications, suggesting that effective therapeutic work with "primitive" nonverbal emotional attachment dynamics focuses not on conscious verbal insight but on the formation of an unconscious emotion-communicating and regulating bond within the therapeutic relationship. Lastly, I review recent hyperscanning research of the patient's and therapist's brains during a face-to-face, emotionally focused psychotherapy session that supports the right brain-to-right brain communication model. I end suggesting that the right brain is dominant in both short-term symptom-reducing and long-term growth-promoting deep psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Schore
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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White matter connectometry in patients with disorders of consciousness revealed by 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1983-1991. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Cygan HB, Nowicka MM, Nowicka A. Impaired attentional bias toward one's own face in autism spectrum disorder: ERP evidence. Autism Res 2021; 15:241-253. [PMID: 34851047 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence seem to indicate reduced self-referential processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, processing of one's own face has rarely been investigated in the context of ASD. Thus, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of attentional biases in the processing of self- and other faces in ASD. To achieve this goal we presented participants with images of their own face, the face of a close-other, and famous and unknown faces in a Stroop-like paradigm. Participants (22 with ASD, 22 typically developing [TD]) were instructed to indicate the color of presented faces while EEG was recorded. Our event-related potential results clearly showed that self-face was associated with larger P3 amplitudes than all other faces in the TD group, thus indicating a strong attentional bias toward one's own face. In the ASD group, P3 to the self-face and the close-other's face did not differ, suggesting similar attentional biases in both cases. In line with these P3 findings, nonparametric cluster-based permutation tests showed an analogous pattern of results: significant clusters for the self-face compared with all other faces in the TD group, and no significant cluster in the ASD group. Overall, our findings revealed impaired attentional bias to one's own face and diminished self versus other differentiation in individuals with ASD. The similar neural underpinnings of the self-face and other faces supports previous findings indicating reduced self-prioritization among individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B Cygan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Bioimaging Research Center, World Hearing Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria M Nowicka
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Are We Right about the Right TPJ? A Review of Brain Stimulation and Social Cognition in the Right Temporal Parietal Junction. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the functional role of the TPJ (Temporal Parietal Junction) has become more evident in terms of its contribution to social cognition. Studies have revealed the TPJ as a ‘distinguisher’ of self and other with research focused on non-clinical populations as well as in individuals with Autism and Type I Schizophrenia. Further research has focused on the integration of self-other distinctions with proprioception. Much of what we now know about the causal role of the right TPJ derives from TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation), rTMS repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation), and tDCS (transcranial Direct Cortical Stimulation). In this review, we focus on the role of the right TPJ as a moderator of self, which is integrated and distinct from ‘other’ and how brain stimulation has established the causal relationship between the underlying cortex and agency.
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9
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Bennett MS. Five Breakthroughs: A First Approximation of Brain Evolution From Early Bilaterians to Humans. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:693346. [PMID: 34489649 PMCID: PMC8418099 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.693346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retracing the evolutionary steps by which human brains evolved can offer insights into the underlying mechanisms of human brain function as well as the phylogenetic origin of various features of human behavior. To this end, this article presents a model for interpreting the physical and behavioral modifications throughout major milestones in human brain evolution. This model introduces the concept of a "breakthrough" as a useful tool for interpreting suites of brain modifications and the various adaptive behaviors these modifications enabled. This offers a unique view into the ordered steps by which human brains evolved and suggests several unique hypotheses on the mechanisms of human brain function.
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10
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Żochowska A, Nowicka MM, Wójcik MJ, Nowicka A. Self-face and emotional faces-are they alike? Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:593-607. [PMID: 33595078 PMCID: PMC8218856 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The image of one’s own face is a particularly distinctive feature of the self. The
self-face differs from other faces not only in respect of its familiarity but also in
respect of its subjective emotional significance and saliency. The current study aimed at
elucidating similarities/dissimilarities between processing of one’s own face and
emotional faces: happy faces (based on the self-positive bias) and fearful faces (because
of their high perceptual saliency, a feature shared with self-face). Electroencephalogram
data were collected in the group of 30 participants who performed a simple detection task.
Event-related potential analyses indicated significantly increased P3 and late positive
potential amplitudes to the self-face in comparison to all other faces: fearful, happy and
neutral. Permutation tests confirmed the differences between the self-face and all three
types of other faces for numerous electrode sites and in broad time windows.
Representational similarity analysis, in turn, revealed distinct processing of the
self-face and did not provide any evidence in favour of similarities between the self-face
and emotional (either negative or positive) faces. These findings strongly suggest that
the self-face processing do not resemble those of emotional faces, thus implying that
prioritized self-referential processing is driven by the subjective relevance of one’s own
face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żochowska
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences,voivodeship mazowieckie,Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Maria M Nowicka
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences,voivodeship mazowieckie,Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Michał J Wójcik
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford,Oxfordshire, Oxford OX2 6GG,UK
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences,voivodeship mazowieckie,Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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Frewen P, Schroeter ML, Riva G, Cipresso P, Fairfield B, Padulo C, Kemp AH, Palaniyappan L, Owolabi M, Kusi-Mensah K, Polyakova M, Fehertoi N, D’Andrea W, Lowe L, Northoff G. Neuroimaging the consciousness of self: Review, and conceptual-methodological framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:164-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Prete G, Fabri M, Foschi N, Tommasi L. Voice gender categorization in the connected and disconnected hemispheres. Soc Neurosci 2020; 15:385-397. [PMID: 32130082 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2020.1734654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of the left and right hemispheres in processing the gender of voices is controversial, some evidence suggesting a bilateral involvement, some others suggesting a right-hemispheric superiority. We investigated this issue in a gender categorization task involving healthy participants and a male split-brain patient: female or male natural voices were presented in one ear during the simultaneous presentation of white noise in the other ear (dichotic listening paradigm). Results revealed faster responses by the healthy participants for stimuli presented in the left than in the right ear, although no asymmetries emerged between the two ears in the accuracy of both the patient and the control group. Healthy participants were also more accurate at categorizing female than male voices, and an opposite-gender bias emerged - at least in females - showing faster responses in categorizing voices of the opposite gender. The results support a bilateral hemispheric involvement in voice gender categorization, without asymmetries in the patient, but with a faster categorization when voices are directly presented to the right hemisphere in the healthy sample. Moreover, when the two hemispheres directly interact with one another, a faster categorization of voices of the opposite gender emerges, and it can be an evolutionary grounded bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Prete
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neuroscience and Cell Biology Section, Polytechnic University of Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Foschi
- Regional Epilepsy Center, Neurological Clinic, "Ospedali Riuniti" , Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy
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Schore AN. Forging Connections in Group Psychotherapy Through Right Brain-to-Right Brain Emotional Communications. Part 1: Theoretical Models of Right Brain Therapeutic Action. Part 2: Clinical Case Analyses of Group Right Brain Regressive Enactments. Int J Group Psychother 2020; 70:29-88. [PMID: 38449193 DOI: 10.1080/00207284.2019.1682460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Part 1: Theoretical Models of Right Brain Therapeutic Action. The first part of this article on the central role of the right brain in group psychotherapy offers evidence-based theoretical models of therapeutic action cocreated by the group members and the group leader. It describes how recent advances in interpersonal neurobiology and neuropsychoanalysis allow for a deeper understanding of the underlying nonverbal right brain change mechanisms beneath the words in individual psychotherapy. It then expands this model to the group context, specifically focusing on the theoretical constructs of cohesion, attachment, transference-countertransference dynamics, and implicit affect regulation, all of which are right brain functions. Part 1 concludes with a discussion of the fundamental role of these right brain mechanisms in synchronized group regressions and reenactments of attachment trauma that allow for new beginnings in emotional and relational development. Part 2: Clinical Case Analyses of Group Right Brain Regressive Enactments. The second part of this article offers case examples and commentary on working with early dysregulated attachment histories and the affect blunting defense of dissociation. Clinical vignettes demonstrate how the group reenacts attachment dynamics in transient regressions into an earlier stage of preverbal development, outside of the domain of language. Such emotionally shared regressions of attachment trauma, rupture, and repair allow the group members and leader to companion each other into and out of enactments. In this manner, regulated reenactments of preverbal emotional experiences potentially allow the cohesive group to expand adaptive right brain capacities to regulate and communicate a broader range of affectively charged subjective self states, thereby cocreating new ways of being with others.
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Riemer M, Trojan J, Beauchamp M, Fuchs X. The rubber hand universe: On the impact of methodological differences in the rubber hand illusion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:268-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Abstract
The Own-Race Bias (ORB) is the ability to better recognize and categorize a face when the depicted person belongs to the observer's ethnicity group. The relationship between the ORB and hemispheric asymmetries has been poorly explored, and the present study was aimed at investigating this relationship, as well as that between the ORB and the bias to better recognize own gender faces. Female and male Caucasian participants categorized the ethnicity of Caucasian and Asian female and male facial stimuli in a divided visual field paradigm. In a control experiment the same stimuli were presented centrally, confirming the ORB. Importantly, the lateralized presentation reversed the bias with higher accuracy and shorter response times in the categorization of Asian than Caucasian faces. This reversed bias was significant for female and male faces, and it was observed when stimuli were presented in the left but not in the right visual field, revealing the crucial role of the right hemisphere in face processing. These results shed new light on the hemispheric abilities in the categorization of facial features, and they are compared to previous evidence of cerebral asymmetries for facial age, gender and identity, both in healthy participants and in neurological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Prete
- a Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Luca Tommasi
- a Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
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16
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Prete G, Tommasi L. Split-brain patients: Visual biases for faces. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 238:271-291. [PMID: 30097195 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Split-brain patients constitute a small subpopulation of epileptic patients who have received the surgical resection of the callosal fibers in an attempt to reduce the spread of epileptic foci between the cerebral hemispheres. The study of callosotomy patients allowed neuropsychologists to investigate the effects of the hemispheric disconnection, shedding more light on the perceptual and cognitive abilities of each hemisphere in isolation. This view that callosotomy completely isolates the hemispheres has now been revised, in favor of the idea of a dynamic functional reorganization of the two sides of the brain; however, the evidence collected from split-brain patients is still a milestone in the neurosciences. The right-hemispheric superiority found in the healthy population concerning face perception has been further supported with split-brains, and it has been shown that the right disconnected hemisphere appears superior to the left hemisphere in recognizing and processing faces with similar characteristics as the observers' (e.g., gender, identity, etc.). Even more controversial is the field of hemispheric asymmetries for processing facial emotion, some evidence suggesting a right-hemispheric superiority for all emotions, some others showing a complementary hemispheric asymmetry depending on the positive or negative emotional valence. Although the practice of callosotomy is mostly abandoned today in favor of pharmacological alternatives, further studies on the remaining split-brain patients could help advance our understanding of hemispheric specialization for social stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Prete
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Ocklenburg S, Gerding WM, Raane M, Arning L, Genç E, Epplen JT, Güntürkün O, Beste C. PLP1 Gene Variation Modulates Leftward and Rightward Functional Hemispheric Asymmetries. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7691-7700. [PMID: 29435918 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular neurobiological factors determining corpus callosum physiology and anatomy have been suggested to be one of the major factors determining functional hemispheric asymmetries. Recently, it was shown that allelic variations in two myelin-related genes, the proteolipid protein 1 gene PLP1 and the contactin 1 gene CNTN1, are associated with differences in interhemispheric integration. Here, we investigated whether three single nucleotide polymorphisms that were associated with interhemispheric integration via the corpus callosum in a previous study also are relevant for functional hemispheric asymmetries. To this end, we tested more than 900 healthy adults with the forced attention dichotic listening task, a paradigm to assess language lateralization and its modulation by cognitive control processes. Moreover, we used the line bisection task, a paradigm to assess functional hemispheric asymmetries in spatial attention. We found that a polymorphism in PLP1, but not CNTN1, was associated with performance differences in both tasks. Both functional hemispheric asymmetries and their modulation by cognitive control processes were affected. These findings suggest that both left and right hemisphere dominant cognitive functions can be modulated by allelic variation in genes affecting corpus callosum structure. Moreover, higher order cognitive processes may be relevant parameters when investigating the molecular basis of hemispheric asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Wanda M Gerding
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maximilian Raane
- Faculty of Health, ZBAF, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Larissa Arning
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Erhan Genç
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg T Epplen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Faculty of Health, ZBAF, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic
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A neuroanatomical account of mental time travelling in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of functional and structural neuroimaging data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Estudillo AJ. Commentary: My face or yours? Event-related potential correlates of self-face processing. Front Psychol 2017; 8:608. [PMID: 28473790 PMCID: PMC5397524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Doi H, Shinohara K. Attention allocation towards own face is pronounced during middle adolescence: an eye-tracking study. Dev Sci 2016; 21. [PMID: 27873384 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased interest in the self has long been deemed to be one of the most peculiar characteristics of adolescence. On the basis of this, we conjectured that attentiveness towards self-relevant information, especially one's own face, becomes more pronounced during the middle adolescence. The present study tested this hypothesis by comparing the pattern of visuospatial attention allocation to their own face among early, middle and late adolescent males using an eye-tracking methodology. The results have shown a clear pattern of increased attention allocation towards their own face over a close friend's and a stranger's face in middle adolescents, but fixation durations on their own and a friend's face did not differ from each other in early and late adolescents. In addition, middle adolescents showed higher public self-consciousness and a lower level of self-esteem than early and late adolescents, respectively. These results indicate that attention allocation towards one's own face is more pronounced during middle adolescence, and is associated with increased interest in their own attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Doi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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21
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Prete G, Fabri M, Foschi N, Tommasi L. Face gender categorization and hemispheric asymmetries: Contrasting evidence from connected and disconnected brains. Neuroscience 2016; 339:210-218. [PMID: 27746345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated hemispheric asymmetries in categorization of face gender by means of a divided visual field paradigm, in which female and male faces were presented unilaterally for 150ms each. A group of 60 healthy participants (30 males) and a male split-brain patient (D.D.C.) were asked to categorize the gender of the stimuli. Healthy participants categorized male faces presented in the right visual field (RVF) better and faster than when presented in the left visual field (LVF), and female faces presented in the LVF than in the RVF, independently of the participants' sex. Surprisingly, the recognition rates of D.D.C. were at chance levels - and significantly lower than those of the healthy participants - for both female and male faces presented in the RVF, as well as for female faces presented in the LVF. His performance was higher than expected by chance - and did not differ from controls - only for male faces presented in the LVF. The residual right-hemispheric ability of the split-brain patient in categorizing male faces reveals an own-gender bias lateralized in the right hemisphere, in line with the rightward own-identity and own-age bias previously shown in split-brain patients. The gender-contingent hemispheric dominance found in healthy participants confirms the previously shown right-hemispheric superiority in recognizing female faces, and also reveals a left-hemispheric superiority in recognizing male faces, adding an important evidence of hemispheric imbalance in the field of face and gender perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Prete
- Department of Psychological Science, Health and Territory, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neuroscience and Cell Biology Section, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Foschi
- Regional Epilepsy Center, Neurological Clinic, "Ospedali Riuniti", Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Psychological Science, Health and Territory, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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22
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Thirioux B, Wehrmann M, Langbour N, Jaafari N, Berthoz A. Identifying Oneself with the Face of Someone Else Impairs the Egocentered Visuo-spatial Mechanisms: A New Double Mirror Paradigm to Study Self-other Distinction and Interaction. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1283. [PMID: 27610095 PMCID: PMC4997047 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Looking at our face in a mirror is one of the strongest phenomenological experiences of the Self in which we need to identify the face as reflected in the mirror as belonging to us. Recent behavioral and neuroimaging studies reported that self-face identification not only relies upon visual-mnemonic representation of one’s own face but also upon continuous updating and integration of visuo-tactile signals. Therefore, bodily self-consciousness plays a major role in self-face identification, with respect to interplay between unisensory and multisensory processing. However, if previous studies demonstrated that the integration of multisensory body-related signals contributes to the visual processing of one’s own face, there is so far no data regarding how self-face identification, inversely, contributes to bodily self-consciousness. In the present study, we tested whether self–other face identification impacts either the egocentered or heterocentered visuo-spatial mechanisms that are core processes of bodily self-consciousness and sustain self–other distinction. For that, we developed a new paradigm, named “Double Mirror.” This paradigm, consisting of a semi-transparent double mirror and computer-controlled Light Emitting Diodes, elicits self–other face merging illusory effect in ecologically more valid conditions, i.e., when participants are physically facing each other and interacting. Self-face identification was manipulated by exposing pairs of participants to an Interpersonal Visual Stimulation in which the reflection of their faces merged in the mirror. Participants simultaneously performed visuo-spatial and mental own-body transformation tasks centered on their own face (egocentered) or the face of their partner (heterocentered) in the pre- and post-stimulation phase. We show that self–other face identification altered the egocentered visuo-spatial mechanisms. Heterocentered coding was preserved. Our data suggest that changes in self-face identification induced a bottom-up conflict between the current visual representation and the stored mnemonic representation of one’s own face which, in turn, top-down impacted bodily self-consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérangère Thirioux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action UMR 7152 CNRS, Collège de FranceParis, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri LaboritPoitiers, France
| | - Moritz Wehrmann
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action UMR 7152 CNRS, Collège de FranceParis, France; Bauhaus-Universität WeimarWeimar, Germany
| | - Nicolas Langbour
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit Poitiers, France
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri LaboritPoitiers, France; Université de Poitiers - INSERM CIC-P 1402 du CHU de Poitiers - INSERM U 1084, Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory - Groupement de Recherche CNRS 3557Poitiers, France
| | - Alain Berthoz
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action UMR 7152 CNRS, Collège de France Paris, France
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Hu C, Di X, Eickhoff SB, Zhang M, Peng K, Guo H, Sui J. Distinct and common aspects of physical and psychological self-representation in the brain: A meta-analysis of self-bias in facial and self-referential judgements. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 61:197-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Chen ZX, Xue L, Liang CY, Wang LL, Mei W, Zhang Q, Zhao H. Specific marker of feigned memory impairment: The activation of left superior frontal gyrus. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 36:164-71. [PMID: 26479324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Faking memory impairment means normal people complain lots of memory problems without organic damage in forensic assessments. Using alternative forced-choice paradigm, containing digital or autobiographical information, previous neuroimaging studies have indicated that faking memory impairment could cause the activation in the prefrontal and parietal regions, and might involve a fronto-parietal-subcortical circuit. However, it is still unclear whether different memory types have influence on faking or not. Since different memory types, such as long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM), were found supported by different brain areas, we hypothesized that feigned STM or LTM impairment had distinct neural activation mapping. Besides that, some common neural correlates may act as the general characteristic of feigned memory impairment. To verify this hypothesis, the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combined with an alternative word forced-choice paradigm were used in this study. A total of 10 right-handed participants, in this study, had to perform both STW and LTM tasks respectively under answering correctly, answering randomly and feigned memory impairment conditions. Our results indicated that the activation of the left superior frontal gyrus and the left medial frontal gyrus was associated with feigned LTM impairment, whereas the left superior frontal gyrus, the left precuneus and the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were highly activated while feigning STM impairment. Furthermore, an overlapping was found in the left superior frontal gyrus, and it suggested that the activity of the left superior frontal gyrus might be acting as a specific marker of feigned memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xiang Chen
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Xue
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Yu Liang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hu Zhao
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Yeh ZT, Tsai CF. Impairment on theory of mind and empathy in patients with stroke. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:612-20. [PMID: 24521285 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Impaired social function has been described in patients following stroke. The present study was designed to explore the degree of impairment in the ability to infer mental states in others, or cognitive and affective theory of mind, and empathy, in patients with stroke. METHOD A total of 34 patients with stroke were compared to 40 control subjects on tasks testing verbal and non-verbal theory of mind and empathy. RESULTS Results indicated that patients with stroke were significantly impaired in both cognitive and affective theory of mind, even controlling for basic cognitive function and emotional processing. The patients with right stroke had poorer performance than those with left stroke on the cognitive component of non-verbal theory of mind. On the subscale of cognitive empathy, the right stroke group had poorer performance on perspective-taking than the control group. CONCLUSION The right hemisphere may play an important role in decoding non-verbal cues to infer others' minds as well as the processing of empathy, especially the ability of perspective-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Ting Yeh
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Ionta S, Martuzzi R, Salomon R, Blanke O. The brain network reflecting bodily self-consciousness: a functional connectivity study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:1904-13. [PMID: 24396007 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several brain regions are important for processing self-location and first-person perspective, two important aspects of bodily self-consciousness. However, the interplay between these regions has not been clarified. In addition, while self-location and first-person perspective in healthy subjects are associated with bilateral activity in temporoparietal junction (TPJ), disturbed self-location and first-person perspective result from damage of only the right TPJ. Identifying the involved brain network and understanding the role of hemispheric specializations in encoding self-location and first-person perspective, will provide important information on system-level interactions neurally mediating bodily self-consciousness. Here, we used functional connectivity and showed that right and left TPJ are bilaterally connected to supplementary motor area, ventral premotor cortex, insula, intraparietal sulcus and occipitotemporal cortex. Furthermore, the functional connectivity between right TPJ and right insula had the highest selectivity for changes in self-location and first-person perspective. Finally, functional connectivity revealed hemispheric differences showing that self-location and first-person perspective modulated the connectivity between right TPJ, right posterior insula, and right supplementary motor area, and between left TPJ and right anterior insula. The present data extend previous evidence on healthy populations and clinical observations in neurological deficits, supporting a bilateral, but right-hemispheric dominant, network for bodily self-consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Ionta
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Martuzzi
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roy Salomon
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Munevar G, Cole ML, Ye Y, Yang J, Zheng Y, Krishnamurthy U, Haacke M. fMRI study of self vs. others' attributions of traits consistent with evolutionary understanding of the self. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7243/2052-6946-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Staniloiu A, Borsutzky S, Woermann FG, Markowitsch HJ. Social cognition in a case of amnesia with neurodevelopmental mechanisms. Front Psychol 2013; 4:342. [PMID: 23805111 PMCID: PMC3690456 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic-autobiographical memory (EAM) is considered to emerge gradually in concert with the development of other cognitive abilities (such as executive functions, personal semantic knowledge, emotional knowledge, theory of mind (ToM) functions, language, and working memory). On the brain level its emergence is accompanied by structural and functional reorganization of different components of the so-called EAM network. This network includes the hippocampal formation, which is viewed as being vital for the acquisition of memories of personal events for long-term storage. Developmental studies have emphasized socio-cultural-linguistic mechanisms that may be unique to the development of EAM. Furthermore it was hypothesized that one of the main functions of EAM is the social one. In the research field, the link between EAM and social cognition remains however debated. Herein we aim to bring new insights into the relation between EAM and social information processing (including social cognition) by describing a young adult patient with amnesia with neurodevelopmental mechanisms due to perinatal complications accompanied by hypoxia. The patient was investigated medically, psychiatrically, and with neuropsychological and neuroimaging methods. Structural high resolution magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant bilateral hippocampal atrophy as well as indices for degeneration in the amygdalae, basal ganglia, and thalamus, when a less conservative threshold was applied. In addition to extensive memory investigations and testing other (non-social) cognitive functions, we employed a broad range of tests that assessed social information processing (social perception, social cognition, social regulation). Our results point to both preserved (empathy, core ToM functions, visual affect selection, and discrimination, affective prosody discrimination) and impaired domains of social information processing (incongruent affective prosody processing, complex social judgments). They support proposals for a role of the hippocampal formation in processing more complex social information that likely requires multimodal relational handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Borsutzky
- Physiological Psychology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Hans J. Markowitsch
- Physiological Psychology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Advanced ScienceDelmenhorst, Germany
- Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
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Vercueil L, Perronne-Bertolotti M. Ictal inner speech jargon. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 27:307-9. [PMID: 23523813 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on the case of a woman with jargon aphasic seizures who provided a careful written report of inner speech jargon occurring during her seizures. This inner speech jargon description is an unusual finding since in most aphasic disorders, patients also suffer from anosognosia. This case report may suggest that jargon could also involve inner speech and could be innerly detected as such. It provides an argument supporting the idea that common mechanisms may underlie both "overt" and "covert" production of jargon during aphasia.
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Reggia JA. The rise of machine consciousness: studying consciousness with computational models. Neural Netw 2013; 44:112-31. [PMID: 23597599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to create computational models of consciousness have accelerated over the last two decades, creating a field that has become known as artificial consciousness. There have been two main motivations for this controversial work: to develop a better scientific understanding of the nature of human/animal consciousness and to produce machines that genuinely exhibit conscious awareness. This review begins by briefly explaining some of the concepts and terminology used by investigators working on machine consciousness, and summarizes key neurobiological correlates of human consciousness that are particularly relevant to past computational studies. Models of consciousness developed over the last twenty years are then surveyed. These models are largely found to fall into five categories based on the fundamental issue that their developers have selected as being most central to consciousness: a global workspace, information integration, an internal self-model, higher-level representations, or attention mechanisms. For each of these five categories, an overview of past work is given, a representative example is presented in some detail to illustrate the approach, and comments are provided on the contributions and limitations of the methodology. Three conclusions are offered about the state of the field based on this review: (1) computational modeling has become an effective and accepted methodology for the scientific study of consciousness, (2) existing computational models have successfully captured a number of neurobiological, cognitive, and behavioral correlates of conscious information processing as machine simulations, and (3) no existing approach to artificial consciousness has presented a compelling demonstration of phenomenal machine consciousness, or even clear evidence that artificial phenomenal consciousness will eventually be possible. The paper concludes by discussing the importance of continuing work in this area, considering the ethical issues it raises, and making predictions concerning future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Reggia
- Department of Computer Science, A. V. Williams Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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31
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Herzig DA, Sullivan S, Evans J, Corcoran R, Mohr C. Hemispheric asymmetry and theory of mind: is there an association? Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2013; 17:371-96. [PMID: 22263878 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2011.643556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In autism and schizophrenia attenuated/atypical functional hemispheric asymmetry and theory of mind impairments have been reported, suggesting common underlying neuroscientific correlates. We here investigated whether impaired theory of mind performance is associated with attenuated/atypical hemispheric asymmetry. An association may explain the co-occurrence of both dysfunctions in psychiatric populations. METHODS Healthy participants (n=129) performed a left hemisphere (lateralised lexical decision task) and right hemisphere (lateralised face decision task) dominant task as well as a visual cartoon task to assess theory of mind performance. RESULTS Linear regression analyses revealed inconsistent associations between theory of mind performance and functional hemisphere asymmetry: enhanced theory of mind performance was only associated with (1) faster right hemisphere language processing, and (2) reduced right hemisphere dominance for face processing (men only). CONCLUSIONS The majority of non-significant findings suggest that theory of mind and functional hemispheric asymmetry are unrelated. Instead of "overinterpreting" the two significant results, discrepancies in the previous literature relating to the problem of the theory of mind concept, the variety of tasks, and the lack of normative data are discussed. We also suggest how future studies could explore a possible link between hemispheric asymmetry and theory of mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Herzig
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Balconi M, Scioli S. Error monitoring functions in response to an external feedback when an explicit judgement is required. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 83:295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Morin A. Self-Awareness Part 2: Neuroanatomy and Importance of Inner Speech. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Koven NS, Roth RM, Garlinghouse MA, Flashman LA, Saykin AJ. Regional gray matter correlates of perceived emotional intelligence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 6:582-90. [PMID: 20934987 PMCID: PMC3190210 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coping with stressful life events requires a degree of skill in the ability to attend to, comprehend, label, communicate and regulate emotions. Individuals vary in the extent to which these skills are developed, with the term 'alexithymia' often applied in the clinical and personality literature to those individuals most compromised in these skills. Although a frontal lobe model of alexithymia is emerging, it is unclear whether such a model satisfactorily reflects brain-related patterns associated with perceived emotional intelligence at the facet level. To determine whether these trait meta-mood facets (ability to attend to, have clarity of and repair emotions) have unique gray matter volume correlates, a voxel-based morphometry study was conducted in 30 healthy adults using the Trait Meta Mood Scale while co-varying for potentially confounding sociodemographic variables. Poorer Attention to Emotion was associated with lower gray matter volume in clusters distributed primarily throughout the frontal lobe, with peak correlation in the left medial frontal gyrus. Poorer Mood Repair was related to lower gray matter volume in three clusters in frontal and inferior parietal areas, with peak correlation in the left anterior cingulate. No significant volumetric correlations emerged for the Clarity of Emotion facet. We discuss the localization of these areas in the context of cortical circuits known to be involved in processes of self-reflection and cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Koven
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Bates College, 4 Andrews Road, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA.
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Otsuka Y, Osaka N, Yaoi K, Osaka M. First-person perspective effects on theory of mind without self-reference. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19320. [PMID: 21559448 PMCID: PMC3084809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined dissociations between brain networks involved in theory of mind, which is needed for guessing others' mental states, and the self, which might constitute the basis for theory of mind's development. We used event-related fMRI to compare a condition that required participants to guess the mental state of a subject featured in first-person perspective sentences (1stPP condition) with a third-person perspective sentence condition (3rdPP condition). The caudate nucleus was marginally more activated in the 1stPP than in the 3rdPP condition, while the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was significantly more activated in the 3rdPP condition as compared to the 1stPP condition. Furthermore, we examined the correlation between activation (signal intensity) of the caudate nucleus and left DLPFC with that of the right DLPFC, which is thought to be closely connected with sense of self. We found a significant correlation between caudate nucleus and right DLPFC activation in the 1stPP condition, and between left and right DLPFC activation in the 3rdPP condition. Although theory of mind and the self both appear to recruit the right DLPFC, this region seems to be accessed through the left DLPFC during theory of mind tasks, but through the caudate nucleus when tasks require self reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Otsuka
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Markowitsch HJ, Staniloiu A. Memory, autonoetic consciousness, and the self. Conscious Cogn 2011; 20:16-39. [PMID: 20951059 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ocklenburg S, Rüther N, Peterburs J, Pinnow M, Güntürkün O. Laterality in the rubber hand illusion. Laterality 2011; 16:174-87. [DOI: 10.1080/13576500903483515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Alzheimer’s disease and impairment of the Self. Conscious Cogn 2010; 19:969-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
A fashionable view in comparative psychology states that primates possess self-awareness because they exhibit mirror self-recognition (MSR), which in turn makes it possible to infer mental states in others ("theory-of-mind"; ToM). In cognitive neuroscience, an increasingly popular position holds that the right hemisphere represents the centre of self-awareness because MSR and ToM tasks presumably increase activity in that hemisphere. These two claims are critically assessed here as follows: (1) MSR should not be equated with full-blown self-awareness, as it most probably only requires kinaesthetic self-knowledge and does not involve access to one's mental events; (2) ToM and self-awareness are fairly independent and should also not be taken as equivalent notions; (3) MSR and ToM tasks engage medial and left brain areas; (4) other self-awareness tasks besides MSR and ToM tasks (e.g., self-description, autobiography) mostly recruit medial and left brain areas; (5) and recent neuropsychological evidence implies that inner speech (produced by the left hemisphere) plays a significant role in self-referential activity. The main conclusions reached based on this analysis are that (a) organisms that display MSR most probably do not possess introspective self-awareness, and (b) self-related processes most likely engage a distributed network of brain regions situated in both hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Morin
- Department of Psychology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Devue C, Brédart S. The neural correlates of visual self-recognition. Conscious Cogn 2010; 20:40-51. [PMID: 20880722 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of studies that were aimed at determining which brain regions are recruited during visual self-recognition, with a particular focus on self-face recognition. A complex bilateral network, involving frontal, parietal and occipital areas, appears to be associated with self-face recognition, with a particularly high implication of the right hemisphere. Results indicate that it remains difficult to determine which specific cognitive operation is reflected by each recruited brain area, in part due to the variability of used control stimuli and experimental tasks. A synthesis of the interpretations provided by previous studies is presented. The relevance of using self-recognition as an indicator of self-awareness is discussed. We argue that a major aim of future research in the field should be to identify more clearly the cognitive operations induced by the perception of the self-face, and search for dissociations between neural correlates and cognitive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Devue
- Centre des Neurosciences Cognitives et Comportementales, Université de Liège, Belgium.
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Pannese A, Hirsch J. Self-specific priming effect. Conscious Cogn 2010; 19:962-8. [PMID: 20598907 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Priority of the "self" is thought to be evolutionarily advantageous. However, evidence for this priority has been sparse. In this study, subjects performed a gender categorization task on self- and non-self target faces preceded by either congruent (same gender as target) or incongruent (different gender) periliminal (33ms) or subliminal (17ms) primes. We found that subliminal primes induced a priming effect only on self target faces. This discovery of a self-specific priming effect suggests that functional specificity for faces may include timing as well as spatial adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pannese
- Program for Imaging and Cognitive Sciences (PICS), Columbia University, Neurological Institute B41, 710 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Oh AK, Mulliken JB, LaBrie RA, Rogers GF. Increased Frequency of Left-Handedness in Patients with Unilateral Coronal Synostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2009; 46:237-44. [DOI: 10.1597/07-232.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:Left-handedness reportedly has been more common in persons with neurological afflictions (e.g., stroke) and malformations (e.g., cleft lip with or without cleft palate) that demonstrate marked unilateral involvement. Coronal synostosis is also more frequently unilateral, affecting the right side more commonly than the left. We sought to compare left-handedness in patients with unilateral coronal synostosis versus healthy controls.Subjects:All patients aged 3 years or older with nonsyndromic unilateral coronal synostosis and healthy controls recruited by pediatricians blinded to the study.Main Outcome Measures:Prospective data obtained for all participants included age, gender, and handedness. In patients with unilateral coronal synostosis, the side of synostosis and age at surgery were documented. Left-handedness in the study and control groups was compared using chi-square analysis. Left-handedness also was analyzed in the study group according to side of fusion.Results:Eighty-six patients with nonsyndromic unilateral coronal synostosis comprised the study group; there were 96 controls. The mean ages of the study (8.8 years) and control groups (9.8 years) were not statistically different (p > .05). There were more girls in the study group (67%) than in the control group (56%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p > .05). Left-handedness was documented in 30.2% of the study group and 11.4% of the control group (p < .005). Left-handedness was twice as common in patients with left versus right unilateral coronal synostosis (44.4% versus 20.4%; p < .05).Conclusions:Left-handedness is nearly three times more common in patients with unilateral coronal synostosis than in controls and four times more likely in patients with left-sided fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K. Oh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hasbro Children's Hospital/Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - John B. Mulliken
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard A. LaBrie
- Department of Psychiatry, HarvardMedical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gary F. Rogers
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Ten percent of people are left handed, but a higher frequency has been associated with certain craniofacial malformations, such as cleft lip and unilateral coronal synostosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of left-handedness in patients with hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Patients with HFM were identified in our craniofacial database. Normal controls were recruited by local pediatricians. Data gathered included age, sex, and handedness (determined by writing and/or drawing); the orbit, mandible, ear, nerve, and soft tissue (OMENS)-plus score and side of involvement were tabulated for patients with HFM. Hand preference was compared between the groups using chi analysis; possible correlations were analyzed between handedness and age, sex, the OMENS score, extracraniofacial findings, and side of involvement. One hundred seventy-eight patients with HFM were identified; 92 (51%) were excluded. Of the 86 included, 48% were boys (n = 47) and the mean age at inquiry was 13.5 years. Predominant side of involvement was right in 49% (n = 42) and left in 38% (n = 33). Eleven patients (13%) had severe involvement of both sides. Expanded-spectrum HFM was documented in 41% of patients. Ninety-six children were in the control group; 44% were boys (n = 42), and the mean age was 10 years. The difference in age between the groups was significant (P < 0.05), but sex differences were not. Patients with HFM were more likely to be left handed for writing compared with the control group (26% vs. 11%; P < 0.05). The frequency was higher, 36%, in those with bilateral involvement (P > 0.05). There was no correlation with predominant side or OMENS score. This study confirms that this disorder affects cerebral lateralization.
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Self-awareness deficits following loss of inner speech: Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor's case study. Conscious Cogn 2008; 18:524-9. [PMID: 18977673 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In her 2006 book "My Stroke of Insight" Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor relates her experience of suffering from a left hemispheric stroke caused by a congenital arteriovenous malformation which led to a loss of inner speech. Her phenomenological account strongly suggests that this impairment produced a global self-awareness deficit as well as more specific dysfunctions related to corporeal awareness, sense of individuality, retrieval of autobiographical memories, and self-conscious emotions. These are examined in details and corroborated by numerous excerpts from Taylor's book.
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Caixeta L. Altered state of corporal consciousness related to alien hand syndrome and schizophrenic motor passivity. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2008; 30:290-1. [PMID: 18833431 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462008000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The role of the right temporo-parietal junction in maintaining a coherent sense of one's body. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:3014-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temperament refers to enduring behavioral characteristics that underpin individual differences in human behavior, including risk for psychopathology. Research attempting to investigate the neurobiological basis of temperament represents an important step toward elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying these individual differences. In the present study, we examined the relation between four core temperament dimensions and anatomically defined regions of the limbic and prefrontal cortices. METHOD We used a cross-sectional design to examine a large sample (N = 153; mean age 12.6 years, SD 0.4, range 11.4-13.7) of healthy early adolescents who were selected from a larger sample to maximize variation in temperament. The main outcome measures were psychometric measures of temperament (four factors: effortful control, negative affectivity, surgency, and affiliativeness) based on the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised, and volumetric measures of a priori brain regions of interest (anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus). RESULTS We found regional brain volumes to account for small but significant amounts of the variance in self-reported temperament scores. Specifically, higher effortful control was associated with larger volume of the left orbitofrontal cortex and hippocampus. Higher negative affectivity was associated with smaller volume of the left dorsal paralimbic relative to limbic portion of the ACC. Higher affiliativeness was associated with larger volume of the right rostral/ventral limbic portion of the ACC. Affiliativeness and surgency also showed a number of female-specific associations, primarily involving the rostral/ventral ACC. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide support for a neuroanatomical basis for individual differences in temperament and have implications for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the development of a number of psychiatric disorders.
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Impaired social cognition 30 years after hemispherectomy for intractable epilepsy: the importance of the right hemisphere in complex social functioning. Epilepsy Behav 2008; 12:460-71. [PMID: 18222112 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical research with individuals following hemispherectomy typically quantifies the success of surgical outcomes by focusing primarily on the achievement of seizure control and the preservation of general brain functions, such as movement, sensation, language, and memory. In addition to these outcomes, careful study of individuals following hemispherectomy also has the potential to contribute to our understanding of functional brain asymmetries involving other complex cognitive behaviors. In this study, we report preliminary evidence for the lateralization of social perception. We administered a series of neuropsychological tests that were developed to assess emotional recognition and the formation of social inferences and advanced social cognitive judgments, as they occur in everyday situations, to two adult participants who underwent complete anatomic left- or right-sided hemispherectomy. Our results show that despite a 30-year postsurgical period of recovery and consistent and high levels of family support and social engagement, distinct cognitive profiles are still evident between our right- and left-sided participants. In particular, participant S.M., who underwent an anatomic right hemispherectomy, showed the most severe impairments in identifying negative emotional expressions and conversational exchanges involving lies and sarcasm and in "mentalizing" the intent of others. In contrast, participant J.H., who underwent an anatomic left hemispherectomy was highly skilled interpersonally, despite evident language-related limitations, and showed only mild difficulties when asked to identify emotional expressions involving disgust and anger. These results suggest that the right hemisphere plays a particularly important role in social cognitive functioning and reasoning. Further examination of the extent of social perceptual difficulties prior to and following surgical intervention for epilepsy may guide the development of effective social skills training programs that can improve quality of life beyond seizure control.
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