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Wani TA, Zargar S. New ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of irbesartan in human plasma. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:569-576. [PMID: 28911717 PMCID: PMC9351789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the objective of reducing analysis time and maintaining good efficiency, there has been substantial focus on high-speed chromatographic separations and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) is a preeminent analytical tool for rapid biomedical analysis. In this study a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS method was developed and validated for quantification of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist, irbesartan (IRB), in human plasma. After a simple protein precipitation using methanol and acetonitrile, IRB and internal standard (IS) telmisartan were separated on Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, i.d. 1.7 μm, Waters, Milford, MA, USA) using a mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile: methanol: 10 mM ammonium acetate (70: 15: 15 v/v/v) with a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and detected MS/MS in negative ion mode. The ion transitions recorded in multiple reaction monitoring mode were m/z 427.2→193.08 for IRB and m/z 513.2→469.3 for IS. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 2-500 ng/mL for IRB in human plasma with good correlation coefficient of (0.995) and with a lower limit of quantitation of 2 ng/mL. The intra- and interassay precisions were satisfactory; the relative standard deviations did not exceed 9.91%. The proposed UPLC-MS/MS method is simple, rapid, and highly sensitive, and hence it could be reliable for pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic study in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Seema Zargar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hedaya MA, Helmy SA. Modeling of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction between irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in normotensive subjects. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:216-31. [PMID: 25545238 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) interaction between irbesartan (IRB) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in normotensive subjects. METHODS A three-way crossover study was used. Serial drug concentrations and drug effects, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were monitored after administration of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination. The data were fitted to a PK/PD model and the parameters for irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide when administered alone and in combination were compared. RESULTS The plasma profiles for irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide followed the two-compartment model after a single dose. The PK parameters of irbesartan were not affected by hydrochlorothiazide; however irbesartan decreased the hydrochlorothiazide AUC by 25% and increased its clearance by 25%. There were no significant changes in heart rate after each drug alone or in combination. Irbesartan plus hydrochlorothiazide had a greater blood pressure lowering effect compared with irbesartan alone, despite the unchanged irbesartan PK. The relationship between irbesartan plasma concentration and its effects plotted in chronological order showed anticlockwise hysteresis. The PD parameter estimates for the effect of irbesartan on systolic blood pressure, when administered with hydrochlorothiazide were significantly different from those when irbesartan was administered alone. This was manifested by a 25% increase in Emax , and a 40% decrease in EC50 , suggesting a synergistic blood pressure lowering effect for the combination. While parameter estimates for the effect of irbesartan on diastolic blood pressure were changed by hydrochlorothiazide, the differences were only significant for EC50 . CONCLUSION A limited potential for clinically significant interactions between irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide at the given doses were observed; therefore, no dosage adjustments were recommended for either drug when used together. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01858610)
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen A Hedaya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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Waeber B, Burnier M. AT1receptor antagonism in hypertension: what has been learned with irbesartan? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 1:23-33. [PMID: 15030294 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.1.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Irbesartan is a long-acting angiotensin II antagonist acting specifically at the level of the Type 1-receptor subtype (AT1-receptor). This compound lowers blood pressure dose-dependently in hypertensive patients and has a placebo-like tolerability. The antihypertensive efficacy of irbesartan is greatly enhanced by the coadministration of a diuretic, and fixed-dose combinations of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide are now available. Irbesartan-based treatment appears especially effective for high-risk patients, such as those with diabetes, renal disease and cardiac hypertrophy. In patients with Type 2 diabetes, irbesartan delays the development of nephropathy as well as the progression of renal failure. Irbesartan may have antiatherosclerotic properties beyond those expected from blood pressure lowering per se: this AT1-blocker decreases the vascular oxidative stress and prevents the procoagulant as well as the pro-inflammatory effects of angiotensin II. Irbesartan given alone or in combination with a diuretic therefore represents a rational approach to treat hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Waeber
- University Hospital, Division of Pathophysiology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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He S, Franco C, Zhang W. Functions, applications and production of protein hydrolysates from fish processing co-products (FPCP). Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Quantitation of irbesartan and major proteins in human plasma by mass spectrometry with time-of-flight analyzer. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:100-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yan B, Wang G, Sun J, Li X, Zheng Y, Ai H, Lv H, Wu X, Xu J. Identification of the major metabolites of 5-n-butyl-4-{4-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]phenylmethyl}-2,4-dihydro-2-(2,6-dichloridephenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, a new angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, in rat bile by HPLC-diode array detection-MS and HPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:912-24. [PMID: 17428010 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
5-n-Butyl-4-{4-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]phenylmethyl}-2,4-dihydro-2-(2,6-dichloridephenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (1b), a new non-peptide angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, has been observed to play a positive role in the treatment of hypertension in preclinical tests. Rats were dosed with the drug, and the major metabolites in the bile were separated by gradient elution high-performance liquid chromatography. HPLC-diode array detection-mass spectrometry, HPLC-electrospray ionization MS/MS methods in negative ion mode and collision-induced dissociation were used to elucidate the structures of the major metabolites of 1b. One dihydroxylated 1b (M1), two monohydoxylated 1b (M2, M3) and one 1b monoglucuronide (M5) were found in male rat bile; however, three monohydoxylated 1b (M2, M3, M4) and one 1b monoglucuronide (M5) were found in female rat bile. These metabolites greatly differ in amount between male and female rat bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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Huang XH, Li J, Qiu FR, Xie HT, Huang JH, Li JC, Zheng QS. PK-PD modeling of irbesartan in healthy Chinese adult volunteers under non-steady-state conditions. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006; 31:259-64. [PMID: 17315536 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to construct a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model (PK-PD model) of irbesartan in healthy Chinese adult volunteers under non-steady-state conditions and provide relevant PK/PD parameters for use in clinical practice. Thirty-six healthy Chinese adult male volunteers received 150 or 300 mg irbesartan orally in tablet form (2 groups; n = 18 per group). Plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC and pharmacological effects, including effects on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured simultaneously. The experimental data were quantitatively analyzed according to the PK-PD model construct. PK/PD parameters were calculated. Blood pressure remained almost unchanged at an irbesartan dose of 150 mg under non-steady-state conditions. After a single dose of 300 mg, the pharmacokinetic profiles of irbesartan conformed to a two-compartment model. There were hysteresis loops between drug effects and plasma concentrations. The relationship between effects and effect compartment concentrations (Ce) could be represented by the sigmoid-Emax model. The Emax values for the inhibitory effects on SBP and DBP of irbesartan were 14.8 +/- 1.5 and 9.8 +/- 2.1 mmHg respectively, the EC50 values were 0.29 +/- 0.11 and 0.18 +/- 0.07 microg x ml(-1), while the K(eo) values were 0.62 +/- 0.09 and 0.68 +/- 0.07 h(-1), respectively. The PK-PD model of irbesartan was developed in healthy Chinese adult male volunteers, and may provide a more rational basis for dosage individualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Huang
- Center of Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, People's Republic of China
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Huang XH, Qiu FR, Xie HT, Li J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in renal hypertensive dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 46:863-9. [PMID: 16306814 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000191289.35182.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Combined irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) formulations are often used clinically. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling was applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between irbesartan and HCTZ in renal hypertensive dogs at non-steady-state and steady-state. The renal hypertensive dogs were treated with oral irbesartan alone, or HCTZ alone, or the combination of irbesartan and HCTZ for 8 days. Blood pressure and plasma concentrations were measured and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters were analyzed. Irbesartan showed a two-compartment model pharmacokinetic profile. The concentration-time course of irbesartan was not changed by HCTZ, but irbesartan increased the peak plasma concentration and area under the curve of HCTZ at steady-state. HCTZ had no blood pressure lowering effect at non-steady-state. Irbesartan plus HCTZ had greater blood pressure lowering action than irbesartan alone. HCTZ increased actions of irbesartan. Hysteresis loops were found between effect and plasma concentrations of irbesartan after a single dose. However, hysteresis loops disappeared at steady state with more rapid realization of maximum concentration and effects. The relationship between effects and effect-compartment concentrations of the drugs was represented by a sigmoid Emax model. The results suggest synergistic pharmacodynamic interaction between irbesartan and HCTZ in renal hypertensive dogs and some differences of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties between irbesartan and irbesartan/HCTZ combinations at non-steady-state and steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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Huang XH, Qiu FR, Xie HT, Li J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of irbesartan in renal hypertensive dogs under non-steady-state and steady-state conditions. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2005; 30:121-6. [PMID: 16010871 DOI: 10.1007/bf03226417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of irbesartan in renal hypertensive dogs under non-steady-state and steady-state conditions using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling. Drugs were administered intragastrically to renal hypertensive dogs, plasma drug concentration was determined by HPLC method and Pharmacologic effects, including SBP, DBP, dp/dtmax and LVSP, were measured simultaneously. AT II, Aldosterone (ALD) and Endothelin (ET) were also used as measurement of effect. The PK and PD data were quantitatively analyzed according to the PK/PD model theory. The pharmacokinetic profiles of irbesartan conformed to a two-compartment open model. There was hysteresis loops between effects and plasma concentrations under non-steady-state condition. The relationship between effects and effect compartment concentrations (Ce) could be represented by the Sigmoid-Emax model. The Hysteresis loops disappeared under steady-state condition with more rapidly attainment of maximum concentration and effect. There were certain difference of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties between non-steady-state and steady-state condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Nanjing, China
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Altun GD, Altun A, Yildiz M, Firat MF, Hacimahmutoglu S, Berkarda S. Irbesartan has a masking effect on dipyridamole stress induced myocardial perfusion defects. Nucl Med Commun 2004; 25:195-9. [PMID: 15154711 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200402000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist irbesartan is used for the treatment of hypertension, but its anti-ischaemic effect is not yet known. Our aim was to assess the effect of irbesartan administration on the diagnostic yield of 99mTc sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) after dipyridamole stress. METHODS Our study group consisted of 13 patients (11 men and two women; mean age, 53.3 +/- 10.6 years; body mass index, 26.9 +/- 3.3 kg x m(-2)) with angiographically documented CAD. All patients underwent SmTc sestamibi SPECT studies at rest, before (STRESS-1) and 2 weeks after irbesartan (150 mg daily) administration (STRESS-2) at dipyridamole stress. The extent and severity of defects were analysed by using visual and quantitative 99mTc sestamibi SPECT. RESULTS The mean summed stress score was significantly higher during the STRESS-1 study than the STRESS-2 study (13.2 +/- 7.4 vs. 11 +/- 7.4, P=0.003). The mean size of perfusion defects at stress was significantly larger for the STRESS-1 group than the STRESS-2 group (17.8% +/- 2.85% vs. 15.3% +/- 2.95%, P=0.01). CONCLUSION Our study showed that the AT1 receptor blocker irbesartan reduces the extent and severity of 99mTc sestamibi perfusion defects after dipyridamole stress in patients with CAD. Irbesartan may alter coronary blood flow reserve. The continued use of irbesartan before stress myocardial perfusion SPECT has a masking effect on stress induced myocardial perfusion defects. For this reason AT1 receptor blockers must be stopped before stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulay Durmus Altun
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Edirne, Turkey.
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Gartenmann AC, Fossali E, von Vigier RO, Simonetti GD, Schmidtko J, Edefonti A, Bianchetti MG. Better renoprotective effect of angiotensin II antagonist compared to dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker in childhood. Kidney Int 2003; 64:1450-4. [PMID: 12969165 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine and the angiotensin II antagonist irbesartan effectively reduce blood pressure in hypertensive children. METHODS Eligible for the open-label, randomized study were nephropathic children between 6.0 and 18 years of age with plasma creatinine <177 micromol/L, overt proteinuria, untreated arterial hypertension (systolic, 5 to 30 mm Hg; and diastolic, 1 to 15 mm Hg;>95th centile) and stable immunosuppressive treatment. The initial dose of amlodipine was 5 mg (body weight, 20 to 40 kg) and 10 mg (body weight,>40 kg), respectively, that of irbesartan, which was 75 mg (body weight, 20 to 40 kg) and 150 mg (body weight,>40 kg), respectively. The dosage was doubled if necessary. RESULTS A total of 26 children aged 6.1 to 17 years were allocated to receive either amlodipine (N = 13) or irbesartan (N = 13) for 16 weeks. Severe edema and headache occurred in two patients on amlodipine who withdrew from the study. No adverse experiences were noted in patients given irbesartan. Amlodipine [by 12 (10 to 14)/7 (5 to 10) mm Hg; median and interquartile range, respectively] and irbesartan [by 13 (9 to 16)/9 (7 to 11) mm Hg, respectively] reduced blood pressure (P < 0.01) in a similar fashion. Heart rate, plasma sodium, and creatinine did not change. Irbesartan slightly increased plasma potassium [by 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) mmol/L; P < 0.05]. Plasma albumin and the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio were similar before and with amlodipine. On the contrary, irbesartan increased plasma albumin [by 4 (3 to 5) g/L; P < 0.03] and decreased the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio [by 242 (68 to 312) mg/mmol; P < 0.03]. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that in children the effect of angiotensin II antagonists on proteinuria is better than that of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Gartenmann
- Division of Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Despite the availability of various classes of antihypertensive agents that lower blood pressure by different primary actions, the treatment of hypertension remains a difficult task. Essential hypertension has a highly heterogeneous character, so that monotherapies are often not sufficient to normalize blood pressure. This is especially true since the goal of treatment is currently to normalize both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. By combining medications acting by different mechanisms, it is possible to gain considerably in terms of antihypertensive efficacy because of synergistic impacts on the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, low doses of antihypertensive agents are generally sufficient when used in combination, which accounts for the excellent tolerability of combination products. Fixed low-dose combinations are very useful tools for treating hypertensive patients. Because of their simplicity of use, and the fact that they improve the blood pressure response rate while minimizing the incidence of adverse effects, such combinations are increasingly being considered as suitable for both second-line and first-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Waeber
- University Hospital, Division of Clinical Pathophysiology, PPA BH-19, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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