1
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Ega SP, Srinivasan P. Sulfonated rGO from waste dry cell graphite rod and its hybrid with PANI as electrode for supercapacitor. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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2
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Horti NC, Kamatagi MD, Patil NR, Nataraj SK, Patil SA, Inamdar SR. Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of polycarbazole/tin oxide (PCz/SnO2) polymer nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Bekkar F, Bettahar F, Moreno I, Meghabar R, Hamadouche M, Hernáez E, Vilas-Vilela JL, Ruiz-Rubio L. Polycarbazole and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Applications. A Review of the Last 10 Years. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2227. [PMID: 32998386 PMCID: PMC7601494 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycarbazole and its derivatives have been extensively used for the last three decades, although the interest in these materials briefly decreased. However, the increasing demand for conductive polymers for several applications such as light emitting diodes (OLEDs), capacitators or memory devices, among others, has renewed the interest in carbazole-based materials. In this review, the synthetic routes used for the development of carbazole-based polymers have been summarized, reviewing the main synthetic methodologies, namely chemical and electrochemical polymerization. In addition, the applications reported in the last decade for carbazole derivatives are analysed. The emergence of flexible and wearable electronic devices as a part of the internet of the things could be an important driving force to renew the interest on carbazole-based materials, being conductive polymers capable to respond adequately to requirement of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Bekkar
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, El-Mnaouer, BP 1524, Oran 31000, Algerie; (F.B.); (F.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Faiza Bettahar
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, El-Mnaouer, BP 1524, Oran 31000, Algerie; (F.B.); (F.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Isabel Moreno
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Organic Chemistry II Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Rachid Meghabar
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, El-Mnaouer, BP 1524, Oran 31000, Algerie; (F.B.); (F.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Mohammed Hamadouche
- Laboratoire de Chimie Fine, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, El-Mnaouer, BP 1524, Oran 31000, Algerie;
| | - Estibaliz Hernáez
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (E.H.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (E.H.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (E.H.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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4
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Flexible and robust reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanoparticles/polyaniline (RGO/CNs/PANI) composite films: Excellent candidates as free-standing electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Liu D, Du P, Wei W, Wang H, Wang Q, Liu P. Skeleton/skin structured (RGO/CNTs)@PANI composite fiber electrodes with excellent mechanical and electrochemical performance for all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 513:295-303. [PMID: 29156237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyaniline coated reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube composite fibers ((RGO/CNTs)@PANI, RCP) with skeleton/skin structure are designed as fiber-shaped electrodes for high performance all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor. The one-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube composite fibers (RGO/CNTs, RC) are prepared via a simple in-situ reduction of graphene oxide in presence of carbon nanotubes in quartz glass pipes, which exhibit excellent mechanical performance of >193.4 MPa of tensile strength. Then polyaniline is coated onto the RC fibers by electrodepositing technique. The electrochemical properties of the RCP fiber-shaped electrodes are optimized by adjusting the feeding ratio of carbon nanotubes. The optimized one exhibits good electrochemical characteristic such as highest volumetric specific capacitance of 193.1 F cm-3 at 1 A cm-3, as well as excellent cyclic retention of 92.60% after 2000 cyclic voltammetry cycles. Furthermore, the all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor, fabricated by using the final composite fiber as both positive and negative electrodes pre-coated with the poly(vinyl alcohol)/H2SO4 gel polyelectrolyte, possesses volumetric capacitance of 36.7 F cm-3 at 0.2 A cm-3 and could light up a red light-emitting diode easily. The excellent mechanical and electrochemical performances make the designed supercapacitor as promising high performance wearable energy storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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6
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Electrochemical preparation and characterization of a new conducting copolymer of 2,7-carbazole and 3-octylthiophene. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Liu D, Du P, Wei W, Wang H, Wang Q, Liu P. Flexible and Robust Sandwich-Structured S-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotubes/Polyaniline (S-rGO/CNTs/PANI) Composite Membranes: Excellent Candidate as Free-Standing Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Li J, Han X, Bai Q, Shan T, Lu P, Ma Y. Electropolymerized AIE-active polymer film with high quantum efficiency and its application in OLED. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Qing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Tong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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9
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Conduruta D, Cianga I, Airinei A, Grigoras M, Ivanoiu M. Electrochemical Synthesis of some Polyazomethines by Organometallic Reductive Catalysis. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008306061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three monomers with preformed Schiff base structures and ~nal bromine atoms were synthesized: N, N°-bis(4-bromophenyl)-terephthaldiimine (I), N, N°-bis(4-bromobenzylidene)-benzene-1,4-dia-mine (II) and N-(4-bromobenzylidene)-4°-bromoaniline (III). All these compounds were used to prepare polyazomethines by dehalogenative coupling reactions via organometallic reductive catalysis (Ni0.bipy). The monomers and corresponding polymers were characterized by spectral methods (FT-IR, 1HNMR, UV-Vis) as well as by thermal analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Conduruta
- Electroactive Polymers Department, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi-700487, Romania
| | - Ican Cianga
- Electroactive Polymers Department, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi-700487, Romania
| | - Anton Airinei
- Electroactive Polymers Department, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi-700487, Romania
| | - Mircea Grigoras
- Electroactive Polymers Department, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi-700487, Romania
| | - Maria Ivanoiu
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University, 71 Mangeron Bvd, Iasi-700050, Romania
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10
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Conduruta D, Antonoaia NC, Grigoras M, Ivanoiu M. Synthesis and Study of Arylenevinylene and Aryleneimine-Type Polymers Containing N-Hexyl-3.6-Carbazolyl Groups. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008306069174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two monomers with preformed Schiff base and arylenevinylene structure and final bromine substituents were synthesized by coupling of 3-formyl-6-bromo-N-hexyl-carbazole with 1,4-phenylenediamine and tetraethyl-p-xylylene diphosphonate, respectively. These compounds were used to synthesize arylenimine and arylenevinylene polymers containing N-hexyl 3,6-carbazolylydiyl units in the main chain by dehalogenative coupling reactions via organometallic reductive catalysis (Ni°.bipy). The polymers were characterized by spectral methods (Fourier transform-infrared, 1H NMR, UV-vis and fluorescence) as well as gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoleta Cristina Antonoaia
- Macromolecular Chemistry Department, ‘Gh. Asachi’ Technical University, 71 Mangeron Bvd, Iasi-700050, Romania
| | - Mircea Grigoras
- Electroactive Polymers Department, ‘P. Poni’ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda alley, Iasi-700487, Romania
| | - Maria Ivanoiu
- Macromolecular Chemistry Department, ‘Gh. Asachi’ Technical University, 71 Mangeron Bvd, Iasi-700050, Romania
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11
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Ates M, Uludag N. Poly(9H-Carbazole-9-Carbothioic Dithioperoxyanhydride) Formation and Capacitor Study. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.1002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Karon K, Lapkowski M, Dabuliene A, Tomkeviciene A, Kostiv N, Grazulevicius JV. Spectroelectrochemical characterization of conducting polymers from star-shaped carbazole-triphenylamine compounds. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Kaewtong C, Niamsa N, Pulpoka B, Tuntulani T. Reversible sensing of aqueous mercury using a rhodamine-appended polyterthiophene network on indium tin oxide substrates. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11353e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Wu TY, Tsai CJ, Tseng LY, Chen SJ, Hsieh TH, Kuo CW. Nanocomposite of Platinum Particles Embedded into Nanosheets of Polycarbazole for Methanol Oxidation. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Karon K, Lapkowski M, Juozas G. Electrochemical and UV-Vis/ESR spectroelectrochemical properties of polymers obtained from isomeric 2,7- and 3,6- linked carbazole trimers; influence of the linking topology on polymers properties. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Kim Y, Tokuda T, Yagishita F, Masu H, Kubo M, Murashiro K, Hoshino K. Preparation and Characterization of Oligo(9,9′-di-p-tolyl-3,3′-bicarbazyl) and Its Application to Transparent Conducting Materials. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoong Kim
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Science, Chiba University
| | - Takuya Tokuda
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Science, Chiba University
| | | | - Hyuma Masu
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Chiba University
| | - Minako Kubo
- Ichihara Research Center, JNC Petrochemical Corp
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Benzoyl Peroxide Oxidation Route to the Synthesis of Solvent Soluble Polycarbazole. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:987236. [PMID: 27336060 PMCID: PMC4897404 DOI: 10.1155/2014/987236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbazole was oxidized by benzoyl peroxide in presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid to polycarbazole salt at room temperature for the first time. Polycarbazole salts were synthesized via solution and emulsion polymerization pathways. Polycarbazole bases were prepared by dedoping from polycarbazole salts. Formation of polycarbazoles was confirmed from infrared, electronic absorption and EDAX spectra. Polycarbazole salt was obtained in amorphous nature in semiconductor range (10(-5) S/cm), which was found to be soluble in less and high polar solvents. Polycarbazole salt prepared by emulsion polymerization pathway showed mixture of shapes with microrod, sphere, and pores, whereas its corresponding base showed only micropores structure. On the other hand, polycarbazole salt and its corresponding base prepared by solution polymerization pathway showed flake-like morphology. Higher thermal stability was obtained for polycarbazole salt prepared by emulsion polymerization pathway than that of the salt prepared by solution polymerization pathway.
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18
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One-step synthesis and photoluminescence properties of polycarbazole spheres and Ag/polycarbazole core/shell composites. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Fan W, Zhang C, Tjiu WW, Pramoda KP, He C, Liu T. Graphene-wrapped polyaniline hollow spheres as novel hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3382-3391. [PMID: 23517224 DOI: 10.1021/am4003827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline hollow spheres (PANI-HS)@electrochemical reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) hybrids with core-shell structures have been fabricated via a solution-based coassembly process. The hollow nanostructured designing for the PANI-HS greatly enlarges the specific surface area, providing high electroactive regions and short diffusion lengths for both charge and ion transport. The wrapping of ERGO sheets on the PANI-HS can offer highly conductive pathways by bridging individual PANI-HS together, thus facilitating the rate and cycling performance of supercapacitors. The specific capacitance of PANI-HS36@ERGO hybrids can reach 614 F g(-1) at a current density of 1 A g(-1). Furthermore, the capacitance of the PANI-HS36@ERGO hybrids maintains 90% after 500 charging/discharging cycles at a current density of 1 A g(-1), indicating a good cycling stability. The greatly enhanced electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the synergic effects of the two components of PANI-HS and ERGO, suggesting that the PANI-HS@ERGO hybrids as novel electrode materials may have potential applications in high-performance energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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20
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Abd-El-Aziz A, Dalgakiran S, Kucukkaya I, Wagner B. Synthesis, electrochemistry and fluorescence behavior of thiophene derivatives decorated with coumarin, pyrene and naphthalene moieties. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Lellouche JP, Koner RR, Ghosh S. N-Substituted carbazole heterocycles and derivatives as multipurpose chemical species: at the interface of chemical engineering, polymer and materials science. REV CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2013-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Santhosh Babu S, Nakanishi T. Nonvolatile functional molecular liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:9373-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Kubota K, Hirata S, Shibano Y, Hirata O, Yahiro M, Adachi C. Liquid Carbazole Substituted with a Poly(ethylene oxide) Group and Its Application for Liquid Organic Light-emitting Diodes. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Korefumi Kubota
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University
| | - Shuzo Hirata
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Masayuki Yahiro
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University
- Institute of Systems, Information Technologies and Nanotechnologies (ISIT)
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University
- Institute of Systems, Information Technologies and Nanotechnologies (ISIT)
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Copolymer formation of 9-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)-9H-carbazole and 1-tosyl-1H-pyrrole coated on glassy carbon electrode and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Ates M, Karazehir T, Uludag N. Electrolyte effects of poly(3-methylthiophene) via PET/ITO and synthesis of 5-(3,6-di(thiophene-2-yl)-9H-carbazole-9-yl) pentanitrile on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Ates M, Uludag N. Synthesis of 9-(4-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-9H-carbazole: Comparison of an impedance study of poly[9-(4-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-9H-carbazole] on gold and carbon fiber microelectrodes. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Towards hybrid carbazole/pyrrole-based carboxylated monomers: chemical synthesis, characterisation and electro-oxidation properties. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Ates M, Uludag N, Sarac AS. Synthesis of 2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl methacrylate: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of poly(2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl methacrylate) on carbon fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Durantini J, Otero L, Funes M, Durantini EN, Fungo F, Gervaldo M. Electrochemical oxidation-induced polymerization of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[3-(N-ethylcarbazoyl)]porphyrin. Formation and characterization of a novel electroactive porphyrin thin film. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Frau AF, Estillore NC, Fulghum TM, Advincula RC. Intercalative poly(carbazole) precursor electropolymerization within hybrid nanostructured titanium oxide ultrathin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:3726-3737. [PMID: 21080659 DOI: 10.1021/am100867q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for nanostructuring and electropolymerization of a hybrid semiconductor polycarbazole-titanium oxide ultrathin film is described. Ultrathin (<100 nm) films based on polycarbazole precursor polyelectrolytes and titanium oxide (TiOx) have been fabricated by combining the layer-by-layer (LbL) and surface sol-gel layering techniques. Film growth was followed and confirmed through UV-vis spectroscopy, ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Subsequent anodic electrochemical oxidation of the carbazole pendant units afforded a conjugated polymer network (CPN) film within intercalating TiOx layers of cross-linked and π-conjugated carbazole units. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements confirmed this process. The LbL-driven polyelectrolyte deposition process resulted in a quantified electrochemical response, proportional to the number of layers, while the TiOx acted as a dielectric spacer limiting electron transfer kinetics and attenuating energy transfer in fluorescence. Electro-optical properties were compared with other polycarbazole thin film materials with respect to bandgap energy (Eg). The straightforward protocol in film nanostructuring and barrier/dielectric properties of the inorganic oxide slab (denoted here as, TiOx) should enable applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), dielectric mirrors, planar waveguides, and photovoltaic devices for these hybrid ultrathin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Frau
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Hoshino K, Yazawa N, Tanaka Y, Chiba T, Izumizawa T, Kubo M. Polycarbazole nanocomposites with conducting metal oxides for transparent electrode applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:413-424. [PMID: 20356187 DOI: 10.1021/am900684e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of conducting polycarbazole (PCz) hybrid films with a colorless transparency are described. They were prepared by the vacuum evaporation of tin, aluminum, or gallium onto anion-doped green-colored PCz films, or by applying gallium to the films, followed by their exposure to ambient air. The resultant hybrid films consisting of an undoped PCz backbone and metal compounds exhibited good transparencies (90-95% at a wavelength of 550 nm). The hybrid films have a specific cross-sectional structure in which the small regions of the metal compounds are dispersed in the PCz backbone. The hybridization reaction was mechanistically explained on the basis of the combination of a metal corrosion reaction and polymer dedoping reaction, which was successfully supported by the chemical analyses of the hybrid films. The electric conductivities of the hybrid films, measured by a four-point-probe method, ranged from 2.2 x 10(-4) to 6.0 x 10(-3) S cm(-1), which are considered to be the lowest limit because the use of the hybrid films as an electrochemical electrode reveals that a network of conductive paths is preferentially formed in the film thickness direction rather than in the in-plane direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyoshi Hoshino
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Science, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Beaujuge PM, Reynolds JR. Color Control in π-Conjugated Organic Polymers for Use in Electrochromic Devices. Chem Rev 2010; 110:268-320. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1408] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Gu C, Tang S, Yang B, Liu S, Lv Y, Wang H, Yang S, Hanif M, Lu D, Shen F, Ma Y. Almost completely dedoped electrochemically deposited luminescent films exhibiting excellent LED performance. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Berton N, Fabre-Francke I, Bourrat D, Chandezon F, Sadki S. Poly(bisthiophene-carbazole-fullerene) Double-Cable Polymer As New Donor−acceptor Material: Preparation and Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14087-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905876h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berton
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Fabre-Francke
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - David Bourrat
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Frédéric Chandezon
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Saïd Sadki
- INAC, UMR 5819-SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble I), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Parlak EA, Sarac AS, Serantoni M, Bobacka J. Electropolymerization ofN-hydroxyethylcarbazole on carbon fiber microelectrodes. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Düdükcü M, Udum YA, Ergün Y, Köleli F. Electrodeposition of poly(4-methyl carbazole-3-carboxylic acid) on steel surfaces and corrosion protection of steel. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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MIAO HM, ZHANG HL, XU JK, FAN CL, DONG B, ZENG LQ, ZHAO F. Electrochemical Polymerization of Carbazole in Acetic Acid Containing Boron Trifluoride Diethyl Etherate. CHINESE J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200890345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Yapi Abé S, Bernède JC, Ugalde L, Trégouët Y, del Valle MA. Electrochemical deposition of polycarbazole thin films onto tin oxide coated glass: Physicochemical and optoelectronic characterizations. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li M, Tang S, Shen F, Liu M, Xie W, Xia H, Liu L, Tian L, Xie Z, Lu P, Hanif M, Lu D, Cheng G, Ma Y. Electrochemically Deposited Organic Luminescent Films: The Effects of Deposition Parameters on Morphologies and Luminescent Efficiency of Films. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:17784-9. [PMID: 16956263 DOI: 10.1021/jp0631230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electropolymerization behaviors of an electroactive and luminescent compound TCPC as precursor are studied. The resultant electrochemical deposition (ED) films are characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV-vis, fluorescence spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Under the CV mode with potential range of -0.5 to 0.85 V vs Ag/Ag(+), the coupling reactions between the carbazole units of TCPC are very efficient, while the fluorescent trifluorene segment in TCPC is chemically inert in this potential range, which results in a highly fluorescent film formation on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The deposition parameters for preparing the TCPC-based ED films are optimized, and the best ED film gives the fluorescence efficiency of 45.5% with surface roughness of 2.8 nm and morphologic stability as heating to 180 degrees C. The light-emitting devices (LEDs) using this ED film as light emitting layer with structure ITO/ED film (approximately 100 nm)/Ba/Al achieve maximum luminescence and external quantum efficiency of 4224 cd/m(2) at 17 V and 0.72% at 11.5 V, respectively, which are better than the device using TCPC spin-coating films as emitting layer. The technique provides a facile route toward a patternable luminescent film and device because such luminescent ED films can be manipulatively deposited on the electrified electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure and Materials of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Sezai Sarac A, Ates M, Parlak EA. Electrolyte and solvent effects of electrocoated polycarbazole thin films on carbon fiber microelectrodes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-006-9145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Nie G, Xu J, Zhang S, Han X. Electrodeposition of High-quality Polycarbazole Films in Composite Electrolytes of Boron Trifluoride Diethyl Etherate and Ethyl Ether. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-006-9151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Li M, Tang S, Shen F, Liu M, Xie W, Xia H, Liu L, Tian L, Xie Z, Lu P, Hanif M, Lu D, Cheng G, Ma Y. Highly luminescent network films from electrochemical deposition of peripheral carbazole functionalized fluorene oligomer and their applications for light-emitting diodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:3393-5. [PMID: 16896472 DOI: 10.1039/b607242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly luminescent network films on flat indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates are prepared by electropolymerization using an electroactive and fluorescent compound as precursor; the LEDs prepared using these films as a light emitting layer achieve the maximum luminance and external quantum efficiency of 4224 cd/m(2) and 0.72%, respectively, which demonstrates that electrochemical synthesis can be a new route to construct the highly luminescent films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure and Materials of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Nie G, Xu J, Zhang S, Cai T, Han X. Electrochemical copolymerization of carbazole and 3-methylthiophene. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Witker D, Reynolds JR. Soluble Variable Color Carbazole-Containing Electrochromic Polymers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050805x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Witker
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Augé F, Sapi J, Laronze JY. Computational insight into the thermal reactivity of N-methyl-3-cyanomethyl-2-vinylindole. Competition between two pericyclic reactions. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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