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García-Jareño JJ, Agrisuelas J, Vicente F. Overview and Recent Advances in Hyphenated Electrochemical Techniques for the Characterization of Electroactive Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4226. [PMID: 37374409 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A hyphenated electrochemical technique consists of the combination of the coupling of an electrochemical technique with a non-electrochemical technique, such as spectroscopical and optical techniques, electrogravimetric techniques, and electromechanical techniques, among others. This review highlights the development of the use of this kind of technique to appreciate the useful information which can be extracted for the characterization of electroactive materials. The use of time derivatives and the acquisition of simultaneous signals from different techniques allow extra information from the crossed derivative functions in the dc-regime to be obtained. This strategy has also been effectively used in the ac-regime, reaching valuable information about the kinetics of the electrochemical processes taking place. Among others, molar masses of exchanged species or apparent molar absorptivities at different wavelengths have been estimated, increasing the knowledge of the mechanisms for different electrode processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan García-Jareño
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Agrisuelas
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Guillén E, Agrisuelas J, García-Jareño J, Vicente F. The role of lithium, perchlorate and water during electrochemical processes in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films in LiClO4 aqueous solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bojinov M, Betova I, Karastoyanov V. Modeling barrier film growth and dissolution on titanium based on EIS, XPS and photocurrent data. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Agrisuelas J, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño J, Perrot H, Sanchis-Gual R, Sel O, Vicente F. Evaluation of the electrochemical anion recognition ofNO3−-imprinted poly(Azure A) inNO3−/Cl−mixed solutions by ac-electrogravimetry. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Agrisuelas J, Delgado C, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño JJ, Perrot H, Sel O, Vicente F. The role of NH 4 + cations on the electrochemistry of Prussian Blue studied by electrochemical, mass, and color impedance spectroscopy. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Agrisuelas J, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño J, Perrot H, Sel O, Vicente F. Polymer dynamics in thin p-type conducting films investigated by ac-electrogravimetry. Kinetics aspects on anion exclusion, free solvent transfer, and conformational changes in poly(o-toluidine). Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Agrisuelas J, García-Jareño J, Moreno C, Vicente F. Correction of mass drift in ac-electrogravimetry of Prussian Yellow films. Mass impedance under apparently non-steady state condition. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Trinh D, Keddam M, Nóvoa XR, Vivier V. Characterization of adsorbates by transient measurements in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kinetic reactions in thin polyaniline films revisited through Raman–impedance dynamic coupling. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Heli H, Sattarahmady N, Majdi S. A study of the charge propagation in nanoparticles of Fe2O3 core-cobalt hexacyanoferrate shell by chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hillman AR, Dong Q, Mohamoud MA, Efimov I. Characterization of viscoelastic properties of composite films involving polyaniline and carbon nanotubes. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang X, Bernard M, Deslouis C, Joiret S, Rousseau P. A new transfer function in electrochemistry: Dynamic coupling between Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Betova I, Bojinov M, Karastoyanov V, Kinnunen P, Saario T. Estimation of kinetic and transport parameters by quantitative evaluation of EIS and XPS data. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Torres R, García JV, Arnau A, Perrot H, Kim LTT, Gabrielli C. Improved frequency/voltage converters for fast quartz crystal microbalance applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:045113. [PMID: 18447558 DOI: 10.1063/1.2908430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of frequency changes in fast quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) applications is a real challenge in today's instrumentation. In these applications, such as ac electrogravimetry, small frequency shifts, in the order of tens of hertz, around the resonance of the sensor can occur up to a frequency modulation of 1 kHz. These frequency changes have to be monitored very accurately both in magnitude and phase. Phase-locked loop techniques can be used for obtaining a high performance frequency/voltage converter which can provide reliable measurements. Sensitivity higher than 10 mVHz, for a frequency shift resolution of 0.1 Hz, with very low distortion in tracking both the magnitude and phase of the frequency variations around the resonance frequency of the sensor are required specifications. Moreover, the resonance frequency can vary in a broad frequency range from 5 to 10 MHz in typical QCM sensors, which introduces an additional difficulty. A new frequency-voltage conversion system based on a double tuning analog-digital phase-locked loop is proposed. The reported electronic characterization and experimental results obtained with conducting polymers prove its reliability for ac-electrogravimetry measurements and, in general, for fast QCM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Torres
- GIBEC-Escuela de Ingeniería de Antioquia, Universidad CES, Calle 25, Sur No. 42-73, Envigado, Colombia
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Debiemme-Chouvy C, Rubin A, Perrot H, Deslouis C, Cachet H. ac-Electrogravimetry study of ionic and solvent motion in polypyrrole films doped with an heteropolyanion, SiMo12O404−. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Darowicki K, Kawula J. Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the adsorption and relaxation of polyaniline chains during potentiodynamic redox transformations. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193507090091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Analysis of high-frequency distortions in impedance spectra of conducting polyaniline film modified Pt-electrode measured with different cell configurations. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Giménez-Romero D, Bueno PR, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño JJ, Perrot H, Vicente F. Kinetic Aspects of Ion Exchange in KhFek[Fe(CN)6]l·mH2O Compounds: A Combined Electrical and Mass Transfer Functions Approach. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:19352-63. [PMID: 17004791 DOI: 10.1021/jp061533i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present paper quantifies and develops the kinetic aspects involved in the mechanism of interplay between electron and ions presented elsewhere(1) for K(h)Fe(k)[Fe(CN)(6)](l)*mH(2)O (Prussian Blue) host materials. Accordingly, there are three different electrochemical processes involved in the PB host materials: H(3)O(+), K(+), and H(+) insertion/extraction mechanisms which here were fully kinetically studied by means of the use of combined electronic and mass transfer functions as a tool to separate all the processes. The use of combined electronic and mass transfer functions was very important to validate and confirm the proposed mechanism. This mechanism allows the electrochemical and chemical processes involved in the K(h)Fe(k)[Fe(CN)(6)](l)*mH(2)O host and Prussian Blue derivatives to be understood. In addition, a formalism was also developed to consider superficial oxygen reduction. From the analysis of the kinetic processes involved in the model, it was possible to demonstrate that the processes associated with K(+) and H(+) exchanges are reversible whereas the H(3)O(+) insertion process was shown not to present a reversible pattern. This irreversible pattern is very peculiar and was shown to be related to the catalytic proton reduction reaction. Furthermore, from the model, it was possible to calculate the number density of available sites for each intercalation/deintercalation processes and infer that they are very similar for K(+) and H(+). Hence, the high prominence of the K(+) exchange observed in the voltammetric responses has a kinetic origin and is not related to the amount of sites available for intercalation/deintercalation of the ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giménez-Romero
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
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Giménez-Romero D, Bueno PR, García-Jareño JJ, Gabrielli C, Perrot H, Vicente F. Thermodynamic Aspects of Ion Intercalation in KhFek[Fe(CN)6]l·mH2O Compounds: Application to the Everit's Salt/Prussian Blue Transition. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:19364-8. [PMID: 17004792 DOI: 10.1021/jp061534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The K(+) reversible processes for ion exchange in K(h)Fe(k)[Fe(CN)(6)](l)*mH(2)O host compounds (Prussian Blue) were thermodynamically analyzed. A thermodynamic approach was established and developed based on the consideration of a lattice-gas model where the electronic contribution to the chemical potential is neglected and the ion-host interaction is not considered. The occupation fraction of the intercalation process was calculated from the kinetic parameters obtained through ac-electrogravimetry in a previous paper. In this way, the mass potential transfer function introduces a new way to evaluate the thermodynamic aspect of intercalation. Finally, based on the thermodynamic approach, the energy used to put each K(+) ion into the host material was calculated. The values were shown to be in good agreement with the values obtained through transient techniques, for example, cyclic voltammetry. As a result, this agreement between theory and experimental data validates the thermodynamic approach considered here, and for the first time, the thermodynamic aspects of insertion were considered for mixed valence materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giménez-Romero
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a tool to estimate thickness in PB films. Electrochem commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gabrielli C, Hémery P, Liatsi P, Masure M, Perrot H. ac-Electrogravimetry study of an all solid state potassium selective electrode with polypyrrole as the solid internal contact. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Electrochemical nanogravimetric study on the ruthenium(III) trichloride–polyaniline nanocomposite. J Solid State Electrochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-005-0054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Study by EQCM on the voltammetric electrogeneration of poly(neutral red). The effect of the pH and the nature of cations and anions on the electrochemistry of the films. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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García-Jareño JJ, Giménez-Romero D, Vicente F, Gabrielli C, Keddam M, Perrot H. EIS and Ac-Electrogravimetry Study of PB Films in KCl, NaCl, and CsCl Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José J. García-Jareño
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - David Giménez-Romero
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - Francisco Vicente
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - Claude Gabrielli
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - Michel Keddam
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - Hubert Perrot
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
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Benito D, Gabrielli C, Garcı́a-Jareño J, Keddam M, Perrot H, Vicente F. An electrochemical impedance and ac-electrogravimetry study of PNR films in aqueous salt media. Electrochem commun 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(02)00387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of formation and redox transformations of poly(diphenylamine). Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Gabrielli C, García-Jareño JJ, Keddam M, Perrot H, Vicente F. Ac-Electrogravimetry Study of Electroactive Thin Films. I. Application to Prussian Blue. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013924x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Gabrielli
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS CEDEX 05, France, and Department Química-Física, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose J. García-Jareño
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS CEDEX 05, France, and Department Química-Física, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michel Keddam
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS CEDEX 05, France, and Department Química-Física, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hubert Perrot
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS CEDEX 05, France, and Department Química-Física, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS CEDEX 05, France, and Department Química-Física, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Hu CC, Chu CH. Electrochemical impedance characterization of polyaniline-coated graphite electrodes for electrochemical capacitors — effects of film coverage/thickness and anions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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D'Eramo F, Silber JJ, Arévalo AH, Sereno LE. Electrochemical detection of silver ions and the study of metal–polymer interactions on a polybenzidine film electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Inzelt G. Simultaneous chronoamperometric and quartz crystal microbalance studies of redox transformations of polyaniline films. Electrochim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fusalba F, Bélanger D. Electrochemical characterization of polyaniline–molybdenum trisulfide electrode in non-aqueous media. Electrochim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Garcı́a-Jareño J, Sanmatı́as A, Vicente F, Gabrielli C, Keddam M, Perrot H. Study of Prussian Blue (PB) films by ac-electrogravimetry: influence of PB morphology on ions movement. Electrochim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gabrielli C, Keddam M, Nadi N, Perrot H. Ions and solvent transport across conducting polymers investigated by ac electrogravimetry. Application to polyaniline. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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García-Jareño J, Gabrielli C, Perrot H. Validation of the mass response of a quartz crystal microbalance coated with Prussian Blue film for ac electrogravimetry. Electrochem commun 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(99)00168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Xie Q, Wang J, Zhou A, Zhang Y, Liu H, Xu Z, Yuan Y, Deng M, Yao S. A Study of Depletion Layer Effects on Equivalent Circuit Parameters Using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Impedance System. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ac981390z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingji Xie
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P.R. China
| | - Anhong Zhou
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P.R. China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P.R. China
| | - Zhinian Xu
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P.R. China
| | - Maoying Deng
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P.R. China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- Chemical Research Institute, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P.R. China
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