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Vicari HP, Lima K, Gomes RDC, Fernandes DC, da Silva JCL, Rodrigues Junior MT, Barroso de Oliveira AS, Dos Santos RN, Andricopulo AD, Coelho F, Costa-Lotufo LV, Machado-Neto JA. Synthetic cyclopenta[b]indoles exhibit antineoplastic activity by targeting microtubule dynamics in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 894:173853. [PMID: 33422507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is associated with PML-RARα oncogene, which is treated using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based chemotherapy. However, chemoresistance is observed in 20-30% of treated patients and represents a clinical challenge, raising the importance of the development of new therapeutic options. In the present study, the effects of three synthetic cyclopenta[b]indoles on the leukemia phenotype were investigated using NB4 (ATRA-sensitive) and NB4-R2 (ATRA-resistant) cells. Among the tested synthetic cyclopenta[b]indoles, compound 2, which contains a heterocyclic nucleus, was the most active, presenting time-dependent cytotoxic activity in the μM range in APL cells, without cytotoxicity for normal leukocytes, and was selected for further characterization. Compound 2 significantly decreased clonogenicity, increased apoptosis, and caused cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases in a drug concentration-dependent manner. Morphological analyses indicated aberrant mitosis and diffuse tubulin staining upon compound 2 exposure, which corroborates cell cycle findings. In the molecular scenario, compound 2 reduced STMN1 expression and activity, and induced PARP1 cleavage and H2AX and CHK2 phosphorylation, and modulated CDKN1A, PMAIP1, GADD45A, and XRCC3 expressions, indicating reduction of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage. Moreover, in the in vivo tubulin polymerization assay, NB4 and NB4-R2 cells showed a reduction in the levels of polymerized tubulin upon compound 2 exposure, which indicates tubulin as a target of the drug. Molecular docking supports this hypothesis. Taken together, these data indicated that compound 2 exhibits antileukemic effects through disrupting the microtubule dynamics, identifying a possible novel potential antineoplastic agent for the treatment of ATRA-resistant APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Passos Vicari
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Keli Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Ralph da Costa Gomes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Daniara Cristina Fernandes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Currently at Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Matão, SP, 15991-502, Brazil
| | - Jean Carlos Lipreri da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Coelho
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leticia Veras Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - João Agostinho Machado-Neto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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Santos MS, Fernandes DC, Rodrigues MT, Regiani T, Andricopulo AD, Ruiz ALTG, Vendramini-Costa DB, de Carvalho JE, Eberlin MN, Coelho F. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Biologically Active Cyclopenta[b]indoles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6626-39. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniara C. Fernandes
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Campus Matão, 15991-502 Matão, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriano D. Andricopulo
- Laboratório
de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Instituto de Física da USP − São Carlos, 13563-120 São
Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia T. G. Ruiz
- Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas
e Agrícolas, UNICAMP, PO Box 6171, 13083-970 Paulínia, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora B. Vendramini-Costa
- Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas
e Agrícolas, UNICAMP, PO Box 6171, 13083-970 Paulínia, SP, Brazil
| | - João E. de Carvalho
- Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas
e Agrícolas, UNICAMP, PO Box 6171, 13083-970 Paulínia, SP, Brazil
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Yadav AK, Peruncheralathan S, Ila H, Junjappa H. Domino Carbocationic Rearrangement of α-[Bis(methylthio)methylene]alkyl-2-(3/2-indolyl) Cyclopropyl Ketones. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1388-94. [PMID: 17288384 DOI: 10.1021/jo062302a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Domino carbocationic rearrangement of a number of substituted 3- and 2-indolylcyclopropyl ketones with an alpha-bis(methylthio)methylene group in the presence of various protic/Lewis acids yields a variety of products, mainly the pentaleno fused indoles and the carbazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India
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Shertzer HG, Senft AP. The micronutrient indole-3-carbinol: implications for disease and chemoprevention. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 2001; 17:159-88. [PMID: 11201294 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2000.17.1-4.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a historical perspective for the development of indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C) as a chemopreventive or therapeutic agent. Early experiments in animal models clearly showed that feeding cruciferous vegetables reduced the incidence of chemical carcinogenesis. Excitement was generated by the finding that these vegetables contained a high content of indole-containing compounds, and I-3-C could by itself inhibit neoplasia. The mechanism of action was linked primarily to the ability of I-3-C and derived substances to induce mixed-function oxidases and phase II antioxidant enzymes by binding and activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Most of the literature on chemoprotection by dietary indole compounds relates to this mechanism of action. Other mechanisms, however, are notable for this class of compounds, including their ability to act as radical and electrophile scavengers; the various ascorbate conjugates of I-3-C (ascorbigens) may be important in this regard. Exciting recent findings have demonstrated that I-3-C and its reaction products can affect cellular signaling pathways, regulate the cell cycle, and decrease tumor cell properties related to metastasis. It does not appear that I-3-C per se is the primary active compound in chemoprotection or chemoprevention. Rather, I-3-C and ascorbate provide the parent compounds for the formation of a myriad of nonenzymatic reaction products that have strong biological potency. We conclude with our thoughts regarding the current status and future directions for the use of I-3-C and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Shertzer
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0056, USA.
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