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Karabag A, Soyler D, Udum YA, Toppare L, Gunbas G, Soylemez S. Building Block Engineering toward Realizing High-Performance Electrochromic Materials and Glucose Biosensing Platform. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:677. [PMID: 37504076 PMCID: PMC10377066 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The molecular engineering of conjugated systems has proven to be an effective method for understanding structure-property relationships toward the advancement of optoelectronic properties and biosensing characteristics. Herein, a series of three thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD)-based conjugated monomers, modified with electron-rich selenophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), or both building blocks (Se-TPD, EDOT-TPD, and EDOT-Se-TPD), were synthesized using Stille cross-coupling and electrochemically polymerized, and their electrochromic properties and applications in a glucose biosensing platform were explored. The influence of structural modification on electrochemical, electronic, optical, and biosensing properties was systematically investigated. The results showed that the cyclic voltammograms of EDOT-containing materials displayed a high charge capacity over a wide range of scan rates representing a quick charge propagation, making them appropriate materials for high-performance supercapacitor devices. UV-Vis studies revealed that EDOT-based materials presented wide-range absorptions, and thus low optical band gaps. These two EDOT-modified materials also exhibited superior optical contrasts and fast switching times, and further displayed multi-color properties in their neutral and fully oxidized states, enabling them to be promising materials for constructing advanced electrochromic devices. In the context of biosensing applications, a selenophene-containing polymer showed markedly lower performance, specifically in signal intensity and stability, which was attributed to the improper localization of biomolecules on the polymer surface. Overall, we demonstrated that relatively small changes in the structure had a significant impact on both optoelectronic and biosensing properties for TPD-based donor-acceptor polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliekber Karabag
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- METU Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (ODTU-GUNAM), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Dilek Soyler
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Arslan Udum
- Technical Sciences Vocational Schools, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Gunbas
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- METU Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (ODTU-GUNAM), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Saniye Soylemez
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey
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EIN ALI AFJEH M, POURAHMAD R, AKBARI-ADERGANI B, AZIN M. Characteristics of glucose oxidase immobilized on Magnetic Chitosan Nanoparticles. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.32618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehrdad AZIN
- Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Iran
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Waifalkar P, Parit S, Chougale A, Sahoo SC, Patil P, Patil P. Immobilization of invertase on chitosan coated γ-Fe 2 O 3 magnetic nanoparticles to facilitate magnetic separation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 482:159-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Soylemez S, Hacioglu SO, Kesik M, Unay H, Cirpan A, Toppare L. A novel and effective surface design: conducting polymer/β-cyclodextrin host-guest system for cholesterol biosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18290-18300. [PMID: 25279806 DOI: 10.1021/am5054493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The combination of supramolecules and conducting polymers (CPs) has gained much attention for the development of new immobilization matrices for biomolecules. Herein, an amperometric biosensor based on a novel conducting polymer, poly(2-(2-octyldodecyl)-4,7-di(selenoph-2-yl)-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole)) (PSBTz) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) for the detection of cholesterol, was constructed. The PSBTz film with β-CD was deposited on a graphite electrode by electropolymerization technique to achieve a suitable matrix for enzyme immobilization. Moreover, to justify the immobilization, alkyl chain containing conducting polymer (PSBTz) was designed, synthesized and electrochemically polymerized on the transducer surface. Alkyl chains in the structure of SBTz and hydroxyl groups of β-CD contributed to effective immobilization while protecting the suitable orientation of the biomolecule. Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was covalently immobilized onto the modified surface using N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) as the cross-linking agent. After successful immobilization, amperometric biosensor responses were recorded at −0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (KM(app)), maximum current (Imax), limit of detection (LOD), and sensitivity values were determined: 28.9 μM, 12.1 μA, 0.005 μM, and 5.77 μA/μM cm(2), respectively. The fabricated biosensor was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Finally, the prepared biosensor was successfully applied for the determination of cholesterol in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniye Soylemez
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
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5
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Mafra ACO, Furlan FF, Badino AC, Tardioli PW. Gluconic acid production from sucrose in an airlift reactor using a multi-enzyme system. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:671-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Reversible immobilization of invertase on Cu-chelated polyvinylimidazole-grafted iron oxide nanoparticles. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 36:1807-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-0955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Tuncagil S, Ozdemir C, Demirkol DO, Timur S, Toppare L. Gold nanoparticle modified conducting polymer of 4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrole-1-l) benzenamine for potential use as a biosensing material. Food Chem 2011; 127:1317-22. [PMID: 25214132 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle (AuNP) modified conducting polymer of 4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzenamine (SNS-NH2) was used as the biosensing platform for glucose analysis. Electrochemical measurements were carried out by following the consumed oxygen due to the enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase (GOx) at -0.7V vs Ag/AgCl. Optimisation of pH, enzyme loading, stability experiments were carried out. Effect of NP was investigated by monitoring the signal responses at different AuNP sizes and amounts. A linear relation of y=1.597x+0.264 (R(2)=0.993) was found for glucose concentrations between 0.002 and 5.0mM. The analytical characteristics of the system were also evaluated for glucose determination in flow injection analysis (FIA) mode. Finally, the system was checked for glucose detection on real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Tuncagil
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkiye; Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Caglar Ozdemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Dilek Odaci Demirkol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkiye.
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkiye; Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkiye
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Öztop HN, Hepokur C, Saraydin D. Acrylamide-Sepiolite Based Composite Hydrogels for Immobilization of Invertase. J Food Sci 2009; 74:N45-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Poly(acrylamide/maleic acid)–sepiolite composite hydrogels for immobilization of invertase. Polym Bull (Berl) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-009-0131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Immobilization of Hansenula polymorpha Alcohol Oxidase for Alcohol Biosensor Applications. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.1.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Falkoski DL, Guimarães VM, de Queiroz MV, de Araújo EF, de Almeida MN, de Barros EG, de Rezende ST. Covalent Immobilization of α-Galactosidase from Penicillium griseoroseum and its Application in Oligosaccharides Hydrolysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 158:540-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Idris A, Zain NAM, Suhaimi MS. Immobilization of Baker's yeast invertase in PVA–alginate matrix using innovative immobilization technique. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Optimization of invertase immobilization by adsorption in ionic exchange resin for sucrose hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Immobilization of invertase on a conducting polymer of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,5-di(2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrole. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yildiz HB, Sahmetlioglu E, Boyukbayram AE, Toppare L, Yagci Y. Immobilization of tyrosinase and alcohol oxidase in conducting copolymers of thiophene functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) with pyrrole. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:332-7. [PMID: 17555810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of tyrosinase and alcohol oxidase is achieved in the copolymer of pyrrole with vinyl alcohol with thiophene side groups (PVATh-co-PPy) which is a newly synthesized conducting polymer. PVATh-co-PPy/alcohol oxidase and PVATh-co-PPy/tyrosinase electrodes are constructed by the entrapment of enzyme in conducting copolymer matrix during electrochemical copolymerization. For tyrosinase and alcohol oxidase enzymes, catechol and ethanol are used as the substrates, respectively. Kinetic parameters: maximum reaction rates (V(max)) and Michaelis-Menten constants (K(m)) are obtained. V(max) and K(m) are found as 2.75 micromol/(minelectrode) and 18 mM, respectively, for PVATh-co-PPy/alcohol oxidase electrode and as 0.0091micromol/(minelectrode) and 40 mM, respectively, for PVATh-co-PPy/tyrosinase electrode. Maximum temperature and pH values are investigated and found that both electrodes have a wide working range with respect to both temperature and pH. Operational and storage stabilities show that although they have limited storage stabilities, the enzyme electrodes are useful with respect to operational stabilities.
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16
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Covalent immobilization of trypsin on to siliceous mesostructured cellular foams to obtain effective biocatalysts. Catal Today 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ekinci O, Boyukbayram AE, Kiralp S, Toppare L, Yagci Y. Characterization and Potential Applications of Immobilized Glucose Oxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320701407300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Santiago-Hernández J, Vásquez-Bahena J, Calixto-Romo M, Xoconostle-Cázares G, Ortega-López J, Ruíz-Medrano R, Montes-Horcasitas M, Hidalgo-Lara M. Direct immobilization of a recombinant invertase to Avicel by E. coli overexpression of a fusion protein containing the extracellular invertase from Zymomonas mobilis and the carbohydrate-binding domain CBDCex from Cellulomonas fimi. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Poly(phenylene oxide) films modified with allylamine plasma as a support for invertase immobilization. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Narli I, Kiralp S, Toppare L. Preventing inhibition of tyrosinase with modified electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 572:25-31. [PMID: 17723457 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 04/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wines, especially red wines, contain numerous biologically active compounds, the most important of which are polyphenols, whose nutritional importance is attributed to their antioxidant power. Because of this, the detection of the amount of phenolic compounds in red wines becomes extremely important. However, using free enzyme in the determination of phenolic compounds in wines cannot reflect the actual values since there are also naturally found inhibitors in red wines. In this study, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and sorbic acid were utilized to understand the behavior of immobilized polyphenol oxidase in the conducting polymer matrices toward inhibition. Cinnamic acid was found to be the most powerful inhibitor for both free and immobilized enzyme in copolymer matrix of poly(terephthalic acid bis-(2-thiophen-3-yl-ethyl) ester) (PTATE) with polypyrrole (PPy). In the case of immobilized enzyme in PPy matrix, it was observed that sorbic acid is a stronger inhibitor than cinnamic acid. The inhibitory effects of these inhibitors on PPO were compared with respect to both the structural differences of inhibitors and conducting polymer matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Narli
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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Immobilization of invertase and glucose oxidase in conducting copolymers of thiophene functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) with pyrrole. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Arıca MY, Bayramoğlu G. Invertase reversibly immobilized onto polyethylenimine-grafted poly(GMA–MMA) beads for sucrose hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rauf S, Ihsan A, Akhtar K, Ghauri MA, Rahman M, Anwar MA, Khalid AM. Glucose oxidase immobilization on a novel cellulose acetate–polymethylmethacrylate membrane. J Biotechnol 2006; 121:351-60. [PMID: 16242200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on cellulose acetate-polymethylmethacrylate (CA-PMMA) membrane. The immobilized GOD showed better performance as compared to the free enzyme in terms of thermal stability retaining 46% of the original activity at 70 degrees C where the original activity corresponded to that obtained at 20 degrees C. FT-IR and SEM were employed to study the membrane morphology and structure after treatment at 70 degrees C. The pH profile of the immobilized and the free enzyme was found to be similar. A 2.4-fold increase in Km value was observed after immobilization whereas Vmax value was lower for the immobilized GOD. Immobilized glucose oxidase showed improved operational stability by maintaining 33% of the initial activity after 35 cycles of repeated use and was found to retain 94% of activity after 1 month storage period. Improved resistance against urea denaturation was achieved and the immobilized glucose oxidase retained 50% of the activity without urea in the presence of 5M urea whereas free enzyme retained only 8% activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rauf
- Bioprocess Technology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Bagal D, Karve MS. Entrapment of plant invertase within novel composite of agarose–guar gum biopolymer membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sanjay G, Sugunan S. Invertase immobilised on montmorillonite: reusability enhancement and reduction in leaching. CATAL COMMUN 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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