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Lewandowska K, Szulc M. Miscibility studies on carboxymethyl chitosan and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) mixtures. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125985. [PMID: 37499714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The production of polymer mixtures is a widely used method to improve polymer performance, as such mixtures can combine advantageous properties from each component. In this study, mixtures based on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were characterized using steady shear measurements, viscometry, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Viscometry and steady shear studies were performed on solutions of the native polymers and their mixtures with various weight proportions (80/20, 50/50, and 20/80%w/w). The rheological tests revealed that the apparent viscosity of solutions of CMCh/PVP mixtures was higher than that of the native polymer solutions. The rheological data showed that CMCh solutions and their mixtures were typical pseudoplastic liquids, which could be accurately described by the Cross and power law models. Viscometric parameters were determined using the method proposed by Garcia et al., which indicated good miscibility between CMCh and PVP in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the morphology, structure, and thermal properties of CMCh films changed when PVP was added. The obtained analytical data showed the formation of stable mixtures of CMCh and PVP, with a high miscibility ratio between these polymers, through intermolecular interactions between the polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lewandowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Marta Szulc
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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2
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Kathyayani D, Mahesh B, Channe Gowda D, Sionkowska A, Veeranna S. Investigation of miscibiliy and physicochemical properties of synthetic polypeptide with collagen blends and their wound healing characteristics. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125704. [PMID: 37414325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A suitable condition is needed to foster a rapid recovery of wounds, which is a dynamic and intricate process. The development and characterization of mats of plastic-like peptide polymer (PLP) with collagen for wound healing applications are reported in this work. Viscosity parameters such as the Huggins coefficient [KH], the intrinsic viscosity [η], α by Sun, ∆[η]m by Garcia ∆B and μ suggested by Chee, ∆K, and β advocated by Jiang and Han, recommend the miscibility of the polypeptide in solution phase. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods in a solid phase. Thermal characteristics using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed higher stability for the blends than the pure polymers. The collagen and PLP blends showed exceptional in vitro cytocompatibility, and the in vivo wound-healing studies on the Sprague-Dawley rats demonstrated faster wound healing within two weeks compared to the cotton gauze-treated injuries. Therefore, these membranes can be a possible alternative for treating skin injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kathyayani
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Bengaluru 560060, India
| | - B Mahesh
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Bengaluru 560060, India.
| | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 560006, India
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarin 7 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - S Veeranna
- Department of Dermatology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570 015, India
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Mahesh B, Lokesh H, Kathyayani D, Sionkowska A, Gowda DC, Adamiak K. Interaction between synthetic elastin-like polypeptide and collagen: Investigation of miscibility and physicochemical properties. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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4
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Synthesis and structural characterization of elastin-based polypentapeptide/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose blend films: Assessment of miscibility, thermal stability and surface characteristics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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AlShehri MM, ALOthman ZA, Bedjah Hadj Ahmed AY, Aouak T. New Method Based on Direct Analysis in Real-Time Coupled with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (DART-ToF-MS) for Investigation of the Miscibility of Polymer Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091644. [PMID: 35566814 PMCID: PMC9105244 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The miscibility of a series of binary blends such as polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA), polystyrene/poly(vinyl chloride)(PS/PVC), poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(polymethyl methacrylate)(PVC/PMMA) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid) PEVAL/PLGA with equal ratios and poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose) (PEO/PHPMC) containing 30 and 70 wt% PEO, which were randomly chosen among the widely systems reported in the literature, was investigated by a new method based on a direct analysis in real-time coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-ToF-MS). To reach this goal these pairs of polymers and copolymers were prepared by solvent casting method. As a first step, the DSC technique was undertaken in this work to highlight the published results on the miscibility of these binary systems. The thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) was used to define the optimum decomposition temperature of these blends programmed for the study of miscibility using the DART-ToF-MS technique. The results obtained by this method based on the comparison of the nature of the fragments resulting from the isothermal decomposition of the blend with those of their pure components have been very effective in demonstrating the character of miscibility of these systems. Indeed, it was found that the PS/PMMA-50 and PS/PVC-50 blends were immiscible, PVC/PMMA-50 and PEVAL/PLGA-50 miscible, and the PEO/PHMC partially miscible. This method, which is rapid and uses a very small amount of sample (1-2 mg) can be extended in its application to other blends whose other methods used have shown their limits due to the intrinsic properties of the polymers involved.
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Tuwalska A, Grabska-Zielińska S, Sionkowska A. Chitosan/Silk Fibroin Materials for Biomedical Applications-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071343. [PMID: 35406217 PMCID: PMC9003105 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a report on recent advances in the field of chitosan (CTS) and silk fibroin (SF) biopolymer blends as new biomaterials. Chitosan and silk fibroin are widely used to obtain biomaterials. However, the materials based on the blends of these two biopolymers have not been summarized in a review paper yet. As these materials can attract both academic and industrial attention, we propose this review paper to showcase the latest achievements in this area. In this review, the latest literature regarding the preparation and properties of chitosan and silk fibroin and their blends has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tuwalska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Grabska-Zielińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Cunha BCCDA, Domingues MG, Rocco JAFF. A Viscometric study of mixtures with Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and short chain diols used in the formulations of solid composite propellants. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20201729. [PMID: 34706006 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120201729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is widely used in the formulations of solid propellants used in rocket motors. Furthermore, in general, chain extenders and short chain diols, such as 1,4-butanediol and 1,2-propanediol, can also be used in propellant formulations to improve mechanical properties, especially tensile strength. However, the incorporation of these diols can result in a considerable increase in the viscosity of the mixture during the processing of propellants. Thus, the present study evaluated the compatibility of these diols with the HTPB prepolymer, through a viscometric study, with the aim to determine the order of addition that results in greater homogeneity for the mixture. It was concluded that 1,4-butanediol, due to its larger chain size, has better compatibility with HTPB resin than 1,2-propanediol. On top of that, it was found that when the resin is added first, it results in mixtures with greater compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C C DA Cunha
- Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço, Divisão de Propulsão, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, 12228-904 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela G Domingues
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Departamento de Química, Divisão de Ciências Fundamentais, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, 12228-900 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - José A F F Rocco
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Departamento de Química, Divisão de Ciências Fundamentais, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, Vila das Acácias, 12228-900 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Lewandowska K, Szulc M. Characterisation of Hyaluronic Acid Blends Modified by Poly( N-Vinylpyrrolidone). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175233. [PMID: 34500667 PMCID: PMC8433758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The viscosity behaviour and physical properties of blends containing hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were studied by the viscometric technique, steady shear tests, tensile tests and infrared spectroscopy. Viscometric and rheological measurements were carried out using blends of HA/PVP with different HA weight fractions (0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1). The polymer films and HA/PVP blend films were prepared using the solution casting method. The study of HA blends by viscometry showed that HA/PVP was miscible with the exception of the blend with high HA content. HA and its blends showed a shear-thinning flow behaviour. The non-Newtonian indices (n) of HA/PVP blends were calculated by the Ostwald-de Waele equation, indicating a shear-thinning effect in which pseudoplasticity increased with increasing HA contents. Mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at the break, were higher for HA/PVP films with wHA = 0.5 compared to those with higher HA contents. The elongation at the break of HA/PVP blend films displayed a pronounced increase compared to HA films. Moreover, infrared analysis confirmed the existence of interactions between HA and PVP. The blending of HA with PVP generated films with elasticity and better properties than homopolymer films.
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Isik B, Cakar F, Cankurtaran O. Studies on Miscibility of a Copolyester of Bisphenol-A with Terephthalic and Isophthalic Acids and Poly(methyl methacrylate) Blends in Dilute Solution. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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B M, D K, H R L, D CG, Sionkowska A. Insights into the miscibility characteristics of plastic-mimetic polypeptide with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose: Investigation of thermal degradability and intermolecular interactions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111877. [PMID: 34049001 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, we integrated the parent recurring sequence of the plastic-derived polypeptide, poly[0.8(AVGVP),0.2(AEGVP)] (A, V, G, P, and E represents Alanine, Valine, Glycine, Proline, and Glutamic acid respectively) followed by characterization with inverse transition temperature, 13C, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The miscibility attributes of poly[0.8(AVGVP),0.2(AEGVP)] with Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose was examined both in aqueous and solid-phase. The Huggins' co-efficient [KH], the intrinsic viscosity [η], the interaction parameters ΔB and μ suggested by Chee, ΔK and β recommended by Jiang and Han, α by Sun, Δ[η]m by Garcia showed that the polypeptide was miscible with HPMC in all proportions. DSC studies revealed single Tg values, and TGA manifested the enhanced thermal stability for all the proportions compared with their individuals. Further, verified the results by SEM and XRD. The FTIR evidenced existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the two constituent polymers that caused the miscible blend system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh B
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Bengaluru, 560 060, India.
| | - Kathyayani D
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Bengaluru, 560 060, India
| | - Lokesh H R
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Bengaluru, 560 060, India
| | - Channe Gowda D
- DOS in Chemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru, 570 006, India
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Chemistry of Biomaterials and Cosmetics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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Mondal S, Pyne P, Patra A, Mitra RK, Ghosh S. Effect of Surfactant Tail Length on the Hydroxypropyl Cellulose-Mediated Premicellar Aggregation of Sodium n-Alkyl Sulfate Surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6168-6177. [PMID: 33969683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer/surfactant composites have emerged as a subject of interest for their diverse applications. The improved solution properties in polymer/surfactant composites have been correlated to the formation of premicellar surfactant aggregate-polymer complexes (PS) at a surfactant concentration well below their critical micelle concentrations. Using different physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques here we have studied PS formed by hydroxypropyl cellulose, a nonionic-biocompatible polymer, and alkyl sulfate surfactants of different tail lengths. Our study shows that an increase in surfactant tail length eases PS formation and enhances PS-induced polymer cross-linking and, correspondingly, solution viscosity. PS consisting of shorter tail surfactants and those with longer tail surfactants differ microscopically as the former offers more polar interior than the later as evidenced from fluorescence measurements. Our study establishes that shorter tail surfactants intend to stay loosely packed inside PS and allow larger water penetration, which creates a relatively polar hydrophobic core compared to the PS with longer tail surfactants. The stronger packing of PS with longer tail surfactants is an outcome of favorable interaction between polymer polar groups and surfactant headgroups, which further creates strongly hydrogen-bonded water in their hydration shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Mondal
- Centre for Surface Science, Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Partha Pyne
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD-Block, Sec-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata700106, India
| | - Animesh Patra
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD-Block, Sec-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata700106, India
| | - Rajib Kumar Mitra
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD-Block, Sec-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata700106, India
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Centre for Surface Science, Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Grabska-Zielińska S, Sionkowska A. How to Improve Physico-Chemical Properties of Silk Fibroin Materials for Biomedical Applications?-Blending and Cross-Linking of Silk Fibroin-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1510. [PMID: 33808809 PMCID: PMC8003607 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review supplies a report on fresh advances in the field of silk fibroin (SF) biopolymer and its blends with biopolymers as new biomaterials. The review also includes a subsection about silk fibroin mixtures with synthetic polymers. Silk fibroin is commonly used to receive biomaterials. However, the materials based on pure polymer present low mechanical parameters, and high enzymatic degradation rate. These properties can be problematic for tissue engineering applications. An increased interest in two- and three-component mixtures and chemically cross-linked materials has been observed due to their improved physico-chemical properties. These materials can be attractive and desirable for both academic, and, industrial attention because they expose improvements in properties required in the biomedical field. The structure, forms, methods of preparation, and some physico-chemical properties of silk fibroin are discussed in this review. Detailed examples are also given from scientific reports and practical experiments. The most common biopolymers: collagen (Coll), chitosan (CTS), alginate (AL), and hyaluronic acid (HA) are discussed as components of silk fibroin-based mixtures. Examples of binary and ternary mixtures, composites with the addition of magnetic particles, hydroxyapatite or titanium dioxide are also included and given. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of chemical, physical, and enzymatic cross-linking were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Grabska-Zielińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Chemistry of Biomaterials and Cosmetics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
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Preparation and characterization of the dialdehyde hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/collagen (DHPMC/COL) solutions. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Lewandowska K. Miscibility Studies of Hyaluronic Acid and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Blends in Various Solvents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4750. [PMID: 33114237 PMCID: PMC7660636 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, blends based on hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were characterized by the viscometric method, steady shear rheological tests and FTIR spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Viscometric studies showed the miscibility of HA and PVA in distilled water: 0.1 mol dm-3 NaCl and 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl. The method proposed by Garcia et al. was applied to assess the miscibility of polymers, while Δ[η] and Δb were introduced to determine of miscibility from the Huggins plots. The viscometric data showed that the attractive forces of HA and PVA were dominant when dissolved in 0.1 mol dm-3 NaCl and 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl, while, in distilled water, repulsive forces played the leading role. All polymer solutions were well characterized using a power law model, and exhibited non-Newtonian behavior with pseudoplasticity increasing with the increasing weight fraction of HA in 0.1 mol dm-3 NaCl and 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl. FTIR studies exhibited the formation of new intermolecular interactions between HA and PVA via hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lewandowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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G S N, B M, D CG, N A C, Angadi G. Examination of miscibility characteristics of the synthetic plastic-mimetic peptide with polyacrylamide: development of nonwoven mats by electrospinning. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1811322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanjundaswamy G S
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida, India
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mahesh B
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru, India
| | - Channe Gowda D
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Chamaraja N A
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gangadhar Angadi
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
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Blends of synthetic plastic-derived polypeptide with Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol: unraveling the specific interaction parameters, morphology and thermal stability of the polymers couple. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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18
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Bealer EJ, Onissema-Karimu S, Rivera-Galletti A, Francis M, Wilkowski J, Salas-de la Cruz D, Hu X. Protein-Polysaccharide Composite Materials: Fabrication and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E464. [PMID: 32079322 PMCID: PMC7077675 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-polysaccharide composites have been known to show a wide range of applications in biomedical and green chemical fields. These composites have been fabricated into a variety of forms, such as films, fibers, particles, and gels, dependent upon their specific applications. Post treatments of these composites, such as enhancing chemical and physical changes, have been shown to favorably alter their structure and properties, allowing for specificity of medical treatments. Protein-polysaccharide composite materials introduce many opportunities to improve biological functions and contemporary technological functions. Current applications involving the replication of artificial tissues in tissue regeneration, wound therapy, effective drug delivery systems, and food colloids have benefited from protein-polysaccharide composite materials. Although there is limited research on the development of protein-polysaccharide composites, studies have proven their effectiveness and advantages amongst multiple fields. This review aims to provide insight on the elements of protein-polysaccharide complexes, how they are formed, and how they can be applied in modern material science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Bealer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (E.J.B.); (A.R.-G.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (S.O.-K.); (M.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Shola Onissema-Karimu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (S.O.-K.); (M.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Ashley Rivera-Galletti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (E.J.B.); (A.R.-G.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Maura Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (S.O.-K.); (M.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Jason Wilkowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (S.O.-K.); (M.F.); (J.W.)
| | - David Salas-de la Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA;
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (E.J.B.); (A.R.-G.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (S.O.-K.); (M.F.); (J.W.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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Miscibility behavior of hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends in the presence of some imidazolium based ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Miscibility studies of plastic-mimetic polypeptide with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose blends and generation of non-woven fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 212:129-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Mahesh B, Nanjundaswamy GS, Gowda DC, Siddaramaiah. Synthesis and evaluation of interaction parameters of synthetic elastin-derived polypentapeptide with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in solution and solid phase. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Mahesh
- Department of Chemistry; JSS Academy of Technical Education; Bangalore 560 060 India
| | - G. S. Nanjundaswamy
- Department of Chemistry; JSS Academy of Technical Education; Bangalore 560 060 India
| | - D. Channe Gowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Manasagangotri; University of Mysore; Mysore 570 006 India
| | - Siddaramaiah
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering; Mysore 570 006 India
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22
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Bercea M, Wolf BA. Intrinsic Viscosities of Polymer Blends: Sensitive Probes of Specific Interactions between the Counterions of Polyelectrolytes and Uncharged Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bercea
- “Petru
Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bernhard A. Wolf
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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23
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Wolf BA. Intrinsic Viscosities of Polymer Blends and Polymer Compatibility: Self-Organization and Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameters. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard A. Wolf
- Prof. B. A. Wolf; Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, D-55099 Mainz Germany
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24
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Siddamallappa NG, Basavaraju M, Dase Gowda CG. Elastin-based polymer: synthesis, characterization and examination of its miscibility characteristics with poly(vinyl alcohol) and electrospinning of the miscible blends. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahesh Basavaraju
- Department of Chemistry; JSS Academy of Technical Education; Bengaluru India
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25
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Mukri N, Velayutham T, Gan W, Abd Majid W. Miscibility and Crystallinity Study of Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) / Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Polymer Blend. MATERIALS TODAY: PROCEEDINGS 2018; 5:S130-S136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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26
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Phase Behaviour and Miscibility Studies of Collagen/Silk Fibroin Macromolecular System in Dilute Solutions and Solid State. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081368. [PMID: 28820488 PMCID: PMC6152308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Miscibility is an important issue in biopolymer blends for analysis of the behavior of polymer pairs through the detection of phase separation and improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of the blend. This study presents the formulation of a stable and one-phase mixture of collagen and regenerated silk fibroin (RSF), with the highest miscibility ratio between these two macromolecules, through inducing electrostatic interactions, using salt ions. For this aim, a ternary phase diagram was experimentally built for the mixtures, based on observations of phase behavior of blend solutions with various ratios. The miscibility behavior of the blend solutions in the miscible zones of the phase diagram was confirmed quantitatively by viscosimetric measurements. Assessing the effects of biopolymer mixing ratio and salt ions, before and after dialysis of blend solutions, revealed the importance of ion-specific interactions in the formation of coacervate-based materials containing collagen and RSF blends that can be used in pharmaceutical, drug delivery, and biomedical applications. Moreover, the conformational change of silk fibroin from random coil to beta sheet, in solution and in the final solid films, was detected by circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited alterations of surface morphology for the biocomposite films with different ratios. Surface contact angle measurement illustrated different hydrophobic properties for the blended film surfaces. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the formation of the beta sheet structure of silk fibroin enhances the thermal stability of the final blend films. Therefore, the novel method presented in this study resulted in the formation of biocomposite films whose physico-chemical properties can be tuned by silk fibroin conformational changes by applying different component mixing ratios.
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27
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Mahesh B, Nanjundaswamy GS, Channe Gowda D, Siddaramaiah B. Synthesis of elastin-based polymer and evaluation of its intermolecular interactions with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Mahesh
- Department of Chemistry; JSS Academy of Technical Education; Bengaluru 560 060 Karnataka India
| | - G. S. Nanjundaswamy
- Department of Chemistry; JSS Academy of Technical Education; Bengaluru 560 060 Karnataka India
| | - D. Channe Gowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry; Manasagangotri, University of Mysore; Mysuru 570 006 Karnataka India
| | - B. Siddaramaiah
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science & Technology University; Mysuru 570 006 Karnataka India
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28
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Consequences of linking charged and uncharged monomers to binary copolymers studied in dilute solution. Part II: Non-additivity effects in the viscometric behavior. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Ye Z, Ma P, Tang M, Li X, Zhang W, Hong X, Chen X, Chen D. Interactions between calcium alginate and carrageenan enhanced mechanical property of a natural composite film for general packaging application. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Lewandowska K, Sionkowska A, Grabska S, Kaczmarek B, Michalska M. The miscibility of collagen/hyaluronic acid/chitosan blends investigated in dilute solutions and solids. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Melad O. Studies on the miscibility and effect of the addition of urea to poly(acrylic acid) and poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) blends by dilute solution viscometry method. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x16040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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33
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Study of interaction between water-soluble collagen and carboxymethyl cellulose in neutral aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:410-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Lewandowska K, Sionkowska A, Grabska S. Chitosan blends containing hyaluronic acid and collagen. Compatibility behaviour. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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36
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Melad O, Romiya M. Effect of solvent on the compatibility of polyvinyl alcohol and polymethylmethacrylate by dilute solution viscometry method. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x15050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Wei W, Zhou YH, Chang HJ, Yeh JT. Antibacterial and Miscibility Properties of Chitosan/Collagen Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2014.987097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Sionkowska A, Lewandowska K, Płanecka A. Miscibility and physical properties of chitosan and silk fibroin mixtures. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Khan Z, Baloch MK. Effect of Solvent on the Miscibility of Polystyrene/Poly(Styrene-Co-Acrylonitrile) Blends at Different Temperatures. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.879786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Goonoo N, Bhaw-Luximon A, Rodriguez IA, Bowlin GL, Jhurry D. Poly(ester-ether)s: I. Investigation of the Properties of Blend Films of Polydioxanone and Poly(methyl dioxanone). INT J POLYM MATER PO 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2013.854224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Cui L, Jia J, Guo Y, Liu Y, Zhu P. Preparation and characterization of IPN hydrogels composed of chitosan and gelatin cross-linked by genipin. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Dinesh M, Chikkakuntappa R. Free volume as an internal material parameter to probe interfaces in ternary polymer blends: A positron lifetime study. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghala Dinesh
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore; Manasagangotri; Mysore; 570 006; Karnataka; India
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43
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Viscometric Studies in Dilute Solution Mixtures of Chitosan and Microcrystalline Chitosan with Poly(vinyl alcohol). J SOLUTION CHEM 2013; 42:1654-1662. [PMID: 24039317 PMCID: PMC3769582 DOI: 10.1007/s10953-013-0053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The viscosity behavior of aqueous mixtures formed by a polyelectrolyte (A) and a neutral polymer (B), such as chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (Ch/PVA) and microcrystalline chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (MCCh/PVA), have been investigated at 25 °C. The intrinsic viscosity and the viscosity interaction parameter of each polymer in 0.1 mol·dm−3 CH3COOH/0.2 mol·dm−3 NaCl solution as well as the ternary systems (polymer A/polymer B/solvent) have been determined and have served for estimation of the miscibility of different polymer mixtures by means of the method of classical dilution. By comparing the experimental and ideal viscosity data it is clearly seen that the satisfaction of the miscibility criterion depends on the definition of the ideal parameter \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ b_{\text{m}}^{\text{id}} $$\end{document}bmid. If the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ b_{\text{m}}^{\text{id}} $$\end{document}bmid parameter is defined according to the Krigbaum–Wall criterion and Garcia criterion, the investigated blends of Ch/PVA satisfy the miscibility criterion. In the case of MCCh/PVA blends, the polymeric components show poor miscibility. Additionally, the viscosity results show that the degree of miscibility depends on the molecular weight of chitosan and on the degree of PVA hydrolysis.
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44
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Investigating the miscibility of polystyrene/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) blend in tetrahydrofuran by simple physical techniques at various temperatures. Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-0914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Guo L, Zhu Y, Du XF. Compatibility studies on tea polysaccharide/amylose/water and tea polysaccharide/amylopectin/water. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:441-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Nikjoo D, Aroguz AZ. Viscometric Analysis of Miscibility and Interactions for Binary, Ternary Polycarbonate/Brominated Polystyrene + Chloroform Systems at Different Temperatures. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2013.814337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Eckelt A, Eckelt J, Wolf BA. Interpolymer Complexes and Polymer Compatibility. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1933-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Tian H, Chen Y, Ding C, Li G. Interaction study in homogeneous collagen/chondroitin sulfate blends by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:542-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Doulabi AH, Mirzadeh H, Imani M. Miscibility study of chitosan/polyethylene glycol fumarate blends in dilute solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Dilute solution viscometry study on the miscibility of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan-cellulose acetate blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng.2011.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dilute solution viscometry method is used for studying viscosity behavior of newly prepared N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC), cellulose acetate (CA), and their blends at different compositions (0/10, 2/8, 4/6, 5/5, 6/4, 8/2, 10/0). In this method, reduced viscosity (η
sp/c) and inherent viscosity (ln η
rel/c) of the given polymer sample have been determined by measuring the flow time of the polymer sample in acetone solvent. Huggins (k) and Kraemer coefficients (k′) for given polymer-solvent system are calculated from the extrapolation of plots (η
sp/c) versus(c) and (ln η
rel/c) versus(c). The miscibility of this polymer system is determined using different criteria such as Δb, Δb′, , interaction parameter Δ[η], thermodynamic parameter α, and modified thermodynamic parameter β. Based on the positive or negative sign of this criteria, miscibility of the polymer system is investigated. The results of the dilute solution viscometry method suggested that the NOCC/CA blends are miscible at the compositions range of 4/6, 5/5, 6/4, and 8/2 and completely immiscible at the 2/8 composition. The results are also supported by Fourier transform infrared analyses of all the compositions.
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