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Xiao X, Xu J, Wang C, Jin Z, Qiang Yuan, Zhou L, Shan L. Porcine platelet lysates exert the efficacy of chondroregeneration and SMAD2-mediated anti-chondrofibrosis on knee osteoarthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111509. [PMID: 38262159 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of self-repairability in cartilage and the formation of fibrocartilage pose significant challenges in treating knee osteoarthritis, and there is still no ideal solution. Autologous platelet lysates have been clinically applied to treat kOA and exert satisfactory cartilage-repair efficacy, but the preparation of human PL brings damage to patients and is hardly standardized. METHODS In this study, porcine PL was developed to replace hPL, and its chondroregenerative and anti-chondrofibrosis effects were explored. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay was applied to qualify the PL products. In vivo, partial-thickness cartilage defects were created on rats as a kOA model, and the von Frey test, histopathological observation, immunohistochemical analysis, and western blot analysis were conducted. In vitro, CCK-8 assay, real-time PCR analysis, immunofluorescence test, and WB analysis were conducted for the mechanism study of pPL. RESULTS The in vivo data showed that pPL significantly repaired the cartilage defect by improving matrix synthesis and also ameliorated the pain response in the kOA model of rats. In addition, pPL exerted an anti-fibrosis effect on cartilage by suppressing the expressions of COL1, COL3, α-SMA, VIMENTIN, SMAD2, p-SMAD2, and CTGF in cartilage. The in vitro data verified these effects and indicated that the SMAD2 pathway mediated the anti-fibrosis mechanism of pPL. Moreover, the comparable effects between pPL and rat PL indicate that there is no immune rejection from pPL. CONCLUSIONS This study firstly demonstrated the anti-kOA effects of pPL on both cartilage-repair and anti-chondrofibrosis. It developed pPL as a promising alternative to autologous PL for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Xiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jiaan Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Zhijiang Jin
- The 9th People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Letian Shan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Xinhua Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; Fuyang Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; Cell Resource Bank and Integrated Cell Preparation Center of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou Regional Cell Preparation Center (Shangyu Biotechnology Co., Ltd), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China.
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2
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Caxaria S, Kouvatsos N, Eldridge SE, Alvarez‐Fallas M, Thorup A, Cici D, Barawi A, Arshed A, Strachan D, Carletti G, Huang X, Bharde S, Deniz M, Wilson J, Thomas BL, Pitzalis C, Cantatore FP, Sayilekshmy M, Sikandar S, Luyten FP, Pap T, Sherwood JC, Day AJ, Dell'Accio F. Disease modification and symptom relief in osteoarthritis using a mutated GCP-2/CXCL6 chemokine. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e16218. [PMID: 36507558 PMCID: PMC9832835 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that the chemokine receptor C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 2 (CXCR2) is essential for cartilage homeostasis. Here, we reveal that the CXCR2 ligand granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (GCP-2) was expressed, during embryonic development, within the prospective permanent articular cartilage, but not in the epiphyseal cartilage destined to be replaced by bone. GCP-2 expression was retained in adult articular cartilage. GCP-2 loss-of-function inhibited extracellular matrix production. GCP-2 treatment promoted chondrogenesis in vitro and in human cartilage organoids implanted in nude mice in vivo. To exploit the chondrogenic activity of GCP-2, we disrupted its chemotactic activity, by mutagenizing a glycosaminoglycan binding sequence, which we hypothesized to be required for the formation of a GCP-2 haptotactic gradient on endothelia. This mutated version (GCP-2-T) had reduced capacity to induce transendothelial migration in vitro and in vivo, without affecting downstream receptor signaling through AKT, and chondrogenic activity. Intra-articular adenoviral overexpression of GCP-2-T, but not wild-type GCP-2, reduced pain and cartilage loss in instability-induced osteoarthritis in mice. We suggest that GCP-2-T may be used for disease modification in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Caxaria
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Nikolaos Kouvatsos
- Wellcome Centre for Cell‐Matrix Research, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Suzanne E Eldridge
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Mario Alvarez‐Fallas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Anne‐Sophie Thorup
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniela Cici
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesUniversity of FoggiaFoggiaItaly
| | - Aida Barawi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ammaarah Arshed
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Danielle Strachan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Giulia Carletti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Xinying Huang
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Sabah Bharde
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Melody Deniz
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Jacob Wilson
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Bethan L Thomas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Manasi Sayilekshmy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Shafaq Sikandar
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research CenterKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Musculoskeletal MedicineUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Joanna C Sherwood
- Institute of Musculoskeletal MedicineUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Centre for Cell‐Matrix Research, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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3
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Miceli M, Maruotti GM, Sarno L, Carbone L, Guida M, Pelagalli A. Preliminary Characterization of the Epigenetic Modulation in the Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells during Chondrogenic Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179870. [PMID: 36077266 PMCID: PMC9456537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine represents a growing hot topic in biomedical sciences, aiming at setting out novel therapeutic strategies to repair or regenerate damaged tissues and organs. For this perspective, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) play a key role in tissue regeneration, having the potential to differentiate into many cell types, including chondrocytes. Accordingly, in the last few years, researchers have focused on several in vitro strategies to optimize hMSC differentiation protocols, including those relying on epigenetic manipulations that, in turn, lead to the modulation of gene expression patterns. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the role of the class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, MC1568, in the hMSCs-derived chondrogenesis. The hMSCs we used for this work were the hMSCs obtained from the amniotic fluid, given their greater differentiation capacity. Our preliminary data documented that MC1568 drove both the improvement and acceleration of hMSCs chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, since the differentiation process in MC1568-treated cells took place in about seven days, much less than that normally observed, namely 21 days. Collectively, these preliminary data might shed light on the validity of such a new differentiative protocol, in order to better assess the potential role of the epigenetic modulation in the process of the hypertrophic cartilage formation, which represents the starting point for endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Miceli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Maria Maruotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Sarno
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.P.)
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4
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Thorup AS, Caxaria S, Thomas BL, Suleman Y, Nalesso G, Luyten FP, Dell'Accio F, Eldridge SE. In vivo potency assay for the screening of bioactive molecules on cartilage formation. Lab Anim (NY) 2022; 51:103-120. [PMID: 35361989 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-022-00943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage regeneration is a priority in medicine for the treatment of osteoarthritis and isolated cartilage defects. Several molecules with potential for cartilage regeneration are under investigation. Unfortunately, in vitro chondrogenesis assays do not always predict the stability of the newly formed cartilage in vivo. Therefore, there is a need for a stringent, quantifiable assay to assess in vivo the capacity of molecules to promote the stable formation of cartilage that is resistant to calcification and endochondral bone formation. We developed an ectopic cartilage formation assay (ECFA) that enables one to assess the capacity of bioactive molecules to support cartilage formation in vivo using cartilage organoids. The ECFA predicted good clinical outcomes when used as a quality control for efficacy of chondrocyte preparations before implantation in patients with cartilage defects. In this assay, articular chondrocytes from human donors or animals are injected either intramuscularly or subcutaneously in nude mice. As early as 2 weeks later, cartilage organoids can be retrieved. The size of the implants and their degree of differentiation can be assessed by histomorphometry, immunostainings of molecular markers and real-time PCR. Mineralization can be assessed by micro-computed tomography or by staining. The effects of molecules on cartilage formation can be tested following the systemic administration of the molecule in mice previously injected with chondrocytes, or after co-injection of chondrocytes with cell lines overexpressing and secreting the protein of interest. Here we describe the ECFA procedure, including steps for harvesting human and bovine articular cartilage, isolating primary chondrocytes, preparing overexpression cell lines, injecting the cells intramuscularly and retrieving the implants. This assay can be performed by technicians and researchers with appropriate animal training within 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Thorup
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sara Caxaria
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bethan L Thomas
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yasir Suleman
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Suzanne E Eldridge
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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5
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Crispim JF, Ito K. De novo neo-hyaline-cartilage from bovine organoids in viscoelastic hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2021; 128:236-249. [PMID: 33894352 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative therapies for articular cartilage are currently clinically available. However, they are associated with several drawbacks that require resolution. Optimizing chondrocyte expansion and their assembly, can reduce the time and costs of these therapies and more importantly increase their clinical success. In this study, cartilage organoids were quickly mass produced from bovine chondrocytes with a new suspension expansion protocol. This new approach led to massive cell proliferation, high viability and the self-assembly of organoids. These organoids were composed of collagen type II, type VI, glycosaminoglycans, with Sox9 positive cells, embedded in a pericellular and interterritorial matrix similarly to hyaline cartilage. With the goal of producing large scale tissues, we then encapsulated these organoids into alginate hydrogels with different viscoelastic properties. Elastic hydrogels constrained the growth and fusion of the organoids inhibiting the formation of a tissue. In contrast, viscoelastic hydrogels allowed the growth and fusion of the organoids into a homogenous tissue that was rich in collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans. The encapsulation of organoids to produce in vitro neocartilage also proved to be superior to the conventional method of encapsulating 2D expanded chondrocytes. This study describes a multimodal approach that involves chondrocyte expansion, organoid formation and their assembly into neohyaline-cartilage which proved to be superior to the current standard approaches used in cartilage tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this manuscript, we describe a new and simple methodology to quickly mass produce self-assembling cartilage organoids. Due to their matrix content and structure similarities with native cartilage, these organoids on their own have the potential to revolutionize cartilage research and the manner in which we study signaling pathways, disease progression, tissue engineering, drug development, etc. Furthermore, these organoids and their fast mass production were combined with a key relatively ignored hydrogel characteristic, viscoelasticity, to demonstrate their fusion into a neo-tissue. This has the potential to open the door for large scale cartilage regeneration such as for entire joint surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Crispim
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics group, Regenerative Engineering & Materials cluster, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics group, Regenerative Engineering & Materials cluster, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
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6
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Thorup AS, Strachan D, Caxaria S, Poulet B, Thomas BL, Eldridge SE, Nalesso G, Whiteford JR, Pitzalis C, Aigner T, Corder R, Bertrand J, Dell'Accio F. ROR2 blockade as a therapy for osteoarthritis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/561/eaax3063. [PMID: 32938794 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by the loss of the articular cartilage, bone remodeling, pain, and disability. No pharmacological intervention can currently halt progression of osteoarthritis. Here, we show that blocking receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) improves cartilage integrity and pain in osteoarthritis models by inhibiting yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling. ROR2 was up-regulated in the cartilage in response to inflammatory cytokines and mechanical stress. The main ligand for ROR2, WNT5A, and the targets YAP and connective tissue growth factor were up-regulated in osteoarthritis in humans. In vitro, ROR2 overexpression inhibited chondrocytic differentiation. Conversely, ROR2 blockade triggered chondrogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells and suppressed the expression of the cartilage-degrading enzymes a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5. The chondrogenic effect of ROR2 blockade in the cartilage was independent of WNT signaling and was mediated by down-regulation of YAP signaling. ROR2 signaling induced G protein and Rho-dependent nuclear accumulation of YAP, and YAP inhibition was required but not sufficient for ROR2 blockade-induced chondrogenesis. ROR2 silencing protected mice from instability-induced osteoarthritis with improved structural outcomes, sustained pain relief, and without apparent side effects or organ toxicity. Last, ROR2 silencing in human articular chondrocytes transplanted in nude mice led to the formation of cartilage organoids with more and better differentiated extracellular matrix, suggesting that the anabolic effect of ROR2 blockade is conserved in humans. Thus, ROR2 blockade is efficacious and well tolerated in preclinical animal models of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Thorup
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Danielle Strachan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sara Caxaria
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Blandine Poulet
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Bethan L Thomas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Suzanne E Eldridge
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - James R Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Thomas Aigner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Center Coburg, Ketschendorferstrasse 33, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Roger Corder
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Cai X, Daniels O, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Ectopic models recapitulating morphological and functional features of articular cartilage. Ann Anat 2021; 237:151721. [PMID: 33753232 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage is an extremely specialized connective tissue which covers all diarthrodial joints. Implantation of chondrogenic cells without or with additional biomaterial scaffolds in ectopic locationsin vivo generates substitutes of cartilage with structural and functional characteristics that are used in fundamental investigations while also serving as a basis for translational studies. METHODS Literature search in Pubmed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This narrative review summarizes the most relevant ectopic models, among which subcutaneous, intramuscular, and kidney capsule transplantation and elaborates on implanted cells and biomaterial scaffolds and on their use to recapitulate morphological and functional features of articular cartilage. Although the absence of a physiological joint environment and biomechanical stimuli is the major limiting factor, ectopic models are an established component for articular cartilage research aiming to generate a bridge between in vitro data and the clinically more relevant translational orthotopic in vivo models when their limitations are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cai
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Daniels
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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8
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Rim YA, Ju JH. The Role of Fibrosis in Osteoarthritis Progression. Life (Basel) 2020; 11:life11010003. [PMID: 33374529 PMCID: PMC7822172 DOI: 10.3390/life11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease where the main characteristics include cartilage degeneration and synovial membrane inflammation. These changes in the knee joint eventually dampen the function of the joint and restrict joint movement, which eventually leads to a stage where total joint replacement is the only treatment option. While much is still unknown about the pathogenesis and progression mechanism of OA, joint fibrosis can be a critical issue for better understanding this disease. Synovial fibrosis and the generation of fibrocartilage are the two main fibrosis-related characteristics that can be found in OA. However, these two processes remain mostly misunderstood. In this review, we focus on the fibrosis process in OA, especially in the cartilage and the synovium tissue, which are the main tissues involved in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeri Alice Rim
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-6895
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Muttigi MS, Kim BJ, Choi B, Han I, Park H, Lee SH. Matrilin-3-Primed Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Spheroids Prevent Mesenchymal Stromal-Cell-Derived Chondrocyte Hypertrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238911. [PMID: 33255398 PMCID: PMC7727796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (Ad-MSCs) are a promising tool for articular cartilage repair and regeneration. However, the terminal hypertrophic differentiation of Ad-MSC-derived cartilage is a critical barrier during hyaline cartilage regeneration. In this study, we investigated the role of matrilin-3 in preventing Ad-MSC-derived chondrocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in an osteoarthritis (OA) destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model. Methacrylated hyaluron (MAHA) (1%) was used to encapsulate and make scaffolds containing Ad-MSCs and matrilin-3. Subsequently, the encapsulated cells in the scaffolds were differentiated in chondrogenic medium (TGF-β, 1-14 days) and thyroid hormone hypertrophic medium (T3, 15-28 days). The presence of matrilin-3 with Ad-MSCs in the MAHA scaffold significantly increased the chondrogenic marker and decreased the hypertrophy marker mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, matrilin-3 significantly modified the expression of TGF-β2, BMP-2, and BMP-4. Next, we prepared the OA model and transplanted Ad-MSCs primed with matrilin-3, either as a single-cell suspension or in spheroid form. Safranin-O staining and the OA score suggested that the regenerated cartilage morphology in the matrilin-3-primed Ad-MSC spheroids was similar to the positive control. Furthermore, matrilin-3-primed Ad-MSC spheroids prevented subchondral bone sclerosis in the mouse model. Here, we show that matrilin-3 plays a major role in modulating Ad-MSCs' therapeutic effect on cartilage regeneration and hypertrophy suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Byoung Ju Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Bogyu Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, 13488 Seongnam, Korea;
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Korea;
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06911, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (S.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-820-5804 (H.P.); +82-31-961-5153 (S.-H.L.); Fax: +82-2-813-8159 (H.P.); +82-31-961-5108 (S.-H.L.)
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (S.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-820-5804 (H.P.); +82-31-961-5153 (S.-H.L.); Fax: +82-2-813-8159 (H.P.); +82-31-961-5108 (S.-H.L.)
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Mendes LF, Bosmans K, Van Hoven I, Viseu SR, Maréchal M, Luyten FP. Developmental engineering of living implants for deep osteochondral joint surface defects. Bone 2020; 139:115520. [PMID: 32622872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The repair of deep osteochondral joint surface defects represents a significant unmet clinical need. Importantly, untreated lesions lead to a high rate of osteoarthritis. The current strategies to repair these defects include osteochondral autograft transplantation or "sandwich" strategies combining bone autografts with autologous chondrocyte implantation, with poorly documented long-term outcomes. In this study, we first investigated the capacity of juvenile osteochondral grafts (OCGs) to repair osteochondral defects in skeletally mature rats. With this regenerative model in view, we produced a new biological, bilayered and scaffold-free Tissue Engineered construct (bTEC) for the repair of a deep osteochondral defect of the rat knee. METHODS Cylindrical OCGs were excised from the femoral intercondylar groove of the knee of skeletally immature rats (5 weeks) and transplanted into osteochondral defects created in skeletally mature rats (11 weeks). To create bTECs, micromasses (μMasses) of human periosteum-derived progenitor cells (hPDCs) and human articular chondrocytes (hACs) were produced in vitro using previously optimized chemically defined medium formulations containing growth and differentiation factors including bone morphogenetic proteins. These two μMass types were subsequently implanted as bilayered constructs into osteochondral defects in nude rats. At 4 and 16 weeks after surgery, the knees were collected and processed for subsequent 3D imaging analysis and histological evaluation. Micro-computed tomography (μCT), H&E, and Safranin O staining were used to evaluate the degree and quality of tissue repair. RESULTS The osteochondral unit of the knee joint in 5 weeks old rats exhibits an immature phenotype, displaying active subchondral bone formation through endochondral ossification and the absence of a tidemark. When transplanted into skeletally mature animals, the immature OCGs resumed their maturation process, i.e., formed new subchondral bone, established the tidemark, and maintained their Safranin O-positive hyaline cartilage at 16 weeks after transplantation. The bTECs (hPDCs + hACs) could partially recapitulate the biology as seen with the immature OCGs, including the formation of the joint surface architecture with typical zonation, ranging from non-mineralized hyaline cartilage in the superficial layers to a progressively mineralized matrix at the interface with a new subchondral bone plate. CONCLUSIONS Cell-based TE constructs mimicking immature OCGs and displaying a hierarchically organized structure comprising of different tissue forming units seem an attractive strategy to treat deep osteochondral defects of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F Mendes
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Bosmans
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Van Hoven
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel R Viseu
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marina Maréchal
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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Jessop ZM, Al-Sabah A, Simoes IN, Burnell SEA, Pieper IL, Thornton CA, Whitaker IS. Isolation and characterisation of nasoseptal cartilage stem/progenitor cells and their role in the chondrogenic niche. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:177. [PMID: 32408888 PMCID: PMC7222513 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since cartilage-derived stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs) were first identified in articular cartilage using differential adhesion to fibronectin, their self-renewal capacity and niche-specific lineage preference for chondrogenesis have propelled their application for cartilage tissue engineering. In many adult tissues, stem/progenitor cells are recognised to be involved in tissue homeostasis. However, the role of nasoseptal CSPCs has not yet been elucidated. Our aim was to isolate and characterise nasoseptal CSPCs alongside nasoseptal chondrocyte populations and determine chondrogenic capacity. METHODS Here, we isolated nasoseptal CSPCs using differential adhesion to fibronectin and assessed their colony forming efficiency, proliferation kinetics, karyotype and trilineage potential. CSPCs were characterised alongside non-fibronectin-adherent nasoseptal chondrocytes (DNCs) and cartilage-derived cells (CDCs, a heterogenous combination of DNCs and CSPCs) by assessing differences in gene expression profiles using PCR Stem Cell Array, immunophenotype using flow cytometry and chondrogencity using RT-PCR and histology. RESULTS CSPCs were clonogenic with increased gene expression of the neuroectodermal markers NCAM1 and N-Cadherin, as well as Cyclins D1 and D2, compared to DNCs. All three cell populations expressed recognised mesenchymal stem cell surface markers (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90), yet only CSPCs and CDCs showed multilineage differentiation potential. CDC populations expressed significantly higher levels of type 2 collagen and bone morphogenetic protein 2 genes, with greater cartilage extracellular matrix secretion. When DNCs were cultured in isolation, there was reduced chondrogenicity and higher expression of type 1 collagen, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), CD73 and CD90, recognised markers of a fibroblast-like phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Fibronectin-adherent CSPCs demonstrate a unique gene expression profile compared to non-fibronectin-adherent DNCs. DNCs cultured in isolation, without CSPCs, express fibroblastic phenotype with reduced chondrogenicity. Mixed populations of stem/progenitor cells and chondrocytes were required for optimal chondrogenesis, suggesting that CSPCs may be required to retain phenotypic stability and chondrogenic potential of DNCs. Crosstalk between DNCs and CSPCs is proposed based on SDF-1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.,Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Ayesha Al-Sabah
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Irina N Simoes
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephanie E A Burnell
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ina Laura Pieper
- Calon Cardio-Technology Ltd, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. .,Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
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12
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Larson BL, Yu SN, Park H, Estes BT, Moutos FT, Bloomquist CJ, Wu PB, Welter JF, Langer R, Guilak F, Freed LE. Chondrogenic, hypertrophic, and osteochondral differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on three-dimensionally woven scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1453-1465. [PMID: 31115161 DOI: 10.1002/term.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of mechanically functional cartilage and bone tissue constructs of clinically relevant size, as well as their integration with native tissues, remains an important challenge for regenerative medicine. The objective of this study was to assess adult human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in large, three-dimensionally woven poly(ε-caprolactone; PCL) scaffolds in proximity to viable bone, both in a nude rat subcutaneous pouch model and under simulated conditions in vitro. In Study I, various scaffold permutations-PCL alone, PCL-bone, "point-of-care" seeded MSC-PCL-bone, and chondrogenically precultured Ch-MSC-PCL-bone constructs-were implanted in a dorsal, ectopic pouch in a nude rat. After 8 weeks, only cells in the Ch-MSC-PCL constructs exhibited both chondrogenic and osteogenic gene expression profiles. Notably, although both tissue profiles were present, constructs that had been chondrogenically precultured prior to implantation showed a loss of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) as well as the presence of mineralization along with the formation of trabecula-like structures. In Study II of the study, the GAG loss and mineralization observed in Study I in vivo were recapitulated in vitro by the presence of either nearby bone or osteogenic culture medium additives but were prevented by a continued presence of chondrogenic medium additives. These data suggest conditions under which adult human stem cells in combination with polymer scaffolds synthesize functional and phenotypically distinct tissues based on the environmental conditions and highlight the potential influence that paracrine factors from adjacent bone may have on MSC fate, once implanted in vivo for chondral or osteochondral repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Larson
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sarah N Yu
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hyoungshin Park
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | - Patrick B Wu
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jean F Welter
- Skeletal Research Center and Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Robert Langer
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Cytex Therapeutics, Inc., Durham, NC.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lisa E Freed
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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Mao Y, Block T, Singh-Varma A, Sheldrake A, Leeth R, Griffey S, Kohn J. Extracellular matrix derived from chondrocytes promotes rapid expansion of human primary chondrocytes in vitro with reduced dedifferentiation. Acta Biomater 2019; 85:75-83. [PMID: 30528605 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A significant expansion of autologous chondrocytes in vitro is required for cell-based cartilage repair. However, the in vitro expansion of chondrocytes under standard culture conditions inevitably leads to the dedifferentiation of chondrocytes and contributes to suboptimal clinical outcomes. To address this challenge, we focused our efforts on developing an improved in vitro expansion protocol, which shortens the expansion time with decreased dedifferentiation. It is known that the tissue microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating the cellular functions of resident cells and provides guidance in tissue-specific regeneration. We hypothesized that chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics a native microenvironment and that it may support chondrocyte expansion in vitro. To test this hypothesis, we prepared decellularized ECMs from allogeneic human articular chondrocytes (HAC) (AC-ECM) and bone marrow stromal cells (BM-ECM) and studied their effects on the in vitro expansion of primary HAC. The differential composition and physical properties of these two ECMs were revealed by mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy. Compared with standard tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) or BM-ECM, HAC cultured on AC-ECM proliferated faster and maintained the highest ratio of COL2A1/COL1A1. Furthermore, a pellet culture study demonstrated that cells expanded on AC-ECM produced a more cartilage-like ECM than cells expanded on BM-ECM or TCP. This is the first report on modulating chondrocyte expansion and dedifferentiation using cell type-specific ECM and on identifying AC-ECM as a preferred substrate for in vitro expansion of HAC cell-based therapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: To reduce the dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during in vitro expansion, cell type-specific extracellular matrix (ECM), which mimics a native microenvironment, was prepared from human articular chondrocytes (AC-ECM) or bone marrow stromal cells (BM-ECM). As demonstrated by mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy, AC-ECM and BM-ECM have differential ECM compositions and physical characteristics. Human articular chondrocytes (HAC) expanded faster and maintained a better chondrocyte phenotype on AC-ECM than on BM-ECM or a standard culture surface. AC-ECM has potential to be developed for expanding HAC for cell-based therapies.
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Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Articular Cartilage, Synovial Membrane and Synovial Fluid for Cartilage Regeneration: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:575-586. [PMID: 28721683 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Large articular cartilage defects remain an immense challenge in the field of regenerative medicine because of their poor intrinsic repair capacity. Currently, the available medical interventions can relieve clinical symptoms to some extent, but fail to repair the cartilaginous injuries with authentic hyaline cartilage. There has been a surge of interest in developing cell-based therapies, focused particularly on the use of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells with or without scaffolds. Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells are promising graft cells for tissue regeneration, but the most suitable source of cells for cartilage repair remains controversial. The tissue origin of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells notably influences the biological properties and therapeutic potential. It is well known that mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from synovial joint tissues exhibit superior chondrogenic ability compared with those derived from non-joint tissues; thus, these cell populations are considered ideal sources for cartilage regeneration. In addition to the progress in research and promising preclinical results, many important research questions must be answered before widespread success in cartilage regeneration is achieved. This review outlines the biology of stem/progenitor cells derived from the articular cartilage, the synovial membrane, and the synovial fluid, including their tissue distribution, function and biological characteristics. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical trials focusing on their applications for cartilage regeneration are summarized, and future research perspectives are discussed.
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15
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Mao Y, Hoffman T, Wu A, Kohn J. An Innovative Laboratory Procedure to Expand Chondrocytes with Reduced Dedifferentiation. Cartilage 2018; 9:202-211. [PMID: 29271232 PMCID: PMC5871131 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517746724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In vitro expansion of chondrocytes is required for cartilage tissue engineering and clinical cell-based cartilage repair practices. However, the dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during in vitro expansion continues to be a challenge. This study focuses on identifying a cell culture surface to support chondrocyte expansion with reduced dedifferentiation. Design A less adhesive culture surface, non-tissue culture treated surface (NTC), was tested for its suitability for culturing chondrocytes. The cell expansion and the expression of chondrocyte markers were monitored for at least 2 passages on NTC in comparison with conventional tissue culture treated polystyrene surface (TCP). The ability of expanded chondrocytes to form cartilage tissues was evaluated using pellet culturing and subcutaneous implantation in nude mice. Results NTC supported bovine chondrocyte proliferation to a clinically relevant expansion requirement within 2 passages. Chondrocyte phenotypes were better maintained when cultured on NTC than on TCP. In vitro pellet culture studies showed that chondrocytes expanded on NTC expressed a higher level of chondrocyte extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the cells expanded on NTC or TCP were implanted subcutaneously as pellets in nude mice for 6 weeks. The recovered pellets showed cartilage-like tissue formation from cells expanded on NTC but not from the cells expanded on TCP. Conclusions This study presents an innovative and easy culturing procedure to expand chondrocytes with reduced dedifferentiation. This procedure has potential to be developed to expand chondrocytes in vitro for basic research, tissue engineering, and possibly for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Mao
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Amy Wu
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Joachim Kohn, New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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16
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Chawla S, Kumar A, Admane P, Bandyopadhyay A, Ghosh S. Elucidating role of silk-gelatin bioink to recapitulate articular cartilage differentiation in 3D bioprinted constructs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Joint morphogenetic cells in the adult mammalian synovium. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15040. [PMID: 28508891 PMCID: PMC5493527 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cells that safeguard synovial joints in adulthood are undefined. Studies on mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have mainly focused on bone marrow. Here we show that lineage tracing of Gdf5-expressing joint interzone cells identifies in adult mouse synovium an MSC population largely negative for the skeletal stem cell markers Nestin-GFP, Leptin receptor and Gremlin1. Following cartilage injury, Gdf5-lineage cells underpin synovial hyperplasia through proliferation, are recruited to a Nestin-GFPhigh perivascular population, and contribute to cartilage repair. The transcriptional co-factor Yap is upregulated after injury, and its conditional ablation in Gdf5-lineage cells prevents synovial lining hyperplasia and decreases contribution of Gdf5-lineage cells to cartilage repair. Cultured Gdf5-lineage cells exhibit progenitor activity for stable chondrocytes and are able to self-organize three-dimensionally to form a synovial lining-like layer. Finally, human synovial MSCs transduced with Bmp7 display morphogenetic properties by patterning a joint-like organ in vivo. Our findings further the understanding of the skeletal stem/progenitor cells in adult life. The stem cells that maintain and repair adult joint tissues in mammals, including articular cartilage, remain incompletely defined. Here the authors perform lineage tracing studies in adult mice and find an ontogenetically defined progenitor cell population that is functional in the synovial joint and distinct from previously reported mesenchymal stem cell populations.
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18
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Small animal models to understand pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and use of stem cell in cartilage regeneration. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:3-11. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Sherwood J, Bertrand J, Nalesso G, Poulet B, Pitsillides A, Brandolini L, Karystinou A, De Bari C, Luyten FP, Pitzalis C, Pap T, Dell'Accio F. A homeostatic function of CXCR2 signalling in articular cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74:2207-15. [PMID: 25135253 PMCID: PMC4680121 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ELR+ CXC chemokines are heparin-binding cytokines signalling through the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. ELR+ CXC chemokines have been associated with inflammatory arthritis due to their capacity to attract inflammatory cells. Here, we describe an unsuspected physiological function of these molecules in articular cartilage homeostasis. METHODS Chemokine receptors and ligands were detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and RT-PCR. Osteoarthritis was induced in wild-type and CXCR2(-/-) mice by destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM). CXCR1/2 signalling was inhibited in vitro using blocking antibodies or siRNA. Chondrocyte phenotype was analysed using Alcian blue staining, RT-PCR and western blotting. AKT phosphorylation and SOX9 expression were upregulated using constitutively active AKT or SOX9 plasmids. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS CXCL6 was expressed in healthy cartilage and was retained through binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. CXCR2(-/-) mice developed more severe osteoarthritis than wild types following DMM, with increased chondrocyte apoptosis. Disruption of CXCR1/2 in human and CXCR2 signalling in mouse chondrocytes led to a decrease in extracellular matrix production, reduced expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers and increased chondrocyte apoptosis. CXCR2-dependent chondrocyte homeostasis was mediated by AKT signalling since forced expression of constitutively active AKT rescued the expression of phenotypic markers and the apoptosis induced by CXCR2 blockade. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates an important physiological role for CXCR1/2 signalling in maintaining cartilage homeostasis and suggests that the loss of ELR+ CXC chemokines during cartilage breakdown in osteoarthritis contributes to the characteristic loss of chondrocyte phenotypic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sherwood
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Blandine Poulet
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, UCL, London, UK
| | - Andrew Pitsillides
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | | | | | - Cosimo De Bari
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Sakata R, Iwakura T, Reddi AH. Regeneration of Articular Cartilage Surface: Morphogens, Cells, and Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:461-73. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sakata
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Sacramento, California
| | - Takashi Iwakura
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Sacramento, California
| | - A. Hari Reddi
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Sacramento, California
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21
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Nasu M, Takayama S, Umezawa A. Endochondral ossification model system: designed cell fate of human epiphyseal chondrocytes during long-term implantation. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1376-88. [PMID: 25640995 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish a recapitulation system of human endochondral ossification as a paradigm of developmental engineering. Chondrocytes were isolated from the epiphyseal cartilage of the supernumerary digits of infants with polydactyly. In vivo studies showed that implanted chondrocytes exhibited cartilaginous regeneration over a short period of time and subsequent endochondral ossification with a marrow cavity. Tracing studies revealed that cells of donor origin at the periphery of the cartilage migrated into the center of the cartilage and transformed into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. Bone marrow was formed through anastomosis with the recipient endothelial system at 13 weeks, and from the migration of recipient hematopoietic cells at 50 weeks. This study provides a human endochondral ossification model system with transdifferentiation of the donor cells at the periphery of the cartilage. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 1376-1388, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Nasu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Caldwell KL, Wang J. Cell-based articular cartilage repair: the link between development and regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:351-62. [PMID: 25450846 PMCID: PMC4339504 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical efforts to repair damaged articular cartilage (AC) currently face major obstacles due to limited intrinsic repair capacity of the tissue and unsuccessful biological interventions. This highlights a need for better therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the recent advances in the field of cell-based AC repair. In both animals and humans, AC defects that penetrate into the subchondral bone marrow are mainly filled with fibrocartilaginous tissue through the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), followed by degeneration of repaired cartilage and osteoarthritis (OA). Cell therapy and tissue engineering techniques using culture-expanded chondrocytes, bone marrow MSCs, or pluripotent stem cells with chondroinductive growth factors may generate cartilaginous tissue in AC defects but do not form hyaline cartilage-based articular surface because repair cells often lose chondrogenic activity or result in chondrocyte hypertrophy. The new evidence that AC and synovium develop from the same pool of precursors with similar gene profiles and that synovium-derived chondrocytes have stable chondrogenic activity has promoted use of synovium as a new cell source for AC repair. The recent finding that NFAT1 and NFAT2 transcription factors (TFs) inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy and maintain metabolic balance in AC is a significant advance in the field of AC repair. The use of synovial MSCs and discovery of upstream transcriptional regulators that help maintain the AC phenotype have opened new avenues to improve the outcome of AC regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Corresponding Author: Jinxi Wang, Address: University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3017, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Phone: +1 913-588-0870, Fax: +1 913-945-7773,
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23
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Bouet G, Marchat D, Cruel M, Malaval L, Vico L. In VitroThree-Dimensional Bone Tissue Models: From Cells to Controlled and Dynamic Environment. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:133-56. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guenaelle Bouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—U1059, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - David Marchat
- Center for Biomedical and Healthcare Engineering, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, CNRS:UMR 5307, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Magali Cruel
- University of Lyon, LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France
| | - Luc Malaval
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—U1059, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurence Vico
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—U1059, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
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Eseonu OI, De Bari C. Homing of mesenchymal stem cells: mechanistic or stochastic? Implications for targeted delivery in arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:210-8. [PMID: 25288785 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with the capacity to undergo chondrogenic differentiation. Systemically administered MSCs have been shown to preferentially accumulate at sites of tissue damage and inflammation, thus MSC-based therapy holds great promise for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as RA. Modulation of MSC homing may allow targeted delivery of systemically administered MSCs to damaged articular cartilage, where they can suppress immune-mediated cartilage destruction and contribute to cartilage repair via a combination of chondrogenic differentiation and paracrine stimulation of intrinsic residual repair. To harness the potential of MSC homing, a thorough understanding of the mechanism is key. This review discusses current knowledge of the mechanism of MSC homing to injured/inflamed tissue and its implications for targeted MSC-based therapy in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyedikachi I Eseonu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Cosimo De Bari
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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Marcus P, De Bari C, Dell’Accio F, Archer CW. Articular Chondroprogenitor Cells Maintain Chondrogenic Potential but Fail to Form a Functional Matrix When Implanted Into Muscles of SCID Mice. Cartilage 2014; 5:231-40. [PMID: 26069702 PMCID: PMC4335766 DOI: 10.1177/1947603514541274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Articular cartilage is a complex tissue comprising phenotypically distinct zones. Research has identified the presence of a progenitor cell population in the surface zone of immature articular cartilage. The aim of the present study was to determine the in vivo plasticity of articular cartilage progenitor. DESIGN Chondropogenitor cells were isolated from bovine metacarpalphalangeal joints by differential adhesion to fibronectin. Cells were labeled with PKH26 and injected into the thigh muscle of severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. After 2 weeks, the muscles were dissected and cryosectioned. Sections were stained with safranin O and labeled for sox9 and collagen type II. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was carried out to determine plasticity for a number of tissue-specific markers. Full-depth chondrocytes acted as a control. RESULTS Fluorescent PKH26 labeled cells were detected after 2 weeks in all samples analyzed. A cartilage pellet was present after injection of freshly isolated chondrocytes. After injection with clonal and enriched populations of chondroprogenitors, no distinct pellet was detected, but diffuse cartilage nodules were found with regions of safranin O staining and Sox9. Low levels of collagen type II were also detected. Polymerase chain reaction analysis identified the presence of the endothelial cell marker PECAM-1 in one clonal cell line, demonstrating phenotypic plasticity into the phenotype of the surrounding host tissues. CONCLUSIONS The bovine articular cartilage progenitor cells were able to survive in vivo postimplantation, but failed to create a robust cartilage pellet, despite expressing sox9 and type II collagen. This suggests the cells require further signals for chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Marcus
- Cardiff School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cosimo De Bari
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Francesco Dell’Accio
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Charles W. Archer
- Cardiff School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Stenberg J, de Windt TS, Synnergren J, Hynsjö L, van der Lee J, Saris DBF, Brittberg M, Peterson L, Lindahl A. Clinical Outcome 3 Years After Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Does Not Correlate With the Expression of a Predefined Gene Marker Set in Chondrocytes Prior to Implantation but Is Associated With Critical Signaling Pathways. Orthop J Sports Med 2014; 2:2325967114550781. [PMID: 26535366 PMCID: PMC4555627 DOI: 10.1177/2325967114550781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a need for tools to predict the chondrogenic potency of autologous cells for cartilage repair. Purpose: To evaluate previously proposed chondrogenic biomarkers and to identify new biomarkers in the chondrocyte transcriptome capable of predicting clinical success or failure after autologous chondrocyte implantation. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study and case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Five patients with clinical improvement after autologous chondrocyte implantation and 5 patients with graft failures 3 years after implantation were included. Surplus chondrocytes from the transplantation were frozen for each patient. Each chondrocyte sample was subsequently thawed at the same time point and cultured for 1 cell doubling, prior to RNA purification and global microarray analysis. The expression profiles of a set of predefined marker genes (ie, collagen type II α1 [COL2A1], bone morphogenic protein 2 [BMP2], fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 [FGFR3], aggrecan [ACAN], CD44, and activin receptor–like kinase receptor 1 [ACVRL1]) were also evaluated. Results: No significant difference in expression of the predefined marker set was observed between the success and failure groups. Thirty-nine genes were found to be induced, and 38 genes were found to be repressed between the 2 groups prior to autologous chondrocyte implantation, which have implications for cell-regulating pathways (eg, apoptosis, interleukin signaling, and β-catenin regulation). Conclusion: No expressional differences that predict clinical outcome could be found in the present study, which may have implications for quality control assessments of autologous chondrocyte implantation. The subtle difference in gene expression regulation found between the 2 groups may strengthen the basis for further research, aiming at reliable biomarkers and quality control for tissue engineering in cartilage repair. Clinical Relevance: The present study shows the possible limitations of using gene expression before transplantation to predict the chondrogenic and thus clinical potency of the cells. This result is especially important as the chondrogenic potential of the chondrocytes is currently part of quality control measures according to European and American legislations regarding advanced therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Stenberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy S de Windt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jane Synnergren
- School of Life Sciences, System Biology Research Centre, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Lars Hynsjö
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefine van der Lee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel B F Saris
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. ; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Mats Brittberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Peterson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hubka KM, Dahlin RL, Meretoja VV, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Enhancing chondrogenic phenotype for cartilage tissue engineering: monoculture and coculture of articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:641-54. [PMID: 24834484 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage exhibits an inherently low rate of regeneration. Consequently, damage to articular cartilage often requires surgical intervention. However, existing treatments generally result in the formation of fibrocartilage tissue, which is inferior to native articular cartilage. As a result, cartilage engineering strategies seek to repair or replace damaged cartilage with an engineered tissue that restores full functionality to the impaired joint. These strategies often involve the use of chondrocytes, yet in vitro expansion and culture can lead to undesirable changes in chondrocyte phenotype. This review focuses on the use of articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in either monoculture or coculture for the enhancement of chondrogenesis. Coculture strategies increasingly outperform their monoculture counterparts with regard to chondrogenesis and present unique opportunities to attain chondrocyte phenotype stability in vitro. Methods to prevent chondrocyte dedifferentiation and promote chondrocyte redifferentiation as well as to promote the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs while preventing MSC hypertrophy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsea M Hubka
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas
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28
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Skog M, Muhonen V, Nystedt J, Narcisi R, Kontturi LS, Urtti A, Korhonen M, van Osch GJVM, Kiviranta I. Xeno-free chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells: towards clinical-grade chondrocyte production. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:905-19. [PMID: 24718835 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Current cell-based cartilage therapies relay on articular cartilage-derived autologous chondrocytes as a cell source, which possesses disadvantages, such as, donor site morbidity and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during in vitro expansion. Due to these and other limitations, novel cell sources and production strategies are needed. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are a fascinating alternative, but they are not spontaneously capable of producing hyaline cartilage-like repair tissue in vivo. In vitro pre-differentiation of BM-MSCs could be used to produce chondrocytes for clinical applications. However, clinically compatible defined and xeno-free differentiation protocol is lacking. Hence, this study aimed to develop such chondrogenic differentiation medium for human BM-MSCs. We assessed the feasibility of the medium using three human BM-MSCs donors and validated the method by comparing BM-MSCs to three other cell types holding potential for articular cartilage repair. The effectiveness of the method was compared to conventional serum-free and commercially available chondrogenic differentiation media. The results show that the defined xeno-free differentiation medium is at least as efficient as conventionally used serum-free chondrogenic medium and performed significantly better on all cell types tested compared to the commercially available chondrogenic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Skog
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
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Okano T, Mera H, Itokazu M, Okabe T, Koike T, Nakamura H, Wakitani S. Systemic Administration of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Osteochondral Defect Repair in a Rat Experimental Model. Cartilage 2014; 5:107-13. [PMID: 26069690 PMCID: PMC4297080 DOI: 10.1177/1947603514520628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on osteochondral defect repair in the rat knee. DESIGN Twenty-six 12-week-old male Lewis rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. From day 0 to day 4, the G-CSF group received glycosylated G-CSF, and the control group received phosphate-buffered saline. A 1.5-mm diameter and 1.0-mm deep osteochondral defect was introduced in the patellar groove of the bilateral femur in all rats on day 4. The peripheral blood nucleated cells were counted for 14 days from the first day of injection, the appearance of the cartilage repair was observed histologically and macroscopically for 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery. RESULTS The number of peripheral blood leukocytes increased 3 days and returned to normal levels 7 days after the first injection. Compared with the control group, the G-CSF group had more fibrous and/or bony tissue at earlier points in time. The tissue repair rate, which is defined as the percentage of repaired osteochondral defects, was significantly higher in the G-CSF group 4 weeks after surgery. However, there were no significant differences in the cartilage repair rate and the modified Wakitani score between the 2 groups at each time point. CONCLUSIONS The defect filling was significantly better in the G-CSF group in the early phases. Our findings suggest that G-CSF may promote the repair of osteochondral defects by mediating an increase in the number of peripheral blood nucleated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Okano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mera
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Maki Itokazu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan,Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Itabashi Chuo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Koike
- Center for Senile Degenerative Disorders (CSDD), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Wakitani
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
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31
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Choe S, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Ligand- and stage-dependent divergent functions of BMP signaling in the differentiation of embryonic skeletogenic progenitors in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:735-48. [PMID: 24038612 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are key molecules in the differentiation of skeletal tissues. We have investigated whether differentiation of limb embryonic mesodermal progenitors into different connective tissue lineages depends on specific stimulation of distinct BMP ligands or on the differential response of target cells to a common BMP stimulus. We show that Bmp2,4,5,7 and Gdf5 exhibit differential expression domains during the formation of tendons, cartilages, and joint tissues in digit development, but their respective effects on digit progenitors cell cultures cannot sustain the divergent differentiation of these cells into tendons, joints, and cartilage. However, the influence of BMPs differs based on the culture length. Early cultures respond to any of the BMPs by inducing chondrogenic factors and inhibiting fibrogenic and osteogenic markers. Later, a second phase of the culture occurs when BMPs attenuate their prochondrogenic influence and promote the fibrogenic marker Scleraxis. At advanced culture stages, BMPs inhibit prochondrogenic and profibrogenic markers and promote osteogenic markers. The switch from the prochondrogenic to the profibrogenic response appears critically dependent on the basal expression of Noggin. Thus, the differential regulation of Scleraxis at these stages was abrogated by treatments with a BMP-analogous compound (AB204) that escapes NOGGIN antagonism. Gene regulation experiments in absence of protein synthesis during the first period of culture indicate that BMPs activate at the same time master chondrogenic and fibrogenic genes together with cofactors responsible for driving the signaling cascade toward chondrogenesis or fibrogenesis. Gene-silencing experiments indicate that Id2 is one of the factors limiting the profibrogenic influence of BMPs. We propose that connective tissues are dynamic structures composed of cartilage, fibrous tissue, and bone that form in successive steps from the differentiation of common progenitors. This sequential differentiation is regulated by BMPs through a process that is dependent on the basal expression of BMP cofactors or signaling modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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32
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Heywood HK, Nalesso G, Lee DA, Dell'accio F. Culture expansion in low-glucose conditions preserves chondrocyte differentiation and enhances their subsequent capacity to form cartilage tissue in three-dimensional culture. Biores Open Access 2014; 3:9-18. [PMID: 24570841 PMCID: PMC3929268 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture conditions that preserve a stable chondrocyte phenotype are desirable in cell-based cartilage repair to maximize efficacy and clinical outcome. This study investigates whether low-glucose conditions will preserve the chondrocyte phenotype during culture expansion. Articular chondrocytes were culture-expanded in media supplemented with either low (1 mM) or high (10 mM) glucose. The metabolic phenotype, reactive oxygen species generation, and mRNA expression of markers of differentiation or catabolism were assessed by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction after four population doublings (PDs) and subsequent tissue formation capacity determined using pellet cultures. Continuous monolayer culture was used to determine the population doubling limit. After expansion in monolayer for four PDs, chondrocytes expanded in low-glucose conditions exhibited higher expression of the differentiation markers SOX9 and COL2A1 and reduced expression of the catabolic metalloproteinase matrix metallopeptidase 13. When chondrocytes expanded in low glucose were cultured in micropellets, they consistently generated more cartilaginous extracellular matrix than those expanded in high glucose, as evaluated by wet weight, sulfated glycosaminoglycan content, and hydroxyproline assay for collagen content. The same pattern was observed whether high or low glucose was used during the pellet culture. During expansion, chondrocytes in high-glucose generated 50% more reactive oxygen species than low-glucose conditions, despite a lower dependence on oxidative phosphorylation for energy. Furthermore low-glucose cells exhibited >30% increased population doubling limit. These data suggests that low-glucose expansion conditions better preserve the expression of differentiation markers by chondrocytes and enhance their subsequent capacity to form cartilage in vitro. Therefore, low glucose levels should be considered for the expansion of chondrocytes intended for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Heywood
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute , Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Dell'accio
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute , Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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Mollon B, Kandel R, Chahal J, Theodoropoulos J. The clinical status of cartilage tissue regeneration in humans. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1824-33. [PMID: 24018339 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a comprehensive overview of the basic science and clinical evidence behind cartilage regeneration techniques as they relate to surgical management of chondral lesions in humans. METHODS A descriptive review of current literature. RESULTS Articular cartilage defects are common in orthopedic practice, with current treatments yielding acceptable short-term but inconsistent long-term results. Tissue engineering techniques are being employed with aims of repopulating a cartilage defect with hyaline cartilage containing living chondrocytes with hopes of improving clinical outcomes. Cartilage tissue engineering broadly involves the use of three components: cell source, biomaterial/membranes, and/or growth stimulators, either alone or in any combination. Tissue engineering principles are currently being applied to clinical medicine in the form of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) or similar techniques. Despite refinements in technique, current literature fails to support a clinical benefit of ACI over older techniques such as microfracture except perhaps for larger (>4 cm) lesions. Modern ACI techniques may be associated with lower operative revision rates. The notion that ACI-like procedures produce hyaline-like cartilage in humans remains unsupported by high-quality clinical research. CONCLUSIONS Many of the advancements in tissue engineering have yet to be applied in a clinical setting. While basic science has refined orthopedic management of chondral lesions, available evidence does not conclude the superiority of modern tissue engineering methods over other techniques in improving clinical symptoms or restoring native joint mechanics. It is hoped further research will optimize ease of cell harvest and growth, enhanced cartilage production, and improve cost-effectiveness of medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mollon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Chondrocyte differentiation of human endometrial gland-derived MSCs in layered cell sheets. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:359109. [PMID: 24348153 PMCID: PMC3852803 DOI: 10.1155/2013/359109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, regenerative medicine using engineered three-dimensional (3D) tissues has been focused. In the fields of cell therapy and regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive autologous cell sources. While, in bioengineered tissues, a 3D environment may affect the differentiation of the stem cells, little is known regarding the effect of 3D environment on cellular differentiation. In this study, MSC differentiation in in vitro 3D tissue models was assessed by human endometrial gland-derived MSCs (hEMSCs) and cell sheet technology. hEMSC sheets were layered into cell-dense 3D tissues and were cultured on porous membranes. The tissue sections revealed that chondrocyte-like cells were found within the multilayered cell sheets even at 24 h after layering. Immunostainings of chondrospecific markers were positive within those cell sheet constructs. In addition, sulfated glycosaminoglycan accumulation within the tissues increased in proportion to the numbers of layered cell sheets. The findings suggested that a high cell density and hypoxic environment in 3D tissues by layering cell sheets might accelerate a rapid differentiation of hEMSCs into chondrocytes without the help of chondro-differentiation reagents. These tissue models using cell sheets would give new insights to stem cell differentiation in 3D environment and contribute to the future application of stem cells to cartilage regenerative therapy.
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35
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Roelofs A, Rocke J, De Bari C. Cell-based approaches to joint surface repair: a research perspective. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:892-900. [PMID: 23598176 PMCID: PMC3694304 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Repair of lesions of the articular cartilage lining the joints remains a major clinical challenge. Surgical interventions include osteochondral autograft transfer and microfracture. They can provide some relief of symptoms to patients, but generally fail to durably repair the cartilage. Autologous chondrocyte implantation has thus far shown the most promise for the durable repair of cartilage, with long-term follow-up studies indicating improved structural and functional outcomes. However, disadvantages of this technique include the need for additional surgery, availability of sufficient chondrocytes for implantation, and maintenance of their phenotype during culture-expansion. Mesenchymal stem cells offer an attractive alternative cell-source for cartilage repair, due to their ease of isolation and amenability to ex vivo expansion while retaining stem cell properties. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of mesenchymal stem cells to promote articular cartilage repair, but have also highlighted several key challenges. Most notably, the quality and durability of the repair tissue, its resistance to endochondral ossification, and its effective integration with the surrounding host tissue. In addition, challenges exist related to the heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cell preparations and their quality-control, as well as optimising the delivery method. Finally, as our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying articular cartilage repair increases, promising studies are emerging employing bioactive scaffolds or therapeutics that elicit an effective tissue repair response through activation and mobilisation of endogenous stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Roelofs
- Arthritis Research UK Tissue Engineering Centre, UK,Regenerative Medicine Group, Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - J.P.J. Rocke
- Arthritis Research UK Tissue Engineering Centre, UK,Regenerative Medicine Group, Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - C. De Bari
- Arthritis Research UK Tissue Engineering Centre, UK,Regenerative Medicine Group, Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: C. De Bari, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK. Tel: 44-1224-437477.
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36
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Gullo F, De Bari C. Prospective purification of a subpopulation of human synovial mesenchymal stem cells with enhanced chondro-osteogenic potency. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52:1758-68. [PMID: 23804221 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported the coexistence, within cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human synovial membrane, of single-cell-derived clonal cell populations with distinct differentiation potency. The aim of this study was to investigate marker sets for prospective purification of functionally distinct MSC subsets. METHODS Cells were enzymatically released from human synovium and culture expanded. Phenotype analysis was performed by flow cytometry using combinations of MSC markers. Sorting was carried out using the FACS DiVA cell sorter. Sorted cell populations were assessed for clonogenicity, kinetics of growth, cell senescence and chondro-osteogenic potency. RESULTS During culture expansion, the co-localization of CD39 within the CD73(+) cell population identified a small cell subset that was maintained from passage 1 (P1) up to at least P12 in all donors tested. The CD73(+)CD39(+) cell subset displayed higher expression levels of Sox9 and Runx2 and a significantly greater chondro-osteogenic potency than the CD73(+)CD39(-) cell subset. In contrast, it was less clonogenic and proliferative. There was no difference in cell senescence between the sorted MSC subsets and the parental MSCs. Notably, there were no detectable differences in chondro-osteogenic potency between the CD73(+)CD39(-) and CD73(+)CD39(+) cell subsets purified from fresh synovial cell populations. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the combination of CD73 and CD39 allows the prospective purification from culture-expanded heterogeneous synovial MSC populations of a distinct MSC subset with greater chondro-osteogenic potency. We anticipate that such an approach will enhance the consistency of cell-based therapeutic protocols for the repair of osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gullo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Eyckmans J, Roberts SJ, Bolander J, Schrooten J, Chen CS, Luyten FP. Mapping calcium phosphate activated gene networks as a strategy for targeted osteoinduction of human progenitors. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4612-21. [PMID: 23537666 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although calcium phosphate-containing biomaterials are promising scaffolds for bone regenerative strategies, the osteoinductive capacity of such materials is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether endogenous mechanisms of in vivo calcium phosphate-driven, ectopic bone formation could be identified and used to induce enhanced differentiation in vitro of the same progenitor population. To accomplish this, human periosteum derived cells (hPDCs) were seeded on hydroxyapatite/collagen scaffolds (calcium phosphate rich matrix or CPRM), or on decalcified scaffolds (calcium phosphate depleted matrix or CPDM), followed by subcutaneous implantation in nude mice to trigger ectopic bone formation. In this system, osteoblast differentiation occurred in CPRM scaffolds, but not in CPDM scaffolds. Gene expression was assessed by human full-genome microarray at 20 h after seeding, and 2, 8 and 18 days after implantation. In both matrices, implantation of the cell constructs triggered a similar gene expression cascade, however, gene expression dynamics progressed faster in CPRM scaffolds than in CPDM scaffolds. The difference in gene expression dynamics was associated with differential activation of hub genes and molecular signaling pathways related to calcium signaling (CREB), inflammation (TNFα, NFkB, and IL6) and bone development (TGFβ, β-catenin, BMP, EGF, and ERK signaling). Starting from this set of pathways, a growth factor cocktail was developed that robustly enhanced osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data demonstrate that through the identification and subsequent stimulation of genes, proteins and signaling pathways associated with calcium phosphate mediated osteoinduction, a focused approach to develop targeted differentiation protocols in adult progenitor cells can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Eyckmans
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Meretoja VV, Dahlin RL, Wright S, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. The effect of hypoxia on the chondrogenic differentiation of co-cultured articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells in scaffolds. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4266-73. [PMID: 23489925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the effects of lowered oxygen tension (20% and 5% O2) on the chondrogenesis and hypertrophy of articular chondrocytes (ACs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their co-cultures with a 30:70 AC:MSC ratio. Cells were cultured for six weeks within porous scaffolds, and their cellularity, cartilaginous matrix production (collagen II/I expression ratio, hydroxyproline and GAG content) and hypertrophy markers (collagen X expression, ALP activity, calcium accumulation) were analyzed. After two weeks, hypoxic culture conditions had expedited chondrogenesis with all cell types by increasing collagen II/I expression ratio and matrix synthesis by ~2.5-11 and ~1.5-3.0 fold, respectively. At later times, hypoxia decreased cellularity but had little effect on matrix synthesis. ACs and co-cultures showed similarly high collagen II/I expression ratio and GAG rich matrix formation, whereas MSCs produced the least hyaline cartilage-like matrix and obtained a hypertrophic phenotype with eventual calcification. MSC hypertrophy was further emphasized in hypoxic conditions. We conclude that the most promising cell source for cartilage engineering was co-cultures, as they have a potential to decrease the need for primary chondrocyte harvest and expansion while obtaining a stable highly chondrogenic phenotype independent of the oxygen tension in the cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville V Meretoja
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Dahlin RL, Meretoja VV, Ni M, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Hypoxia and flow perfusion modulate proliferation and gene expression of articular chondrocytes on porous scaffolds. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mengwei Ni
- Dept. of Bioengineering; Rice University; Houston; TX 77005
| | | | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Dept. of Bioengineering and Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; Houston; TX 77005
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Vanlauwe JJE, Claes T, Van Assche D, Bellemans J, Luyten FP. Characterized chondrocyte implantation in the patellofemoral joint: an up to 4-year follow-up of a prospective cohort of 38 patients. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40:1799-807. [PMID: 22785604 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512452712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is an accepted treatment option for selected condylar cartilage defects in the knee. Results for patellofemoral chondral defects have been less favorable. HYPOTHESIS Autologous chondrocyte implantation with characterized chondrocytes will result in clinically relevant improvement in patellofemoral lesions. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Patients with symptomatic patellofemoral full-thickness cartilage lesions were treated with ACI using characterized chondrocytes (ChondroCelect) covered with a collagen type I membrane. Clinical outcome was assessed using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Responders were defined using 5 categories (≥10 points and ≥20%, 30%, 50%, 70%) based on the KOOS and VAS. Treatment failure was defined as partial loosening of more than 20% of the graft with subsequent procedures to the subchondral bone. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients, with a mean defect size of 4.89 cm(2) (range, 1.5-11 cm(2)), were treated for a patellar defect (n = 28), trochlear defect (n = 7), or a kissing lesion (trochlea and patella; n = 3). The minimum follow-up period was 24 months (mean, 37 months; range, 24-72 months). Treated patients showed statistically significant improvements in the KOOS (at 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 months) and VAS (at the same time points) compared with pretreatment for each time point. Responder analysis identified approximately 84% of patients with a clinically relevant improvement greater than 10 points at 3 years. Treatment failure was observed in 5 patients. The most commonly reported adverse events were joint crepitation (n = 18) and arthrofibrosis (n = 7). No relationship could be found between clinical outcome and anatomic characteristics of the patellofemoral joint, lesion size and site, time since onset, or age. Nine patients required additional surgery: 6 because of persistent symptoms and 3 for hardware removal. CONCLUSION Characterized chondrocyte implantation resulted in statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement over time. These results add to the evidence demonstrating that ACI is a valuable cartilage repair technique for patellofemoral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan J E Vanlauwe
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Weligerveld 1, Pellenberg, Leuven, 3212 Belgium.
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Tang QO, Carasco CF, Gamie Z, Korres N, Mantalaris A, Tsiridis E. Preclinical and clinical data for the use of mesenchymal stem cells in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1361-82. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.707182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Differentiation potential of mesenchymal progenitor cells following transplantation into calvarial defects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 11:132-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Okano T, Wakitani S, Okabe T, Takahashi M, Koike T, Nakamura H. Nucleated cells circulating in the peripheral blood contribute to the repair of osteochondral defects only in the early phase of healing. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:414-20. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Okano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Wakitani
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences; Mukogawa Women's University; Japan
| | - Takahiro Okabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization; Shinshu Ueda Medical Centre; Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Bioimaging Sciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; Japan
| | - Tatsuya Koike
- Department of Rheumatosurgery; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
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Foldager CB, Gomoll AH, Lind M, Spector M. Cell Seeding Densities in Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Techniques for Cartilage Repair. Cartilage 2012; 3:108-17. [PMID: 26069624 PMCID: PMC4297130 DOI: 10.1177/1947603511435522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage repair techniques have been among the most intensively investigated treatments in orthopedics for the past decade, and several different treatment modalities are currently available. Despite the extensive research effort within this field, the generation of hyaline cartilage remains a considerable challenge. There are many parameters attendant to each of the cartilage repair techniques that can affect the amount and types of reparative tissue generated in the cartilage defect, and some of the most fundamental of these parameters have yet to be fully investigated. For procedures in which in vitro-cultured autologous chondrocytes are implanted under a periosteal or synthetic membrane cover, or seeded onto a porous membrane or scaffold, little is known about how the number of cells affects the clinical outcome. Few published clinical studies address the cell seeding density that was employed. The principal objective of this review is to provide an overview of the cell seeding densities used in cell-based treatments currently available in the clinic for cartilage repair. Select preclinical studies that have informed the use of specific cell seeding densities in the clinic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Bindzus Foldager
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Health Care System Boston, MA, USA,Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Lind
- Sports Trauma Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Myron Spector
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Health Care System Boston, MA, USA
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Choi KH, Song BR, Choi BH, Lee M, Park SR, Min BH. Cartilage tissue engineering using chondrocyte-derived extracellular matrix scaffold suppressed vessel invasion during chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in vivo. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-012-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Jones E, McGonagle D. Synovial mesenchymal stem cells in vivo: Potential key players for joint regeneration. World J Rheumatol 2011; 1:4-11. [DOI: 10.5499/wjr.v1.i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), whose in vivo identity has been actively explored in recent years, the biology of MSCs in the synovium remains poorly understood. Synovial MSCs may be of great importance to rheumatology and orthopedics because of the direct proximity and accessibility of the synovium to cartilage, ligament, and meniscus. Their excellent chondrogenic capabilities and suggested transit through the synovial fluid, giving unhindered access to the joint surface, further support a pivotal role for synovial MSCs in homeostatic joint repair. This review highlights several unresolved issues pertaining to synovial MSC isolation, topography, and their relationship with pericytes, synovial fibroblasts, and synovial fluid MSCs. Critically reviewing published data on synovial MSCs, we also draw from our experience of exploring the in vivo biology of MSCs in the BM to highlight key differences. Extending our knowledge of synovial MSCs in vivo could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for arthritic diseases.
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Lee WD, Hurtig MB, Kandel RA, Stanford WL. Membrane Culture of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Yields Better Tissue Than Pellet Culture for Engineering Cartilage-Bone Substitute Biphasic Constructs in a Two-Step Process. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:939-48. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Whitaik David Lee
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark B. Hurtig
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita A. Kandel
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI, Hurlé JM. Regenerative medicine and connective tissues: cartilage versus tendon. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:337-47. [DOI: 10.1002/term.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lories RJU, de Vlam K, Luyten FP. Are current available therapies disease-modifying in spondyloarthritis? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2011; 24:625-35. [PMID: 21035084 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disease modification in spondyloarthritis should target the improvement of symptoms and preservation of function. Therefore, inhibition of structural damage caused by the disease processes appears essential. In spondyloarthritis, structural damage results mainly in progressive ankylosis of the spine and peripheral joint destruction. Currently available therapies for the treatment of spondyloarthritis appear effective at inhibiting tissue destruction but, with the exception of celecoxib, do not appear to affect new tissue formation leading to ankylosis. In this article, we discuss clinical and pathophysiological concepts of disease modification in spondyloarthritis, challenges in its evaluation, recent clinical data and new concepts that may help explain structural damage as well as the onset and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik J U Lories
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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Heise RL, Stober V, Cheluvaraju C, Hollingsworth JW, Garantziotis S. Mechanical stretch induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelia via hyaluronan activation of innate immunity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17435-44. [PMID: 21398522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.137273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial injury is a central event in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases like acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis, and iatrogenic lung injury. Mechanical stress is an often underappreciated contributor to lung epithelial injury. Following injury, differentiated epithelia can assume a myofibroblast phenotype in a process termed epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to aberrant wound healing and fibrosis. We demonstrate that cyclic mechanical stretch induces EMT in alveolar type II epithelial cells, associated with increased expression of low molecular mass hyaluronan (sHA). We show that sHA is sufficient for induction of EMT in statically cultured alveolar type II epithelial cells and necessary for EMT during cell stretch. Furthermore, stretch-induced EMT requires the innate immune adaptor molecule MyD88. We examined the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is known to mediate EMT. The Wnt target gene Wnt-inducible signaling protein 1 (wisp-1) is significantly up-regulated in stretched cells in hyaluronan- and MyD88-dependent fashion, and blockade of WISP-1 prevents EMT in stretched cells. In conclusion, we show for the first time that innate immunity transduces mechanical stress responses through the matrix component hyaluronan, and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Heise
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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