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Kapri D, Fanibunda SE, Vaidya VA. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Putative molecular and cellular mechanisms. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 118:1-33. [PMID: 35180924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sensitive to perturbations in thyroid hormone signaling, with evidence supporting a key role for thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in the regulation of postmitotic progenitor survival and neuronal differentiation. In this book chapter we summarize the current understanding of the effects of thyroid hormone signaling on adult hippocampal progenitor development, and also critically address the role of TRs in regulation of distinct aspects of stage-specific hippocampal progenitor progression. We highlight actions of thyroid hormone on thyroid hormone responsive target genes, and the implications for hippocampal progenitor regulation. Given the influence of thyroid hormone on both mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, we discuss a putative role for regulation of metabolism in the effects of thyroid hormone on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Finally, we highlight specific ideas that require detailed experimental investigation, and the need for future studies to obtain a deeper mechanistic insight into the influence of thyroid hormone and TRs in the developmental progression of adult hippocampal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Kapri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sashaina E Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India; Medical Research Centre, Kasturba Health Society, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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Bloise FF, Cordeiro A, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Role of thyroid hormone in skeletal muscle physiology. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R57-R68. [PMID: 29051191 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for development, growth, differentiation, metabolism and thermogenesis. Skeletal muscle (SM) contractile function, myogenesis and bioenergetic metabolism are influenced by TH. These effects depend on the presence of the TH transporters MCT8 and MCT10 in the plasma membrane, the expression of TH receptors (THRA or THRB) and hormone availability, which is determined either by the activation of thyroxine (T4) into triiodothyronine (T3) by type 2 iodothyronine deiodinases (D2) or by the inactivation of T4 into reverse T3 by deiodinases type 3 (D3). SM relaxation and contraction rates depend on T3 regulation of myosin expression and energy supplied by substrate oxidation in the mitochondria. The balance between D2 and D3 expression determines TH intracellular levels and thus influences the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, indicating an important role of TH in muscle repair and myogenesis. During critical illness, changes in TH levels and in THR and deiodinase expression negatively affect SM function and repair. This review will discuss the influence of TH action on SM contraction, bioenergetics metabolism, myogenesis and repair in health and illness conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia F Bloise
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Cordeiro
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Fanibunda SE, Desouza LA, Kapoor R, Vaidya RA, Vaidya VA. Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:211-251. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kapoor R, Fanibunda SE, Desouza LA, Guha SK, Vaidya VA. Perspectives on thyroid hormone action in adult neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2015; 133:599-616. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Kapoor
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sashaina E. Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Lynette A. Desouza
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Suman K. Guha
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Vidita A. Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
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Nandi S, Blais A, Ioshikhes I. Identification of cis-regulatory modules in promoters of human genes exploiting mutual positioning of transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:8822-41. [PMID: 23913413 PMCID: PMC3799424 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher organisms, gene regulation is controlled by the interplay of non-random combinations of multiple transcription factors (TFs). Although numerous attempts have been made to identify these combinations, important details, such as mutual positioning of the factors that have an important role in the TF interplay, are still missing. The goal of the present work is in silico mapping of some of such associating factors based on their mutual positioning, using computational screening. We have selected the process of myogenesis as a study case, and we focused on TF combinations involving master myogenic TF Myogenic differentiation (MyoD) with other factors situated at specific distances from it. The results of our work show that some muscle-specific factors occur together with MyoD within the range of ±100 bp in a large number of promoters. We confirm co-occurrence of the MyoD with muscle-specific factors as described in earlier studies. However, we have also found novel relationships of MyoD with other factors not specific for muscle. Additionally, we have observed that MyoD tends to associate with different factors in proximal and distal promoter areas. The major outcome of our study is establishing the genome-wide connection between biological interactions of TFs and close co-occurrence of their binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Nandi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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Thyroid hormone receptors, cell growth and differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3908-16. [PMID: 22484490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue homeostasis depends on the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. Thyroid hormones (THs), through binding to their nuclear receptors, can regulate the expression of many genes involved in cell cycle control and cellular differentiation. This can occur by direct transcriptional regulation or by modulation of the activity of different signaling pathways. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review we will summarize the role of the different receptor isoforms in growth and maturation of selected tissues and organs. We will focus on mammalian tissues, and therefore we will not address the fundamental role of the THs during amphibian metamorphosis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The actions of THs are highly pleiotropic, affecting many tissues at different developmental stages. As a consequence, their effects on proliferation and differentiation are highly heterogeneous depending on the cell type, the cellular context, and the developmental or transformation status. Both during development and in the adult, stem cells are essential for proper organ formation, maintenance and regeneration. Recent evidence suggests that some of the actions of the thyroid hormone receptors could be secondary to regulation of stem/progenitor cell function. Here we will also include the latest knowledge on the role of these receptors in proliferation and differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The thyroid hormone receptors are potent regulators of proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. This can explain the important role of the thyroid hormones and their receptors in key processes such as growth, development, tissue homeostasis or cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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Kapoor R, van Hogerlinden M, Wallis K, Ghosh H, Nordstrom K, Vennstrom B, Vaidya VA. Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis. FASEB J 2010; 24:4793-805. [PMID: 20709911 PMCID: PMC4177098 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-161802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process involved in key functions, such as learning, memory, and mood regulation. We addressed the role of thyroid hormone receptor TRα1 in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, using mice harboring a TRα1 null allele (TRα1(-/-)), overexpressing TRα1 6-fold (TRα2(-/-)), and a mutant TRα1 (TRα1(+/m)) with a 10-fold lower affinity to the ligand. While hippocampal progenitor proliferation was unaltered, TRα1(-/-) mice exhibited a significant increase in doublecortin-positive immature neurons and increased survival of bromodeoxyuridine-positive (BrdU(+)) progenitors as compared to wild-type controls. In contrast, the TRα1(+/m) and the TRα2(-/-) mice, where the overexpressed TRα1 acts as an aporeceptor, showed a significant decline in surviving BrdU(+) progenitors. TRα1(-/-) and TRα2(-/-) mice showed opposing effects on neurogenic markers like polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule and stathmin. The decreased progenitor survival in the TRα2(-/-) and TRα1(+/m) mice could be rescued by thyroid hormone treatment, as was the decline in neuronal differentiation seen in the TRα1(+/m) mice. These mice also exhibited a decrease in NeuroD(+) cell numbers in the dentate gyrus, suggesting an effect on early postmitotic progenitors. Our results provide the first evidence of a role for unliganded TRα1 in modulating the deleterious effects of hypothyroidism on adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Kapoor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Max van Hogerlinden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Wallis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Himanish Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Kristina Nordstrom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Vennstrom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vidita A. Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
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Kapoor R, Hogerlinden M, Wallis K, Ghosh H, Nordstrom K, Vennstrom B, Vaidya VA. Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor αl impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.161802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Kapoor
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
| | - Max Hogerlinden
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karin Wallis
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Himanish Ghosh
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
| | - Kristina Nordstrom
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Bjorn Vennstrom
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Vidita A. Vaidya
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
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Silvestri E, Lombardi A, de Lange P, Glinni D, Senese R, Cioffi F, Lanni A, Goglia F, Moreno M. Studies of complex biological systems with applications to molecular medicine: the need to integrate transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:810242. [PMID: 20981256 PMCID: PMC2963870 DOI: 10.1155/2011/810242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Omics approaches to the study of complex biological systems with potential applications to molecular medicine are attracting great interest in clinical as well as in basic biological research. Genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics are characterized by the lack of an a priori definition of scope, and this gives sufficient leeway for investigators (a) to discern all at once a globally altered pattern of gene/protein expression and (b) to examine the complex interactions that regulate entire biological processes. Two popular platforms in "omics" are DNA microarrays, which measure messenger RNA transcript levels, and proteomic analyses, which identify and quantify proteins. Because of their intrinsic strengths and weaknesses, no single approach can fully unravel the complexities of fundamental biological events. However, an appropriate combination of different tools could lead to integrative analyses that would furnish new insights not accessible through one-dimensional datasets. In this review, we will outline some of the challenges associated with integrative analyses relating to the changes in metabolic pathways that occur in complex pathophysiological conditions (viz. ageing and altered thyroid state) in relevant metabolically active tissues. In addition, we discuss several new applications of proteomic analysis to the investigation of mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Assunta Lombardi
- Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Sezione Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Daniela Glinni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Rosalba Senese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Maria Moreno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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Nascimento AS, Dias SMG, Nunes FM, Aparício R, Ambrosio ALB, Bleicher L, Figueira ACM, Santos MAM, de Oliveira Neto M, Fischer H, Togashi M, Craievich AF, Garratt RC, Baxter JD, Webb P, Polikarpov I. Structural Rearrangements in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Hinge Domain and Their Putative Role in the Receptor Function. J Mol Biol 2006; 360:586-98. [PMID: 16781732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) D-domain links the ligand-binding domain (LBD, EF-domain) to the DNA-binding domain (DBD, C-domain), but its structure, and even its existence as a functional unit, are controversial. The D domain is poorly conserved throughout the nuclear receptor family and was originally proposed to comprise an unfolded hinge that facilitates rotation between the LBD and the DBD. Previous TR LBD structures, however, have indicated that the true unstructured region is three to six amino acid residues long and that the D-domain N terminus folds into a short amphipathic alpha-helix (H0) contiguous with the DBD and that the C terminus of the D-domain comprises H1 and H2 of the LBD. Here, we solve structures of TR-LBDs in different crystal forms and show that the N terminus of the TRalpha D-domain can adopt two structures; it can either fold into an amphipathic helix that resembles TRbeta H0 or form an unstructured loop. H0 formation requires contacts with the AF-2 coactivator-binding groove of the neighboring TR LBD, which binds H0 sequences that resemble coactivator LXXLL motifs. Structural analysis of a liganded TR LBD with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) suggests that AF-2/H0 interactions mediate dimerization of this protein in solution. We propose that the TR D-domain has the potential to form functionally important extensions of the DBD and LBD or unfold to permit TRs to adapt to different DNA response elements. We also show that mutations of the D domain LXXLL-like motif indeed selectively inhibit TR interactions with an inverted palindromic response element (F2) in vitro and TR activity at this response element in cell-based transfection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro S Nascimento
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400 CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Busson M, Daury L, Seyer P, Grandemange S, Pessemesse L, Casas F, Wrutniak-Cabello C, Cabello G. Avian MyoD and c-Jun coordinately induce transcriptional activity of the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine nuclear receptor c-ErbAalpha1 in proliferating myoblasts. Endocrinology 2006; 147:3408-18. [PMID: 16556763 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although physical interactions with other receptors have been reported, heterodimeric complexes of T(3) nuclear receptors (TR) with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are considered as major regulators of T(3) target gene expression. However, despite the potent T(3) influence in proliferating myoblasts, RXR isoforms are not expressed during proliferation, raising the question of the nature of the complex involved in TRalpha transcriptional activity. We have previously established that c-Jun induces TRalpha1 transcriptional activity in proliferating myoblasts not expressing RXR. This regulation is specific to the muscle lineage, suggesting the involvement of a muscle-specific factor. In this study, we found that MyoD expression in HeLa cells stimulates TRalpha1 activity, an influence potentiated by c-Jun coexpression. Similarly, in the absence of RXR, MyoD or c-Jun overexpression in myoblasts induces TRalpha1 transcriptional activity through a direct repeat 4 or an inverted palindrome 6 thyroid hormone response element. The highest rate of activity was recorded when c-Jun and MyoD were coexpressed. Using c-Jun-negative dominants, we established that MyoD influence on TRalpha1 activity needs c-Jun functionality. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TRalpha1 and MyoD physically interact in the hinge region of the receptor and the transactivation and basic helix loop helix domains of MyoD. RXR expression (spontaneously occurring at the onset of myoblast differentiation) in proliferating myoblasts abrogates these interactions. These data suggest that in the absence of RXR, TRalpha1 transcriptional activity in myoblasts is mediated through a complex including MyoD and c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Busson
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Casas F, Busson M, Grandemange S, Seyer P, Carazo A, Pessemesse L, Wrutniak-Cabello C, Cabello G. Characterization of a Novel Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Variant Involved in the Regulation of Myoblast Differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:749-63. [PMID: 16322094 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone (T3) involves binding of the hormone to nuclear receptors [thyroid hormone receptor (TR)] acting as T3-dependent transcription factors encoded by TRalpha (NR1A1) and TRbeta (NR1A2) genes. Several TRalpha variants have already been characterized, but only some of them display T3 binding activity. In this study, we have identified another transcript, TRalpha-DeltaE6, produced by alternative splicing with microexon 6b instead of exon 6. This splicing leads to the synthesis of a protein devoid of a hinge domain. The TRalpha-DeltaE6 transcript is detected in all mouse tissues tested. Although TRalpha-DeltaE6 did not bind DNA, its expression induced a TRalpha1 sequestration in the cytoplasm. Functional studies demonstrated that TRalpha-DeltaE6 inhibits the transcriptional activity of TRalpha1 and retinoic X receptor-alpha, but not of retinoic acid receptor-alpha. We also found that TRalpha-DeltaE6 efficiently decreased the ability of TRalpha to inhibit MyoD transcriptional activity during myoblast proliferation. Consequently, when overexpressed in myoblasts, it stimulated terminal differentiation. We suggest that this novel TRalpha variant may act as down regulator of overall T3 receptor activity, including its ability to repress MyoD transcriptional activity during myoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Casas
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-866 Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier II-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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