Maleimides stimulate oxygen reduction in illuminated thylakoids

Effects of alkalinization and ATPase inhibition on stromal free Mg2+ concentration in spinach chloroplasts

Our earlier studies indicate that stromal alkalinization is essential for light-induced increase in free Mg(2+) concentration ([Mg(2+)]) in chloroplast. Stromal [Mg(2+)] was increased by dark incubation of chloroplasts in the K(+)-gluconate medium (pH 8.0), or by NH(4)Cl. These results indicate that stromal alkalinization can induce an increase in stromal [Mg(2+)] without illumination. Some inhibitors of envelope proton-translocating ATPase activity involved in H(+) efflux inhibited the alkalinization-induced increase in [Mg(2+)].

The action of oxygen on chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and absorption spectra in pea thylakoid membranes under the steady-state conditions

The effect of oxygen concentration on both absorption and chlorophyll fluorescence spectra was investigated in isolated pea thylakoids at weak actinic light under the steady-state conditions. Upon the rise of oxygen concentration from anaerobiosis up to 412 microM a gradual absorbance increase around both 437 and 670 nm was observed, suggesting the disaggregation of LHCII and destacking of thylakoids. Simultaneously, an increase in oxygen concentration resulted in a decline in the Chl fluorescence at 680 nm to about 60% of the initial value. The plot of normalized Chl fluorescence quenching, F(-O(2))/F(+O(2)), showed discontinuity above 275 microM O(2), revealing two phases of quenching, at both lower and higher oxygen concentrations. The inhibition of photosystem II by DCMU or atrazine as well as that of cyt b(6)f by myxothiazol attenuated the oxygen-induced quenching events observed above 275 microM O(2), but did not modify the first phase of oxygen action. These data imply that the oxygen mediated Chl fluorescence quenching is partially independent on non-cyclic electron flow. The second phase of oxygen-induced decline in Chl fluorescence is diminished in thylakoids with poisoned PSII and cyt b(6)f activities and treated with rotenone or N-ethylmaleimide to inhibit NAD(P)H-plastoquinone dehydrogenase. The data suggest that under weak light and high oxygen concentration the Chl fluorescence quenching results from interactions between oxygen and PSI, cyt b(6)f and Ndh. On the contrary, inhibition of non-cyclic electron flow by antimycin A or uncoupling of thylakoids by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone did not modify the steady-state oxygen effect on Chl fluorescence quenching. The addition of NADH protected thylakoids against oxygen-induced Chl fluorescence quenching, whereas in the presence of exogenic duroquinone the decrease in Chl fluorescence to one half of the initial level did not result from the oxygen effect, probably due to oxygen action as a weak electron acceptor from PQ pool and an insufficient non-photochemical quencher. The data indicate that mechanism of oxygen-induced Chl fluorescence quenching depends significantly on oxygen concentration and is related to both structural rearrangement of thylakoids and the direct oxygen reduction by photosynthetic complexes.