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Montioli R, Campagnari R, Fasoli S, Fagagnini A, Caloiu A, Smania M, Menegazzi M, Gotte G. RNase A Domain-Swapped Dimers Produced Through Different Methods: Structure-Catalytic Properties and Antitumor Activity. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020168. [PMID: 33669993 PMCID: PMC7926746 DOI: 10.3390/life11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon oligomerization, RNase A can acquire important properties, such as cytotoxicity against leukemic cells. When lyophilized from 40% acetic acid solutions, the enzyme self-associates through the so-called three-dimensional domain swapping (3D-DS) mechanism involving both N- and/or C-terminals. The same species are formed if the enzyme is subjected to thermal incubation in various solvents, especially in 40% ethanol. We evaluated here if significant structural modifications might occur in RNase A N- or C-swapped dimers and/or in the residual monomer(s), as a function of the oligomerization protocol applied. We detected that the monomer activity vs. ss-RNA was partly affected by both protocols, although the protein does not suffer spectroscopic alterations. Instead, the two N-swapped dimers showed differences in the fluorescence emission spectra but almost identical enzymatic activities, while the C-swapped dimers displayed slightly different activities vs. both ss- or ds-RNA substrates together with not negligible fluorescence emission alterations within each other. Besides these results, we also discuss the reasons justifying the different relative enzymatic activities displayed by the N-dimers and C-dimers. Last, similarly with data previously registered in a mouse model, we found that both dimeric species significantly decrease human melanoma A375 cell viability, while only N-dimers reduce human melanoma MeWo cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Montioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.); (R.C.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Rachele Campagnari
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.); (R.C.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Sabrina Fasoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.); (R.C.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Fagagnini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.); (R.C.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Andra Caloiu
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Wexham Park Hospital, Wexham Road, Slough SL24HL, Berkshire, UK;
| | - Marcello Smania
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.); (R.C.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.); (R.C.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-045-8027168 (M.M.); +39-045-8027694 (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Gotte
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.M.); (R.C.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-045-8027168 (M.M.); +39-045-8027694 (G.G.)
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Gotte G, Menegazzi M. Biological Activities of Secretory RNases: Focus on Their Oligomerization to Design Antitumor Drugs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2626. [PMID: 31849926 PMCID: PMC6901985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleases (RNases) are a large number of enzymes gathered into different bacterial or eukaryotic superfamilies. Bovine pancreatic RNase A, bovine seminal BS-RNase, human pancreatic RNase 1, angiogenin (RNase 5), and amphibian onconase belong to the pancreatic type superfamily, while binase and barnase are in the bacterial RNase N1/T1 family. In physiological conditions, most RNases secreted in the extracellular space counteract the undesired effects of extracellular RNAs and become protective against infections. Instead, if they enter the cell, RNases can digest intracellular RNAs, becoming cytotoxic and having advantageous effects against malignant cells. Their biological activities have been investigated either in vitro, toward a number of different cancer cell lines, or in some cases in vivo to test their potential therapeutic use. However, immunogenicity or other undesired effects have sometimes been associated with their action. Nevertheless, the use of RNases in therapy remains an appealing strategy against some still incurable tumors, such as mesothelioma, melanoma, or pancreatic cancer. The RNase inhibitor (RI) present inside almost all cells is the most efficacious sentry to counteract the ribonucleolytic action against intracellular RNAs because it forms a tight, irreversible and enzymatically inactive complex with many monomeric RNases. Therefore, dimerization or multimerization could represent a useful strategy for RNases to exert a remarkable cytotoxic activity by evading the interaction with RI by steric hindrance. Indeed, the majority of the mentioned RNases can hetero-dimerize with antibody derivatives, or even homo-dimerize or multimerize, spontaneously or artificially. This can occur through weak interactions or upon introducing covalent bonds. Immuno-RNases, in particular, are fusion proteins representing promising drugs by combining high target specificity with easy delivery in tumors. The results concerning the biological features of many RNases reported in the literature are described and discussed in this review. Furthermore, the activities displayed by some RNases forming oligomeric complexes, the mechanisms driving toward these supramolecular structures, and the biological rebounds connected are analyzed. These aspects are offered with the perspective to suggest possible efficacious therapeutic applications for RNases oligomeric derivatives that could contemporarily lack, or strongly reduce, immunogenicity and other undesired side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gotte
- Biological Chemistry Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Biological Chemistry Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Lunova M, Prokhorov A, Jirsa M, Hof M, Olżyńska A, Jurkiewicz P, Kubinová Š, Lunov O, Dejneka A. Nanoparticle core stability and surface functionalization drive the mTOR signaling pathway in hepatocellular cell lines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16049. [PMID: 29167516 PMCID: PMC5700114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specifically designed and functionalized nanoparticles hold great promise for biomedical applications. Yet, the applicability of nanoparticles is critically predetermined by their surface functionalization and biodegradability. Here we demonstrate that amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NH2), but not amino- or hydroxyl-functionalized silica particles, trigger cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 cells. Importantly, biodegradability of nanoparticles plays a crucial role in regulation of essential cellular processes. Thus, biodegradable silica nanoparticles having the same shape, size and surface functionalization showed opposite cellular effects in comparison with similar polystyrene nanoparticles. At the molecular level, PS-NH2 obstruct and amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles (Si-NH2) activate the mTOR signalling in Huh7 and HepG2 cells. PS-NH2 induced time-dependent lysosomal destabilization associated with damage of the mitochondrial membrane. Solely in PS-NH2-treated cells, permeabilization of lysosomes preceded cell death. Contrary, Si-NH2 nanoparticles enhanced proliferation of HuH7 and HepG2 cells. Our findings demonstrate complex cellular responses to functionalized nanoparticles and suggest that nanoparticles can be used to control activation of mTOR signaling with subsequent influence on proliferation and viability of HuH7 cells. The data provide fundamental knowledge which could help in developing safe and efficient nano-therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Lunova
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrey Prokhorov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Olżyńska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Jurkiewicz
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Kubinová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Comparison of the ribonucleolytic activity of the dityrosine cross-linked Ribonuclease A dimer with its monomer in the presence of inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 63:107-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fiorini C, Gotte G, Donnarumma F, Picone D, Donadelli M. Bovine seminal ribonuclease triggers Beclin1-mediated autophagic cell death in pancreatic cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:976-84. [PMID: 24487065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Among the large number of variants belonging to the pancreatic-type secretory ribonuclease (RNase) superfamily, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) is the proto-type and bovine seminal RNase (BS-RNase) represents the unique natively dimeric member. In the present manuscript, we evaluate the anti-tumoral property of these RNases in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines and in nontumorigenic cells as normal control. We demonstrate that BS-RNase stimulates a strong anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect in cancer cells, while RNase A is largely ineffective. Notably, we reveal for the first time that BS-RNase triggers Beclin1-mediated autophagic cancer cell death, providing evidences that high proliferation rate of cancer cells may render them more susceptible to autophagy by BS-RNase treatment. Notably, to improve the autophagic response of cancer cells to BS-RNase we used two different strategies: the more basic (as compared to WT enzyme) G38K mutant of BS-RNase, known to interact more strongly than wt with the acidic membrane of cancer cells, or BS-RNase oligomerization (tetramerization or formation of larger oligomers). Both mutant BS-RNase and BS-RNase oligomers potentiated autophagic cell death as compared to WT native dimer of BS-RNase, while the various RNase A oligomers remained completely ineffective. Altogether, our results shed more light on the mechanisms lying at the basis of BS-RNase antiproliferative effect in cancer cells, and support its potential use to develop new anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fiorini
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gotte
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Federica Donnarumma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Delia Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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6
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Structural and functional relationships of natural and artificial dimeric bovine ribonucleases: new scaffolds for potential antitumor drugs. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3601-8. [PMID: 24113657 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation via 3D domain swapping is a complex mechanism which can lead to the acquisition of new biological, benign or also malignant functions, such as amyloid deposits. In this context, RNase A represents a fascinating model system, since by dislocating different polypeptide chain regions, it forms many diverse oligomers. No other protein displays such a large number of different quaternary structures. Here we report a comparative structural analysis between natural and artificial RNase A dimers and bovine seminal ribonuclease, a natively dimeric RNase with antitumor activity, with the aim to design RNase A derivatives with improved pharmacological potential.
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7
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8
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Rutkoski TJ, Kink JA, Strong LE, Schilling CI, Raines RT. Antitumor activity of ribonuclease multimers created by site-specific covalent tethering. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1691-702. [PMID: 20704261 DOI: 10.1021/bc100292x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific cross-linking can generate homogeneous multimeric proteins of defined valency. Pancreatic-type ribonucleases are an especially attractive target, as their natural dimers can enter mammalian cells, evade the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor (RI), and exert their toxic ribonucleolytic activity. Here, we report on the use of eight distinct thiol-reactive cross-linking reagents to produce dimeric and trimeric conjugates of four pancreatic-type ribonucleases. Both the site of conjugation and, to a lesser extent, the propinquity of the monomers within the conjugate modulate affinity for RI, and hence cytotoxicity. Still, the cytotoxicity of the multimers is confounded in vitro by their increased hydrodynamic radius, which attenuates cytosolic entry. A monomeric RI-evasive variant of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) inhibits the growth of human prostate and lung tumors in mice. An RI-evasive trimeric conjugate inhibits tumor growth at a lower dose and with less frequent administration than does the monomer. This effect is attributable to an enhanced persistence of the trimers in circulation. On a molecular basis, the trimer is ∼300-fold more efficacious and as well tolerated as erlotinib, which is in clinical use for the treatment of lung cancer. These data encourage the development of mammalian ribonucleases for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Rutkoski
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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9
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Vottariello F, Costanzo C, Gotte G, Libonati M. “Zero-Length” Dimers of Ribonuclease A: Further Characterization and No Evidence of Cytotoxicity. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:635-45. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900407v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vottariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Costanzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gotte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Libonati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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10
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López-Alonso JP, Diez-García F, Font J, Ribó M, Vilanova M, Scholtz JM, González C, Vottariello F, Gotte G, Libonati M, Laurents DV. Carbodiimide EDC Induces Cross-Links That Stabilize RNase A C-Dimer against Dissociation: EDC Adducts Can Affect Protein Net Charge, Conformation, and Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1459-73. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge P. López-Alonso
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - Fernando Diez-García
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - Josep Font
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - Marc Ribó
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - Maria Vilanova
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - J. Martin Scholtz
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - Carlos González
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - Francesca Vottariello
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - Giovanni Gotte
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - Massimo Libonati
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
| | - Douglas V. Laurents
- Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano” (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Italy, Laboratori d’Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biología, Facultad de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain, and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College
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11
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Does domain swapping improve the stability of RNase A? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:114-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Chiarini A, Whitfield JF, Pacchiana R, Armato U, Dal Pra I. Photoexcited calphostin C selectively destroys nuclear lamin B1 in neoplastic human and rat cells - a novel mechanism of action of a photodynamic tumor therapy agent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1783:1642-53. [PMID: 18439918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lamin B1, a major component of the nuclear lamina, anchors the nucleus to the cytoskeletal cage, and controls nuclear orientation, chromosome positioning and, alongside several enzymes, fundamental nuclear functions. Exposing polyomavirus-transformed rat pyF111 fibroblasts and human cervical carcinoma (HCC) C4-I cells for 30 min to photoexcited perylenequinone calphostin C, i.e. Cal C(phiE), an established reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generator and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, caused the cells to selectively oxidize and then totally destroy their nuclear lamin B1 by only 60 min after starting the treatment, i.e. when apoptotic caspases' activities had not yet increased. However, while the oxidized lamin B1 was being destroyed, lamins A/C, the lamin A-associated nuclear envelope protein emerin, and the nucleoplasmic protein cyclin E were neither oxidized nor destroyed. The oxidized lamin B was ubiquitinated and demolished in the proteasome probably by an enhanced peptidyl-glutaminase-like activity. Hence, the Cal C(phiE)-induced rapid and selective lamin B1 oxidation and proteasomal destruction ahead of the activation of apoptotic caspases was by itself a most severe molecular lesion impairing vital nuclear functions. Conversely, Cal C directly added to the cells kept in the dark damaged neither nuclear lamin B1 nor cell viability. Thus, our findings reveal a novel cell-damaging mechanism of a photodynamic tumor therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- Histology and Embryology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, I-37134, Italy
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13
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Poucková P, Morbio M, Vottariello F, Laurents DV, Matousek J, Soucek J, Gotte G, Donadelli M, Costanzo C, Libonati M. Cytotoxicity of Polyspermine-Ribonuclease A and Polyspermine-Dimeric Ribonuclease A. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1946-55. [PMID: 17914869 DOI: 10.1021/bc700253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyspermine-ribonuclease A (PS-RNase A) and polyspermine-dimeric ribonuclease A (PS-dimeric RNase A) were prepared by cross-linking ribonuclease A or its covalently linked dimer to polyspermine (PS) using dimethyl suberimidate. The two RNase A derivatives were tested for a possible antitumor action. The in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity of PS-RNase A, although strong, is not higher than that known for free polyspermine. PS-dimeric RNase A, which was characterized by mass spectroscopy, titration of free amine groups, and enzymatic assays, proved instead to be a definitely more efficient antitumor agent, both in vitro and in vivo. This result could tentatively be explained in view of the importance of positive charges for ribonuclease activity, considering the higher basicity of PS-dimeric RNase A compared to that of PS-(monomeric)RNase A. It must be also taken into account that the dimeric RNase A moiety of PS-dimeric RNase A could evade the cytoplasmic ribonuclease inhibitor, which instead could trap the monomeric RNase A moiety of the other derivative. The two RNase A derivatives degrade poly(A).poly(U) under conditions where native RNase A is inactive. The results of this work demonstrate once again the importance of positive charges for the functions of mammalian pancreatic type ribonucleases in general, in particular for RNase A derivatives, and the potential therapeutic use of the ribonuclease A derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Poucková
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, 1st Medical Faculty of the Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Matoušek J, Tománek M, Vottariello F, Morbio M, Gotte G, Libonati M. Degenerative action on mice and rat testes of polyspermine and its complexes with RNase A. J Appl Biomed 2007. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2007.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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15
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Simons BL, Kaplan H, Fournier SM, Cyr T, Hefford MA. A novel cross-linked RNase A dimer with enhanced enzymatic properties. Proteins 2007; 66:183-95. [PMID: 17044066 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new cross-linked ribonuclease A (RNase A) dimer composed of monomeric units covalently linked by a single amide bond between the side-chains of Lys(66) and Glu(9) is described. The dimer was prepared in the absence of water by incubating a lyophilized preparation of RNase, sealed under vacuum, in an oven at 85 degrees C. It was determined that the in vacuo procedure does not induce any significant conformational changes to the overall structure of RNase A, yet the amide cross-link has an increased acid lability, indicating that it is exposed and conformationally strained. Examination of X-ray crystallographic structures indicates that Lys(66) and Glu(9) are not close enough for the in vacuo dimer to adopt any of the known domain-swapped conformations. Therefore, the in vacuo RNase A dimer appears to be a novel dimeric structure. The in vacuo RNase A dimer also exhibits a twofold increase in activity over monomeric RNase A on a per monomer basis. This doubling of enzymatic activity was shown using dsRNA and ssRNA as substrates. In addition to this enhanced ability to degrade RNA, the dimer is not inhibited by the cellular ribonuclease inhibitor protein (cRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte L Simons
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetics Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Libonati M, Gotte G. Oligomerization of bovine ribonuclease A: structural and functional features of its multimers. Biochem J 2004; 380:311-27. [PMID: 15104538 PMCID: PMC1224197 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine pancreatic RNase A (ribonuclease A) aggregates to form various types of catalytically active oligomers during lyophilization from aqueous acetic acid solutions. Each oligomeric species is present in at least two conformational isomers. The structures of two dimers and one of the two trimers have been solved, while plausible models have been proposed for the structures of a second trimer and two tetrameric conformers. In this review, these structures, as well as the general conditions for RNase A oligomerization, based on the well known 3D (three-dimensional) domain-swapping mechanism, are described and discussed. Attention is also focused on some functional properties of the RNase A oligomers. Their enzymic activities, particularly their ability to degrade double-stranded RNAs and polyadenylate, are summarized and discussed. The same is true for the remarkable antitumour activity of the oligomers, displayed in vitro and in vivo, in contrast with monomeric RNase A, which lacks these activities. The RNase A multimers also show an aspermatogenic action, but lack any detectable embryotoxicity. The fact that both activity against double-stranded RNA and the antitumour action increase with the size of the oligomer suggests that these activities may share a common structural requirement, such as a high number or density of positive charges present on the RNase A oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Libonati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e della Visione, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia dell'Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy.
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17
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Matousek J, Gotte G, Pouckova P, Soucek J, Slavik T, Vottariello F, Libonati M. Antitumor activity and other biological actions of oligomers of ribonuclease A. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23817-22. [PMID: 12697760 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302711200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimers, trimers, and tetramers of bovine ribonuclease A, obtained by lyophilization of the enzyme from 40% acetic acid solutions, were purified and isolated by cation exchange chromatography. The two conformers constituting each aggregated species were assayed for their antitumor, aspermatogenic, or embryotoxic activities in comparison with monomeric RNase A and bovine seminal RNase, which is dimeric in nature. The antitumor action was tested in vitro on ML-2 (human myeloid leukemia) and HL-60 (human myeloid cell line) cells and in vivo on the growth of human non-pigmented melanoma (line UB900518) transplanted subcutaneously in nude mice. RNase A oligomers display a definite antitumor activity that increases as a function of the size of the oligomers. On ML-2 and HL-60 cells, dimers and trimers generally show a lower activity than bovine seminal RNase; the activity of tetramers, instead, is similar to or higher than that of the seminal enzyme. The growth of human melanoma in nude mice is inhibited by RNase A oligomers in the order dimers < trimers < tetramers. The action of the two tetramers is very strong, blocking almost completely the growth of melanoma. RNase A dimers, trimers, and tetramers display aspermatogenic effects similar to those of bovine seminal RNase, but, contrarily, they do not show any embryotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Matousek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Libechov 27721, Czech Republic
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18
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Green NS, Reisler E, Houk KN. Quantitative evaluation of the lengths of homobifunctional protein cross-linking reagents used as molecular rulers. Protein Sci 2001; 10:1293-304. [PMID: 11420431 PMCID: PMC2374107 DOI: 10.1110/ps.51201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2000] [Revised: 03/26/2001] [Accepted: 03/26/2001] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Homobifunctional chemical cross-linking reagents are important tools for functional and structural characterization of proteins. Accurate measures of the lengths of these molecules currently are not available, despite their widespread use. Stochastic dynamics calculations now provide quantitative measures of the lengths, and length dispersions, of 32 widely used molecular rulers. Significant differences from published data have been found. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL See www.proteinscience.org
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Green
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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19
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Ogihara NL, Ghirlanda G, Bryson JW, Gingery M, DeGrado WF, Eisenberg D. Design of three-dimensional domain-swapped dimers and fibrous oligomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1404-9. [PMID: 11171963 PMCID: PMC29269 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) domain-swapped proteins are intermolecularly folded analogs of monomeric proteins; both are stabilized by the identical interactions, but the individual domains interact intramolecularly in monomeric proteins, whereas they form intermolecular interactions in 3D domain-swapped structures. The structures and conditions of formation of several domain-swapped dimers and trimers are known, but the formation of higher order 3D domain-swapped oligomers has been less thoroughly studied. Here we contrast the structural consequences of domain swapping from two designed three-helix bundles: one with an up-down-up topology, and the other with an up-down-down topology. The up-down-up topology gives rise to a domain-swapped dimer whose structure has been determined to 1.5 A resolution by x-ray crystallography. In contrast, the domain-swapped protein with an up-down-down topology forms fibrils as shown by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. This demonstrates that design principles can predict the oligomeric state of 3D domain-swapped molecules, which should aid in the design of domain-swapped proteins and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Ogihara
- UCLA-DOE Laboratory of Structural Biology and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, P.O. Box 951570, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
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20
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Gotte G, Libonati M. Two different forms of aggregated dimers of ribonuclease A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1386:106-12. [PMID: 9675255 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(98)00087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Results of gel filtration experiments performed with two different chromatographic media (Superose 12 HR 10/30 and Superdex 75 HR 10/30) and of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions suggest that aggregated dimers of bovine RNase A, obtained by lyophilization of the enzyme from 40% acetic acid solutions (5 mg RNase A per ml), might consist of two differently structured forms. These two species have slightly different retention times in gel-filtration experiments and migrate differently in electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions. The fast migrating dimer in non-denaturing gel electrophoresis is able to degrade double-stranded poly(A).poly(U) more efficiently than the other, and the two forms are found in a ratio of about 3:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gotte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e della Visione, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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21
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Oñaderra M, Mancheño JM, Lacadena J, de los Rios V, Martínez del Pozo A, Gavilanes JG. Oligomerization of the cytotoxin alpha-sarcin associated with phospholipid membranes. Mol Membr Biol 1998; 15:141-4. [PMID: 9859111 DOI: 10.3109/09687689809074525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Sarcin is a cytotoxic protein that specifically inactivates ribosomes. The protein translocates across phospholipid membranes. Oligomerization of the protein occurs upon interaction with membranes. Chemically cross-linked protein oligomers have been obtained by treatment of protein-vesicle complexes with the membrane impermeant reagent bis-(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate. These structures are only obtained in the presence of acidic lipid vesicles composed of either natural or synthetic phospholipids. Such oligomers are not produced in concentrated protein solutions in the absence of vesicles. The formation of the chemically stabilized oligomers is saturated at the same lipid to protein molar ratio as all the perturbations caused by alpha-sarcin on lipid vesicles. Results are discussed in terms of the involvement of oligomer formation on protein translocation across membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oñaderra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Liu Y, Hart PJ, Schlunegger MP, Eisenberg D. The crystal structure of a 3D domain-swapped dimer of RNase A at a 2.1-A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3437-42. [PMID: 9520384 PMCID: PMC19854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dimer of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) discovered by Crestfield, Stein, and Moore in 1962 has been crystallized and its structure determined and refined to a 2.1-A resolution. The dimer is 3D domain-swapped. The N-terminal helix (residues 1-15) of each subunit is swapped into the major domain (residues 23-124) of the other subunit. The dimer of bull seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase) is also known to be domain-swapped, but the relationship of the subunits within the two dimers is strikingly different. In the RNase A dimer, the 3-stranded beta sheets of the two subunits are hydrogen-bonded at their edges to form a continuous 6-stranded sheet across the dimer interface; in the BS-RNase dimer, it is instead the two helices that abut. Whereas the BS-RNase dimer has 2-fold molecular symmetry, the two subunits of the RNase A dimer are related by a rotation of approximately 160 degrees. Taken together, these structures show that intersubunit adhesion comes mainly from the swapped helical domain binding to the other subunit in the "closed interface" but that the overall architecture of the domain-swapped oligomer depends on the interactions in the second type of interface, the "open interface." The RNase A dimer crystals take up the dye Congo Red, but the structure of a Congo Red-stained crystal reveals no bound dye molecule. Dimer formation is inhibited by excess amounts of the swapped helical domain. The possible implications for amyloid formation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- University of California-Department of Energy Laboratory of Structural Biology and Molecular Medicine, Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
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