1
|
Rabadà Y, Bosch-Sanz O, Biarnés X, Pedreño J, Caveda L, Sánchez-García D, Martorell J, Balcells M. Unravelling the Antifibrinolytic Mechanism of Action of the 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7002. [PMID: 39000111 PMCID: PMC11241262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A new family of antifibrinolytic drugs has been recently discovered, combining a triazole moiety, an oxadiazolone, and a terminal amine. Two of the molecules of this family have shown activity that is greater than or similar to that of tranexamic acid (TXA), the current antifibrinolytic gold standard, which has been associated with several side effects and whose use is limited in patients with renal impairment. The aim of this work was to thoroughly examine the mechanism of action of the two ideal candidates of the 1,2,3-triazole family and compare them with TXA, to identify an antifibrinolytic alternative active at lower dosages. Specifically, the antifibrinolytic activity of the two compounds (1 and 5) and TXA was assessed in fibrinolytic isolated systems and in whole blood. Results revealed that despite having an activity pathway comparable to that of TXA, both compounds showed greater activity in blood. These differences could be attributed to a more stable ligand-target binding to the pocket of plasminogen for compounds 1 and 5, as suggested by molecular dynamic simulations. This work presents further evidence of the antifibrinolytic activity of the two best candidates of the 1,2,3-triazole family and paves the way for incorporating these molecules as new antifibrinolytic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Rabadà
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Bosch-Sanz
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xevi Biarnés
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Pedreño
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Alxerion Biotech, 245 First St, Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Luis Caveda
- Alxerion Biotech, 245 First St, Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Sánchez-García
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Martorell
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Balcells
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hang S, Chen H, Wu W, Wang S, Fang Y, Sheng R, Tu Q, Guo R. Progress in Isoindolone Alkaloid Derivatives from Marine Microorganism: Pharmacology, Preparation, and Mechanism. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060405. [PMID: 35736208 PMCID: PMC9227046 DOI: 10.3390/md20060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound 1 (SMTP-7, also FGFC1), an isoindolone alkaloid from marine fungi Starchbotrys longispora FG216 and fungi Stachybotrys microspora IFO 30018, possessed diverse bioactivities such as thrombolysis, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, and so on. It may be widely used for the treatment of various diseases, including cerebral infarction, stroke, ischemia/reperfusion damage, acute kidney injury, etc. Especially in cerebral infarction, compound 1 could reduce hemorrhagic transformation along with thrombolytic therapy, as the traditional therapies are accompanied with bleeding risks. In the latest studies, compound 1 selectively inhibited the growth of NSCLC cells with EGFR mutation, thus demonstrating its excellent anti-cancer activity. Herein, we summarized pharmacological activities, preparation of staplabin congeners—especially compound 1—and the mechanism of compound 1, with potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Hang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (S.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
| | - Wenhui Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (S.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Shiyi Wang
- AIEN Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
| | - Yiwen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Qidong Tu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
- Correspondence: (Q.T.); (R.G.)
| | - Ruihua Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (S.H.); (W.W.)
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (Q.T.); (R.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
In Vitro Study of the Fibrinolytic Activity via Single Chain Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and Molecular Docking of FGFC1. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071816. [PMID: 33804930 PMCID: PMC8036777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi fibrinolytic compound 1 (FGFC1) is a rare marine-derived compound that can enhance fibrinolysis both in vitro and in vivo. The fibrinolytic activity characterization of FGFC1 mediated by plasminogen (Glu-/Lys-) and a single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (pro-uPA) was further evaluated. The binding sites and mode of binding between FGFC1 and plasminogen were investigated by means of a combination of in vitro experiments and molecular docking. A 2.2-fold enhancement of fibrinolytic activity was achieved at 0.096 mM FGFC1, whereas the inhibition of fibrinolytic activity occurred when the FGFC1 concentration was above 0.24 mM. The inhibition of fibrinolytic activity of FGFC1 by 6-aminohexanoic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (TXA) together with the docking results revealed that the lysine-binding sites (LBSs) play a crucial role in the process of FGFC1 binding to plasminogen. The action mechanism of FGFC1 binding to plasminogen was inferred, and FGFC1 was able to induce plasminogen to exhibit an open conformation by binding through the LBSs. The molecular docking results showed that docking of ligands (EACA, FGFC1) with receptors (KR1–KR5) mainly occurred through hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. In addition, the binding affinity values of EACA to KR1–KR5 were −5.2, −4.3, −3.7, −4.5, and −4.3 kcal/moL, respectively, and those of FGFC1 to KR1–KR5 were −7.4, −9.0, −6.3, −8.3, and −6.7 kcal/moL, respectively. The findings demonstrate that both EACA and FGFC1 bound to KR1–KR5 with moderately high affinity. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the clinical pharmacology of FGFC1 and establish a foundation for practical applications of FGFC1.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hasumi K, Suzuki E. Impact of SMTP Targeting Plasminogen and Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase on Thrombolysis, Inflammation, and Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:954. [PMID: 33477998 PMCID: PMC7835936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol (SMTP) is a large family of small molecules derived from the fungus S. microspora. SMTP acts as a zymogen modulator (specifically, plasminogen modulator) that alters plasminogen conformation to enhance its binding to fibrin and subsequent fibrinolysis. Certain SMTP congeners exert anti-inflammatory effects by targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase. SMTP congeners with both plasminogen modulation activity and anti-inflammatory activity ameliorate various aspects of ischemic stroke in rodents and primates. A remarkable feature of SMTP efficacy is the suppression of hemorrhagic transformation, which is exacerbated by conventional thrombolytic treatments. No drug with such properties has been developed yet, and SMTP would be the first to promote thrombolysis but suppress disease-associated bleeding. On the basis of these findings, one SMTP congener is under clinical study and development. This review summarizes the discovery, mechanism of action, pharmacological activities, and development of SMTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
- Division of Research and Development, TMS Co., Ltd., Tokyo 183-0023, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sato T, Sugioka K, Kodama-Takahashi A, Murakami J, Saito A, Mishima H, Nishida T, Kusaka S. Stimulation of Phagocytic Activity in Cultured Human Corneal Fibroblasts by Plasminogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:4205-4214. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Hospital, Osakasayama City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Sugioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Hospital, Osakasayama City, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Ikoma City, Nara, Japan
| | - Aya Kodama-Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Ikoma City, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Akio Saito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Hospital, Osakasayama City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mishima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Ikoma City, Nara, Japan
| | - Teruo Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Ikoma City, Nara, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Division of Cornea and Ocular Surface, Ohshima Eye Hospital, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunji Kusaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Hospital, Osakasayama City, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mican J, Toul M, Bednar D, Damborsky J. Structural Biology and Protein Engineering of Thrombolytics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:917-938. [PMID: 31360331 PMCID: PMC6637190 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke are the most frequent causes of death or disability worldwide. Due to their ability to dissolve blood clots, the thrombolytics are frequently used for their treatment. Improving the effectiveness of thrombolytics for clinical uses is of great interest. The knowledge of the multiple roles of the endogenous thrombolytics and the fibrinolytic system grows continuously. The effects of thrombolytics on the alteration of the nervous system and the regulation of the cell migration offer promising novel uses for treating neurodegenerative disorders or targeting cancer metastasis. However, secondary activities of thrombolytics may lead to life-threatening side-effects such as intracranial bleeding and neurotoxicity. Here we provide a structural biology perspective on various thrombolytic enzymes and their key properties: (i) effectiveness of clot lysis, (ii) affinity and specificity towards fibrin, (iii) biological half-life, (iv) mechanisms of activation/inhibition, and (v) risks of side effects. This information needs to be carefully considered while establishing protein engineering strategies aiming at the development of novel thrombolytics. Current trends and perspectives are discussed, including the screening for novel enzymes and small molecules, the enhancement of fibrin specificity by protein engineering, the suppression of interactions with native receptors, liposomal encapsulation and targeted release, the application of adjuvants, and the development of improved production systems.
Collapse
Key Words
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor domain
- F, Fibrin binding finger domain
- Fibrinolysis
- K, Kringle domain
- LRP1, Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MR, Mannose receptor
- NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
- P, Proteolytic domain
- PAI-1, Inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator
- Plg, Plasminogen
- Plm, Plasmin
- RAP, Receptor antagonist protein
- SAK, Staphylokinase
- SK, Streptokinase
- Staphylokinase
- Streptokinase
- Thrombolysis
- Tissue plasminogen activator
- Urokinase
- t-PA, Tissue plasminogen activator
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Structure-activity relationships of the plasminogen modulator SMTP with respect to the inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 68:685-90. [PMID: 25966853 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A family of fungal metabolites, SMTP, is a small-molecule plasminogen modulator that enhances plasminogen activation, leading to thrombolysis. We recently demonstrated that SMTP-7 effectively treats ischemic stroke due to its thrombolytic activity as well as anti-inflammatory action, which is attributable to soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition. In this paper, we studied detailed structure-activity relationships of plasminogen modulation and sEH inhibition using 25 SMTP congeners including six newly synthesized ones. The results clearly demonstrate that the structure of the N-linked side chain of SMTP congeners markedly affect their activities toward plasminogen modulation and inhibitions of the two activities of sEH (C-terminal epoxide hydrolase and N-terminal phosphatase). A slight change in the N-linked side chain results in affording selectivity of SMTP congeners. Many congeners, which lacked plasminogen modulation activity, differently inhibited the two sEH activities depending on the structures of the N-linked side chain. Some congeners were active in plasminogen modulation and inhibition of both activities of sEH. These results help comprehensive understanding of ideal design of a drug useful for ischemic diseases that are associated with inflammation, such as stroke.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nishimura Y, Suzuki E, Hasegawa K, Nishimura N, Kitano Y, Hasumi K. Pre-SMTP, a key precursor for the biosynthesis of the SMTP plasminogen modulators. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2012; 65:483-5. [PMID: 22714026 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuichi Nishimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
A new series of the SMTP plasminogen modulators with a phenylamine-based side chain. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2012; 65:361-7. [PMID: 22511228 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SMTPs are a family of small-molecule plasminogen modulators that enhance plasminogen activation. SMTP-7, one of the most potent congeners, is effective in treating thrombotic cerebral infarction. The SMTP molecule consists of a tricyclic γ-lactam moiety, a geranylmethyl group, and an N-linked side chain. The presence of both an aromatic group and a negatively ionizable group in the N-linked side chain is crucial for activity. Investigations of the congeners with a phenylglycine-based side chain suggest that a phenolic hydroxy group affects potency. In this study, we isolate and characterize a series of novel SMTP congeners with a phenylamine-based N-linked side chain. Of the 11 congeners isolated, SMTP-19 (with a 4-phenylcarboxylic acid moiety), SMTP-22 (with a 3-hydroxyphenyl-4-carboxylic acid moiety) and SMTP-25 (with a 2-hydroxyphenyl-3-carboxylic acid moiety) are as potent as SMTP-7 in plasminogen-modulating activity. Their isomers with a carboxylic acid group and/or a phenolic hydroxy group at different positions have <40% of the activity of these congeners. Both SMTP-22 and SMTP-25 have >1.7 times more oxygen radical absorbance capacity as compared with SMTP-7.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu W, Narasaki R, Nishimura N, Hasumi K. SMTP (Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol) enhances clot clearance in a pulmonary embolism model in rats. Thromb J 2012; 10:2. [PMID: 22230042 PMCID: PMC3310738 DOI: 10.1186/1477-9560-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenols (SMTPs) are a novel family of small molecules that enhance both activation and fibrin-binding of plasminogen. While their effects on fibrinolysis have been characterized in vitro, little is known about their activity in vivo with respect to plasminogen activation and blood clot clearance. Results To select a potent SMTP congener for the evaluation of its action in vitro and in vivo, we tested several SMTP congeners with distinct structural properties for their effects on plasminogen activation. As a result, SMTP-7 (orniplabin) was found to have distinguished activity. Several lines of biochemical evidence supported the idea that SMTP-7 acted as a plasminogen modulator. SMTP-7 elevated plasma level of plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex, an index of plasmin formation in vivo, 1.5-fold in mice after the intravenous injections at doses of 5 and 10 mg kg-1. In a rat pulmonary embolism model, SMTP-7 (5 mg kg-1) enhanced the rate of clot clearance ~3-fold in the absence of exogenous plasminogen activator. Clot clearance was enhanced further by 5 mg kg-1 of SMTP-7 in combination with single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Conclusions Our results show that SMTP-7 is a superior plasminogen modulator among the SMTP family compounds and suggest that the agent enhances plasmin generation in vivo, leading to clearance of thrombi in a model of pulmonary embolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Hu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Koide H, Narasaki R, Hasegawa K, Nishimura N, Hasumi K. A new series of the SMTP plasminogen modulator with a phenylglycine-based side chain. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 65:91-3. [PMID: 22108677 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Koide
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Fuchu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Akamatsu Y, Saito A, Fujimura M, Shimizu H, Mekawy M, Hasumi K, Tominaga T. Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-7, a novel fibrinolytic agent, suppresses superoxide production, matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, and thereby attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2011; 503:110-4. [PMID: 21871536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-7 (SMTP-7) is a novel fibrinolytic agent with anti-inflammatory effect. Previous study demonstrated that SMTP-7 further ameliorated infarction volume in a mouse embolic stroke model compared with tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA), but the reason SMTP-7 has more beneficial effect than tPA has not yet been determined. In the present study, we investigated whether SMTP-7 has an intrinsic neuroprotective effect against transient focal cerebral ischemia (tFCI). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to tFCI by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2h. Following induction of tFCI, rats were randomized into two groups based on the agent administered: SMTP-7 group and vehicle group. We examined cerebral infarction volume 24h after reperfusion, and evaluated superoxide production, the expressions of nitrotyrosine and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which play major roles in secondary brain injury and hemorrhagic transformation. The findings showed that SMTP-7 significantly suppressed superoxide production, the expression of nitrotyrosine and MMP-9 after tFCI, and consequently attenuated ischemic neuronal damage. These results suggest that SMTP-7 has an intrinsic neuroprotective effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury through the suppression of oxidative stress and MMP-9 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Akamatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hasegawa K, Koide H, Hu W, Nishimura N, Narasaki R, Kitano Y, Hasumi K. Structure-activity relationships of 11 new congeners of the SMTP plasminogen modulator. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:589-93. [PMID: 20842143 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fungal metabolite Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenols (SMTPs) are small-molecule plasminogen modulators that enhance plasminogen activation. The SMTP molecule consists of a tricyclic γ-lactam moiety, an isoprene side-chain and an N-linked side-chain. Previous investigations have demonstrated that the N-linked side-chain is crucial for its activity. In this study, we have isolated 11 new SMTP congeners with a variety of N-linked side-chain structures, to investigate structure-activity relationships. Active compounds included congeners with a carboxyl or a sulfonic acid group in the N-linked side-chain, whereas not all the congeners with a carboxyl group were active. Of these congeners, that with methionine or tyrosine as the N-linked side-chain moiety was more active than that with an aliphatic amino acid. Congeners without ionizable group in the N-linked side-chain were essentially inactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hasumi K, Yamamichi S, Harada T. Small-molecule modulators of zymogen activation in the fibrinolytic and coagulation systems. FEBS J 2010; 277:3675-87. [PMID: 20718867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems are central to the hemostatic mechanism, which works promptly on vascular injury and tissue damage. The rapid response is generated by specific molecular interactions between components in these systems. Thus, the regulation mechanism of the systems is programmed in each component, as exemplified by the elegant processes in zymogen activation. This review describes recently identified small molecules that modulate the activation of zymogens in the fibrinolytic and coagulation systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hashimoto T, Shibata K, Nobe K, Hasumi K, Honda K. A novel embolic model of cerebral infarction and evaluation of Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-7 (SMTP-7), a novel fungal triprenyl phenol metabolite. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114:41-9. [PMID: 20703011 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10131fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish a novel embolic model of cerebral infarction and to evaluate the effect of Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-7 (SMTP-7), a novel fungal triprenyl phenol metabolite. Thrombotic occlusion was induced by transfer of acetic acid-induced embolus into the brain. The regional cerebral blood flow was measured by a laser Doppler flowmeter to check the ischemic condition. Infarction area was assessed by 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Neurological scores were determined by a modified version of the method described by Longa et al. Emboli were accumulated at the temporal or parietal region of the middle cerebral artery. Additionally, we found that this model showed decreased cerebral blood flow and increased infarction area and neurological scores. Treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) reduced infarction area and the neurological scores in a dose-dependent manner; moreover, the decreased cerebral blood flow recovered. SMTP-7 also reduced these values. The therapeutic time window of SMTP-7 was longer than that of t-PA. These results indicate that this model may be useful for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral infarction and evaluating the effects of therapeutic agents. Additionally, SMTP-7 is a promising approach to extend the therapeutic time window. Therefore, this novel compound may represent a novel approach for the treatment of cerebral infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shibata K, Hashimoto T, Nobe K, Hasumi K, Honda K. A novel finding of a low-molecular-weight compound, SMTP-7, having thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory effects in cerebral infarction of mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 382:245-53. [PMID: 20680247 PMCID: PMC2926440 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has a short therapeutic time window for administration (3 h) and carries a risk of promoting intracerebral hemorrhage. The aim of the present study was to investigate a therapeutic time window and frequency of hemorrhagic region by treatment with Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-7 (SMTP-7). Thrombotic occlusion was induced by transfer of acetic acid-induced thrombus at the right common carotid artery into the brain of mice. Infarction area, neurological score, edema percentage, and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) were determined as the index of the efficacy of SMTP-7. In order to evaluate the mechanism of SMTP-7, plasmin activities and the expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 mRNA were examined. SMTP-7 (0.1, 1, 10 mg/kg) dose dependently reduced infarction area, neurological score, and edema percentage. Additionally, its therapeutic time window was longer than that of t-PA, a high-molecular-weight compound. In addition, little hemorrhagic region was induced by treatment with SMTP-7. SMTP-7 showed plasmin activity in vivo and caused a decreased CBF to recover. Furthermore, the expressions of inflammatory cytokine mRNA (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) were increased by t-PA treatment 3 h after ischemia but were not induced by SMTP-7 treatment. These results indicate that SMTP-7 shows potential thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory effects as well as a wide therapeutic time window and little hemorrhagic region compared with that of t-PA. Therefore, this novel low-molecular-weight compound may represent a novel approach for the treatment of cerebral infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Shibata
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sasaoka M, Wada Y, Hasumi K. Stachybotrydial selectively enhances fibrin binding and activation of Glu-plasminogen. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2008; 60:674-81. [PMID: 18057696 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stachybotrydial, a triprenyl phenol metabolite from a fungus, has a plasminogen modulator activity selective to Glu-plasminogen. Stachybotrydial enhanced fibrin binding and activation of Glu-plasminogen (2- to 4-fold enhancement at 60-120 microM) but not of Lys-plasminogen. Approximately 1.2-1.6 moles of [3H]stachybotrydial bound to Glu-plasminogen to exert such effects. The selective modulation of the Glu-plasminogen function by stachybotrydial may be related to alteration of its conformational status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sasaoka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hasumi K, Hasegawa K, Kitano Y. Isolation and absolute configuration of SMTP-0, a simplest congener of the SMTP family nonlysine-analog plasminogen modulators. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2007; 60:463-8. [PMID: 17721006 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SMTP-0, a new simple congener of the SMTP nonlysine-analog plasminogen modulators, was isolated from a culture of Stachybotrys microspora. Based on the physico-chemical data, SMTP-0 was shown to be an enantiomer of the antimicrobial compound stachybotrin B. The absolute configuration of SMTP-0 was determined by the modified Mosher method. The stereochemistry was further confirmed using an epimer of SMTP-0. Unlike most SMTPs with an amino acid side chain linked to the nitrogen atom of the lactam moiety, SMTP-0, which lacks the N-linked side chain, showed no plasminogen modulator activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Narasaki R, Kuribayashi H, Shimizu K, Imamura D, Sato T, Hasumi K. Bacillolysin MA, a Novel Bacterial Metalloproteinase That Produces Angiostatin-like Fragments from Plasminogen and Activates Protease Zymogens in the Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Systems. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14278-87. [PMID: 15677446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500241200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a novel protease that converts plasminogen to angiostatin-like fragments (BL-angiostatins) from a culture of Bacillus megaterium A9542 through a single-step chromatography on CM-cellulose. The protease, designated bacillolysin MA (BL-MA), belongs to a family of neutral metalloproteinases based on the nucleotide sequence of its gene. At an enzyme:substrate ratio of 1:540, BL-MA cleaved human plasminogen mainly at Ser441-Val442 to form BL-angiostatin and miniplasminogen with a K(m) of 3.0 +/- 0.8 microM and a k(cat) of 0.70 +/- 0.09 s(-1). The resulting BL-angiostatins inhibited the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells at concentrations of 1-10 microg/ml. Although BL-MA failed to activate plasminogen, it increased urokinase-catalyzed activation of plasminogen caused by production of miniplasminogen, which is highly susceptible to activation. In addition, BL-MA was active in converting prourokinase, prothrombin, coagulation factor X, and protein C to their active forms. BL-MA enhanced both the clotting of human plasma and clot dissolution in the presence of prourokinase. Thus, BL-MA affects blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems and can be used to produce angiostatin-like plasminogen fragments and active serine proteases of human plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Narasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu W, Narasaki R, Maeda F, Hasumi K. Glucosyldiacylglycerol enhances reciprocal activation of prourokinase and plasminogen. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004; 68:1549-56. [PMID: 15277760 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal activation of prourokinase (pro-u-PA) and plasminogen is an important mechanism in the initiation and propagation of local fibrinolytic activity. We found that glucosyldiacylglycerol (GDG) enhanced the reciprocal activation by 1.5- to 2-fold at 0.7-16 microM, accompanying increased conversions of both zymogens to active two-chain forms. The reciprocal activation system consists of (i) plasminogen activation by pro-u-PA to form plasmin, (ii) pro-u-PA activation by the resulting plasmin to form two-chain u-PA (tcu-PA), and (iii) plasminogen activation by the resulting tcu-PA. Whereas GDG minimally affected steps (ii) and (iii) in isolated systems, it markedly enhanced step (i) in the absence of the conversion of pro-u-PA to tcu-PA. GDG significantly increased the intrinsic fluorescence of pro-u-PA (6.7%), but not that of tcu-PA or plasminogen. The large change in intrinsic fluorescence suggests that GDG selectively affects pro-u-PA to alter its conformation, and this mechanism may account for enhancement of its intrinsic plasminogen activator activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ohyama S, Harada T, Chikanishi T, Miura Y, Hasumi K. Nonlysine-analog plasminogen modulators promote autoproteolytic generation of plasmin(ogen) fragments with angiostatin-like activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:809-20. [PMID: 14764098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.03985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered several nonlysine-analog conformational modulators for plasminogen. These include SMTP-6, thioplabin B and complestatin that are low molecular mass compounds of microbial origin. Unlike lysine-analog modulators, which increase plasminogen activation but inhibit its binding to fibrin, the nonlysine-analog modulators enhance both activation and fibrin binding of plasminogen. Here we show that some nonlysine-analog modulators promote autoproteolytic generation of plasmin(ogen) derivatives with its catalytic domain undergoing extensive fragmentation (PMDs), which have angiostatin-like anti-endothelial activity. The enhancement of urokinase-catalyzed plasminogen activation by SMTP-6 was followed by rapid inactivation of plasmin due to its degradation mainly in the catalytic domain, yielding PMD with a molecular mass ranging from 68 to 77 kDa. PMD generation was observed when plasmin alone was treated with SMTP-6 and was inhibited by the plasmin inhibitor aprotinin, indicating an autoproteolytic mechanism in PMD generation. Thioplabin B and complestatin, two other nonlysine-analog modulators, were also active in producing similar PMDs, whereas the lysine analog 6-aminohexanoic acid was inactive while it enhanced plasminogen activation. Peptide sequencing and mass spectrometric analyses suggested that plasmin fragmentation was due to cleavage at Lys615-Val616, Lys651-Leu652, Lys661-Val662, Lys698-Glu699, Lys708-Val709 and several other sites mostly in the catalytic domain. PMD was inhibitory to proliferation, migration and tube formation of endothelial cells at concentrations of 0.3-10 microg.mL(-1). These results suggest a possible application of nonlysine-analog modulators in the treatment of cancer through the enhancement of endogenous plasmin(ogen) fragment formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Ohyama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Saiwaicho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|