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Mafa MS, Malgas S. Towards an understanding of the enzymatic degradation of complex plant mannan structures. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:302. [PMID: 37688610 PMCID: PMC10492685 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composed of a heterogeneous mixture of polysaccharides that require several different enzymes to degrade. These enzymes are important for a variety of biotechnological processes, from biofuel production to food processing. Several classical mannanolytic enzyme functions of glycoside hydrolases (GH), such as β-mannanase, β-mannosidase and α-galactosidase activities, are helpful for efficient mannan hydrolysis. In this light, we bring three enzymes into the model of mannan degradation that have received little or no attention. By linking their three-dimensional structures and substrate specificities, we have predicted the interactions and cooperativity of these novel enzymes with classical mannanolytic enzymes for efficient mannan hydrolysis. The novel exo-β-1,4-mannobiohydrolases are indispensable for the production of mannobiose from the terminal ends of mannans, this product being the preferred product for short-chain mannooligosaccharides (MOS)-specific β-mannosidases. Second, the side-chain cleaving enzymes, acetyl mannan esterases (AcME), remove acetyl decorations on mannan that would have hindered backbone cleaving enzymes, while the backbone cleaving enzymes liberate MOS, which are preferred substrates of the debranching and sidechain cleaving enzymes. The nonhydrolytic expansins and swollenins disrupt the crystalline regions of the biomass, improving their accessibility for AcME and GH activities. Finally, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases have also been implicated in promoting the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass or mannan degradation by classical mannanolytic enzymes, possibly by disrupting adsorbed mannan residues. Modelling effective enzymatic mannan degradation has implications for improving the saccharification of biomass for the synthesis of value-added and upcycling of lignocellulosic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Stephen Mafa
- Carbohydrates and Enzymology Laboratory (CHEM-LAB), Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
| | - Samkelo Malgas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa
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2
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Efficient and green production of manno-oligosaccharides from Gleditsia microphylla galactomannans using CO2 and solid acid in subcritical water. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Nakamura A, Kanazawa T, Furuta T, Sakurai M, Saloheimo M, Samejima M, Koivula A, Igarashi K. Role of Tryptophan 38 in Loading Substrate Chain into the Active-site Tunnel of Cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 68:19-29. [PMID: 34354542 PMCID: PMC8116176 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2020_0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei ( Tr Cel7A) is one of the best-studied cellulases, exhibiting high activity towards crystalline cellulose. Tryptophan residues at subsites -7 and -4 (Trp40 and Trp38 respectively) are located at the entrance and middle of the tunnel-like active site of Tr Cel7A, and are conserved among the GH family 7 cellobiohydrolases. Trp40 of Tr Cel7A is important for the recruitment of cellulose chain ends on the substrate surface, but the role of Trp38 is less clear. Comparison of the effects of W38A and W40A mutations on the binding energies of sugar units at the two subsites indicated that the contribution of Trp38 to the binding was greater than that of Trp40. In addition, the smooth gradient of binding energy was broken in W38A mutant. To clarify the importance of Trp38, the activities of Tr Cel7A WT and W38A towards crystalline cellulose and amorphous cellulose were compared. W38A was more active than WT towards amorphous cellulose, whereas its activity towards crystalline cellulose was only one-tenth of that of WT. To quantify the effect of mutation at subsite -4, we measured kinetic parameters of Tr Cel7A WT, W40A and W38A towards cello-oligosaccharides. All combinations of enzymes and substrates showed substrate inhibition, and comparison of the inhibition constants showed that the Trp38 residue increases the velocity of substrate intake ( kon for forming productive complex) from the minus side of the subsites. These results indicate a key role of Trp38 residue in processively loading the reducing-end of cellulose chain into the catalytic tunnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Nakamura
- 1 Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Takashi Kanazawa
- 2 School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Tadaomi Furuta
- 2 School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Minoru Sakurai
- 2 School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | | | - Masahiro Samejima
- 4 Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University.,5 Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | - Anu Koivula
- 3 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- 3 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.,5 Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo
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4
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Dutoit R, Delsaute M, Collet L, Vander Wauven C, Van Elder D, Berlemont R, Richel A, Galleni M, Bauvois C. Crystal structure determination of Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 endoglucanase Cel5A: the search for a molecular basis for glycosynthesis in GH5_5 enzymes. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:605-615. [PMID: 31205022 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319007113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new glycoside hydrolases that can be utilized in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates has emerged as a promising approach for various biotechnological processes. In this study, recombinant Ps_Cel5A from Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501, a novel member of the GH5_5 subfamily, was expressed, purified and crystallized. Preliminary experiments confirmed the ability of Ps_Cel5A to catalyze transglycosylation with cellotriose as a substrate. The crystal structure revealed several structural determinants in and around the positive subsites, providing a molecular basis for a better understanding of the mechanisms that promote and favour synthesis rather than hydrolysis. In the positive subsites, two nonconserved positively charged residues (Arg178 and Lys216) were found to interact with cellobiose. This adaptation has also been reported for transglycosylating β-mannanases of the GH5_7 subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maud Delsaute
- InBioS - Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Biological Macromolecules, University of Liège, 13 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dany Van Elder
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Renaud Berlemont
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840-9502, USA
| | - Aurore Richel
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Moreno Galleni
- InBioS - Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Biological Macromolecules, University of Liège, 13 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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5
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β-Mannanase-catalyzed synthesis of alkyl mannooligosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5149-5163. [PMID: 29680901 PMCID: PMC5959982 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Mannanases catalyze the conversion and modification of β-mannans and may, in addition to hydrolysis, also be capable of transglycosylation which can result in enzymatic synthesis of novel glycoconjugates. Using alcohols as glycosyl acceptors (alcoholysis), β-mannanases can potentially be used to synthesize alkyl glycosides, biodegradable surfactants, from renewable β-mannans. In this paper, we investigate the synthesis of alkyl mannooligosides using glycoside hydrolase family 5 β-mannanases from the fungi Trichoderma reesei (TrMan5A and TrMan5A-R171K) and Aspergillus nidulans (AnMan5C). To evaluate β-mannanase alcoholysis capacity, a novel mass spectrometry-based method was developed that allows for relative comparison of the formation of alcoholysis products using different enzymes or reaction conditions. Differences in alcoholysis capacity and potential secondary hydrolysis of alkyl mannooligosides were observed when comparing alcoholysis catalyzed by the three β-mannanases using methanol or 1-hexanol as acceptor. Among the three β-mannanases studied, TrMan5A was the most efficient in producing hexyl mannooligosides with 1-hexanol as acceptor. Hexyl mannooligosides were synthesized using TrMan5A and purified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The data suggests a high selectivity of TrMan5A for 1-hexanol as acceptor over water. The synthesized hexyl mannooligosides were structurally characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, with results in agreement with their predicted β-conformation. The surfactant properties of the synthesized hexyl mannooligosides were evaluated using tensiometry, showing that they have similar micelle-forming properties as commercially available hexyl glucosides. The present paper demonstrates the possibility of using β-mannanases for alkyl glycoside synthesis and increases the potential utilization of renewable β-mannans.
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A Novel Glycoside Hydrolase Family 113 Endo-β-1,4-Mannanase from Alicyclobacillus sp. Strain A4 and Insight into the Substrate Recognition and Catalytic Mechanism of This Family. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2718-2727. [PMID: 26921423 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04071-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Few members of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 113 have been characterized, and information on substrate recognition by and the catalytic mechanism of this family is extremely limited. In the present study, a novel endo-β-1,4-mannanase of GH 113, Man113A, was identified in thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus sp. strain A4 and found to exhibit both hydrolytic and transglycosylation activities. The enzyme had a broad substrate spectrum, showed higher activities on glucomannan than on galactomannan, and released mannobiose and mannotriose as the main hydrolysis products after an extended incubation. Compared to the only functionally characterized and structure-resolved counter part Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius ManA (AaManA) of GH 113, Man113A showed much higher catalytic efficiency on mannooligosaccharides, in the order mannohexaose ≈ mannopentaose > mannotetraose > mannotriose, and required at least four sugar units for efficient catalysis. Homology modeling, molecular docking analysis, and site-directed mutagenesis revealed the vital roles of eight residues (Trp13, Asn90, Trp96, Arg97, Tyr196, Trp274, Tyr292, and Cys143) related to substrate recognition by and catalytic mechanism of GH 113. Comparison of the binding pockets and key residues of β-mannanases of different families indicated that members of GH 113 and GH 5 have more residues serving as stacking platforms to support -4 to -1 subsites than those of GH 26 and that the residues preceding the acid/base catalyst are quite different. Taken as a whole, this study elucidates substrate recognition by and the catalytic mechanism of GH 113 β-mannanases and distinguishes them from counterparts of other families.
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Malinowska KH, Verdorfer T, Meinhold A, Milles LF, Funk V, Gaub HE, Nash MA. Redox-initiated hydrogel system for detection and real-time imaging of cellulolytic enzyme activity. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:2825-2831. [PMID: 25116339 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the process of biomass degradation by cellulolytic enzymes is of urgent importance for biofuel and chemical production. Optimizing pretreatment conditions and improving enzyme formulations both require assays to quantify saccharification products on solid substrates. Typically, such assays are performed using freely diffusing fluorophores or dyes that measure reducing polysaccharide chain ends. These methods have thus far not allowed spatial localization of hydrolysis activity to specific substrate locations with identifiable morphological features. Here we describe a hydrogel reagent signaling (HyReS) system that amplifies saccharification products and initiates crosslinking of a hydrogel that localizes to locations of cellulose hydrolysis, allowing for imaging of the degradation process in real time. Optical detection of the gel in a rapid parallel format on synthetic and natural pretreated solid substrates was used to quantify activity of T. emersonii and T. reesei enzyme cocktails. When combined with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and AFM imaging, the reagent system provided a means to visualize enzyme activity in real-time with high spatial resolution (<2 μm). These results demonstrate the versatility of the HyReS system in detecting cellulolytic enzyme activity and suggest new opportunities in real-time chemical imaging of biomass depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara H Malinowska
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 Munich (Germany)
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8
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An Aspergillus nidulans β-mannanase with high transglycosylation capacity revealed through comparative studies within glycosidase family 5. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:10091-104. [PMID: 24950755 PMCID: PMC4237917 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
β-Mannanases are involved in the conversion and modification of mannan-based saccharides. Using a retaining mechanism, they can, in addition to hydrolysis, also potentially perform transglycosylation reactions, synthesizing new glyco-conjugates. Transglycosylation has been reported for β-mannanases in GH5 and GH113. However, although they share the same fold and catalytic mechanism, there may be differences in the enzymes’ ability to perform transglycosylation. Three GH5 β-mannanases from Aspergillus nidulans, AnMan5A, AnMan5B and AnMan5C, which belong to subfamily GH5_7 were studied. Comparative studies, including the GH5_7 TrMan5A from Trichoderma reesei, showed some differences between the enzymes. All the enzymes could perform transglycosylation but AnMan5B stood out in generating comparably higher amounts of transglycosylation products when incubated with manno-oligosaccharides. In addition, AnMan5B did not use alcohols as acceptor, which was also different compared to the other three β-mannanases. In order to map the preferred binding of manno-oligosaccharides, incubations were performed in H218O. AnMan5B in contrary to the other enzymes did not generate any 18O-labelled products. This further supported the idea that AnMan5B potentially prefers to use saccharides as acceptor instead of water. A homology model of AnMan5B showed a non-conserved Trp located in subsite +2, not present in the other studied enzymes. Strong aglycone binding seems to be important for transglycosylation with saccharides. Depending on the application, it is important to select the right enzyme.
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9
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MALDI-TOF MS analysis of cellodextrins and xylo-oligosaccharides produced by hindgut homogenates of Reticulitermes santonensis. Molecules 2014; 19:4578-94. [PMID: 24731986 PMCID: PMC6270808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hindgut homogenates of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis were incubated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), crystalline celluloses or xylan substrates. Hydrolysates were analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The method was first set up using acid hydrolysis analysis to characterize non-enzymatic profiles. Commercial enzymes of Trichoderma reesei or T. longibrachiatum were also tested to validate the enzymatic hydrolysis analysis. For CMC hydrolysis, data processing and visual display were optimized to obtain comprehensive profiles and allow rapid comparison and evaluation of enzymatic selectivity, according to the number of substituents of each hydrolysis product. Oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (DPs) ranging from three to 12 were measured from CMC and the enzymatic selectivity was demonstrated. Neutral and acidic xylo-oligosaccharides with DPs ranging from three to 11 were measured from xylan substrate. These results are of interest for lignocellulose biomass valorization and demonstrated the potential of termites and their symbiotic microbiota as a source of interesting enzymes for oligosaccharides production.
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Zhang C, Wang Y, Li Z, Zhou X, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Lu X. Characterization of a multi-function processive endoglucanase CHU_2103 from Cytophaga hutchinsonii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6679-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Couturier M, Roussel A, Rosengren A, Leone P, Stålbrand H, Berrin JG. Structural and biochemical analyses of glycoside hydrolase families 5 and 26 β-(1,4)-mannanases from Podospora anserina reveal differences upon manno-oligosaccharide catalysis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14624-14635. [PMID: 23558681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial deconstruction of the plant cell wall is a key biological process that is of increasing importance with the development of a sustainable biofuel industry. The glycoside hydrolase families GH5 (PaMan5A) and GH26 (PaMan26A) endo-β-1,4-mannanases from the coprophilic ascomycete Podospora anserina contribute to the enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, P. anserina mannanases were further subjected to detailed comparative analysis of their substrate specificities, active site organization, and transglycosylation capacity. Although PaMan5A displays a classical mode of action, PaMan26A revealed an atypical hydrolysis pattern with the release of mannotetraose and mannose from mannopentaose resulting from a predominant binding mode involving the -4 subsite. The crystal structures of PaMan5A and PaMan26A were solved at 1.4 and 2.85 Å resolution, respectively. Analysis of the PaMan26A structure supported strong interaction with substrate at the -4 subsite mediated by two aromatic residues Trp-244 and Trp-245. The PaMan26A structure appended to its family 35 carbohydrate binding module revealed a short and proline-rich rigid linker that anchored together the catalytic and the binding modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Couturier
- INRA, UMR1163 BCF, Aix Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Alain Roussel
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7257, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Anna Rosengren
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P. O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Philippe Leone
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7257, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P. O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRA, UMR1163 BCF, Aix Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, F-13288 Marseille, France.
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Structural features of β-(1→4)-d-galactomannans of plant origin as a probe for β-(1→4)-mannanase polymeric substrate specificity. Carbohydr Res 2012; 352:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Rosengren A, Hägglund P, Anderson L, Pavon-Orozco P, Peterson-Wulff R, Nerinckx W, Stålbrand H. The role of subsite +2 of the Trichoderma reesei β-mannanase TrMan5A in hydrolysis and transglycosylation. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.674726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kim DY, Ham SJ, Kim HJ, Kim J, Lee MH, Cho HY, Shin DH, Rhee YH, Son KH, Park HY. Novel modular endo-β-1,4-xylanase with transglycosylation activity from Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain HY-13 that is homologous to inverting GH family 6 enzymes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 107:25-32. [PMID: 22230776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The gene (2304-bp) encoding a novel xylanolytic enzyme (XylK2) with a catalytic domain, which is 70% identical to that of Cellulomonas flavigena DSM 20109 GH6 β-1,4-cellobiohydrolase, was identified from an earthworm (Eisenia fetida)-symbiotic bacterium, Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain HY-13. The enzyme consisted of an N-terminal catalytic GH6-like domain, a fibronectin type 3 (Fn3) domain, and a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module 2 (CBM 2). XylK2ΔFn3-CBM 2 displayed high transferase activity (788.3 IU mg(-1)) toward p-nitrophenyl (PNP) cellobioside, but did not degrade xylobiose, glucose-based materials, or other PNP-sugar derivatives. Birchwood xylan was degraded by XylK2ΔFn3-CBM 2 to xylobiose (59.2%) and xylotriose (40.8%). The transglycosylation activity of the enzyme, which enabled the formation of xylobiose (33.6%) and xylotriose (66.4%) from the hydrolysis of xylotriose, indicates that it is not an inverting enzyme but a retaining enzyme. The endo-β-1,4-xylanase activity of XylK2ΔFn3-CBM 2 increased significantly by approximately 2.0-fold in the presence of 50mM xylobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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Fox JM, Levine SE, Clark DS, Blanch HW. Initial- and Processive-Cut Products Reveal Cellobiohydrolase Rate Limitations and the Role of Companion Enzymes. Biochemistry 2011; 51:442-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2011543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome M. Fox
- Energy Biosciences Institute and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Seth E. Levine
- Energy Biosciences Institute and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Energy Biosciences Institute and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Harvey W. Blanch
- Energy Biosciences Institute and ‡Department of
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Dilokpimol A, Nakai H, Gotfredsen CH, Baumann MJ, Nakai N, Abou Hachem M, Svensson B. Recombinant production and characterisation of two related GH5 endo-β-1,4-mannanases from Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A4 showing distinctly different transglycosylation capacity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1720-9. [PMID: 21867780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) endo-β-1,4-mannanases ManA and ManC from Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A4 were produced in Pichia pastoris X33 and purified in high yields of 120 and 145mg/L, respectively, from the culture supernatants. Both enzymes showed increasing catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(M)) towards β-1,4 manno-oligosaccharides with the degree of polymerisation (DP) from 4 to 6 and also hydrolysed konjac glucomannan, guar gum and locust bean gum galactomannans. ManC had up to two-fold higher catalytic efficiency for DP 5 and 6 manno-oligosaccharides and also higher activity than ManA towards mannans. Remarkably, ManC compared to ManA transglycosylated mannotetraose with formation of longer β-1,4 manno-oligosaccharides 8-fold more efficiently and was able to use mannotriose, melezitose and isomaltotriose out of 36 tested acceptors resulting in novel penta- and hexasaccharides, whereas ManA used only mannotriose as acceptor. ManA and ManC share 39% sequence identity and homology modelling suggesting that they have very similar substrate interactions at subsites +1 and +2 except that ManC Trp283 at subsite +1 corresponded to Ser289 in ManA. Site-directed mutagenesis to ManA S289W lowered K(M) for manno-oligosaccharides by 30-45% and increased transglycosylation yield by 50% compared to wild-type. Conversely, K(M) for ManC W283S was increased, the transglycosylation yield was reduced by 30-45% and furthermore activity towards mannans decreased below that of ManA. This first mutational analysis in subsite +1 of GH5 endo-β-1,4-mannanases indicated that Trp283 in ManC participates in discriminating between mannan substrates with different extent of branching and has a role in transglycosylation and substrate affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Kim DY, Ham SJ, Lee HJ, Kim YJ, Shin DH, Rhee YH, Son KH, Park HY. A highly active endo-β-1,4-mannanase produced by Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain HY-13, a hemicellulolytic bacterium in the gut of Eisenia fetida. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:365-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eklöf JM, Brumer H. The XTH gene family: an update on enzyme structure, function, and phylogeny in xyloglucan remodeling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:456-66. [PMID: 20421457 PMCID: PMC2879796 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.156844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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20
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Koizumi H, Totani K, Kitamoto N, Sato S, Ohmachi T, Yoshida T. Fungal Cellulases of Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 7 Catalyze Lactose Condensation. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2010. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.57.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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21
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Anderson L, Hägglund P, Stoll D, Lo Leggio L, Drakenberg T, Stålbrand H. Kinetics and stereochemistry of theCellulomonas fimiβ-mannanase studied using1H-NMR. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701788835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update covering the period 1999-2000. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:595-662. [PMID: 16642463 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and continues coverage of the field from the previous review published in 1999 (D. J. Harvey, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates, 1999, Mass Spectrom Rev, 18:349-451) for the period 1999-2000. As MALDI mass spectrometry is acquiring the status of a mature technique in this field, there has been a greater emphasis on applications rather than to method development as opposed to the previous review. The present review covers applications to plant-derived carbohydrates, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, mucins, glycosaminoglycans, bacterial glycolipids, glycosphingolipids, glycoglycerolipids and related compounds, and glycosides. Applications of MALDI mass spectrometry to the study of enzymes acting on carbohydrates (glycosyltransferases and glycosidases) and to the synthesis of carbohydrates, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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Le Nours J, Anderson L, Stoll D, Stålbrand H, Lo Leggio L. The Structure and Characterization of a Modular Endo-β-1,4-mannanase from Cellulomonas fimi,. Biochemistry 2005; 44:12700-8. [PMID: 16171384 DOI: 10.1021/bi050779v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endo-beta-1,4-mannanase from the soil bacterium Cellulomonas fimi is a modular plant cell wall degrading enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of the backbone of mannan, one of the most abundant polysaccharides of the hemicellulosic network in the plant cell wall. The crystal structure of a recombinant truncated endo-beta-1,4-mannanase from C. fimi (CfMan26A-50K) was determined by X-ray crystallography to 2.25 A resolution using the molecular replacement technique. The overall structure of the enzyme consists of a core (beta/alpha)8-barrel catalytic module characteristic of clan GH-A, connected via a linker to an immunoglobulin-like module of unknown function. A complex with the oligosaccharide mannotriose to 2.9 A resolution has also been obtained. Both the native structure and the complex show a cacodylate ion bound at the -1 subsite, while subsites -2, -3, and -4 are occupied by mannotriose in the complex. Enzyme kinetic analysis and the analysis of hydrolysis products from manno-oligosaccharides and mannopentitol suggest five important active-site cleft subsites. CfMan26A-50K has a high affinity -3 subsite with Phe325 as an aromatic platform, which explains the mannose releasing property of the enzyme. Structural differences with the homologous Cellvibrio japonicus beta-1,4-mannanase (CjMan26A) at the -2 and -3 subsites may explain the poor performance of CfMan26A mutants as "glycosynthases".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Le Nours
- Centre for Crystallographic Studies, Biophysical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nozaki K, Kano A, Amano Y, Murata T, Usui T, Ito K, Kanda T. Transglycosylation Reaction and Acceptor Specificity of Exo- and Endo-type Cellulases. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2004. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.51.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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25
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Heikinheimo L, Miettinen-Oinonen A, Cavaco-Paulo A, Buchert J. Effect of purifiedTrichoderma reesei cellulases on formation of cotton powder from cotton fabric. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Eckert K, Schneider E. A thermoacidophilic endoglucanase (CelB) from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius displays high sequence similarity to arabinofuranosidases belonging to family 51 of glycoside hydrolases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:3593-602. [PMID: 12919323 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 100-kDa protein with endoglucanase activity was purified from Triton X-100 extract of cells of the thermoacidophilic Gram-positive bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius. The enzyme exhibited activity towards carboxy methyl cellulose and oat spelt xylan with pH and temperature optima of 4 and 80 degrees C, respectively. Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the corresponding gene (celB) revealed an ORF encoding a preprotein of 959 amino acids which is consistent with an extracellular localization. Purified recombinant CelB and a variant lacking the C-terminal 203 amino acid residues (CelBtrunc) displayed similar enzymatic properties as the wild-type protein. Analysis of product formation suggested an endo mode of action. Remarkable stability was observed at pH values between 1 and 7 and 60% of activity were retained after incubation for 1 h at 80 degrees C. CelB displayed homology to members of glycoside hydrolase family 51, being only the second entry with activity typical of an endoglucanase but lacking activity on p-nitrophenyl-alpha-l-arabinofuranoside (pNPAraf). Highest sequence similarity was found towards the other endoglucanase F from Fibrobacter succinogenes (EGF), forming a distinct group in the phylogenetic tree of this family. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the catalytic domains demonstrated that CelB contains fewer charged amino acids than its neutrophilic counterparts, which is in line with adaptation to low pH. Wild-type and full-length recombinant CelB were soluble only in Triton X-100. In contrast, CelBtrunc was completely water soluble, suggesting a role of the C-terminal region in cell association. This C-terminal hydrophobic region displayed local sequence similarities to an alpha-amylase from the same organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Eckert
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Bakterienphysiologie, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Tuohy MG, Walsh DJ, Murray PG, Claeyssens M, Cuffe MM, Savage AV, Coughlan MP. Kinetic parameters and mode of action of the cellobiohydrolases produced by Talaromyces emersonii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1596:366-80. [PMID: 12007616 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three forms of cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), CBH IA, CBH IB and CBH II, were isolated to apparent homogeneity from culture filtrates of the aerobic fungus Talaromyces emersonii. The three enzymes are single sub-unit glycoproteins, and unlike most other fungal cellobiohydrolases are characterised by noteworthy thermostability. The kinetic properties and mode of action of each enzyme against polymeric and small soluble oligomeric substrates were investigated in detail. CBH IA, CBH IB and CBH II catalyse the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose, albeit to varying extents. Hydrolysis of a soluble cellulose derivative (CMC) and barley 1,3;1,4-beta-D-glucan was not observed. Cellobiose (G2) is the main reaction product released by CBH IA, CBH IB, and CBH II from microcrystalline cellulose. All three CBHs are competitively inhibited by G2; inhibition constant values (K(i)) of 2.5 and 0.18 mM were obtained for CBH IA and CBH IB, respectively (4-nitrophenyl-beta-cellobioside as substrate), while a K(i) of 0.16 mM was determined for CBH II (2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-beta-cellotrioside as substrate). Bond cleavage patterns were determined for each CBH on 4-methylumbelliferyl derivatives of beta-cellobioside and beta-cellotrioside (MeUmbG(n)). While the Tal. emersonii CBHs share certain properties with their counterparts from Trichoderma reesei, Humicola insolens and other fungal sources, distinct differences were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Tuohy
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Xu B, Hägglund P, Stålbrand H, Janson JC. endo-beta-1,4-Mannanases from blue mussel, Mytilus edulis: purification, characterization, and mode of action. J Biotechnol 2002; 92:267-77. [PMID: 11689251 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two variants of an endo-beta-1,4-mannanase from the digestive tract of blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, were purified by a combination of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, size exclusion chromatography in the absence and presence of guanidine hydrochloride and ion exchange chromatography. The purified enzymes were characterized with regard to enzymatic properties, molecular weight, isoelectric point, amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence. They are monomeric proteins with molecular masses of 39216 and 39265 Da, respectively, as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The isoelectric points of both enzymes were estimated to be around 7.8, however slightly different, by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. The enzymes are stable from pH 4.0 to 9.0 and have their maximum activities at a pH about 5.2. The optimum temperature of both enzymes is around 50-55 degrees C. Their stability decreases rapidly when going from 40 to 50 degrees C. The N-terminal sequences (12 residues) were identical for the two variants. They can be completely renatured after denaturation in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The enzymes readily degrade the galactomannans from locust bean gum and ivory nut mannan but show no cross-specificity for xylan and carboxymethyl cellulose. There is no binding ability observed towards cellulose and mannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingze Xu
- Center for Surface Biotechnology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 577, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Boer H, Teeri TT, Koivula A. Characterization of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase Cel7A secreted from Pichia pastoris using two different promoters. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 69:486-94. [PMID: 10898858 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20000905)69:5<486::aid-bit3>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of T. reesei cellobiohydrolase Cel7A in a methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was tested both under the P. pastoris alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter in a fermentor. Production of Cel7A with the AOX1 promoter gave a better yield, although part of the enzyme expressed was apparently not correctly folded. Cel7A expressed in P. pastoris is overglycosylated at its N-glycosylation sites as compared to the native T. reesei protein, but less extensive than Cel7A expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The k(cat) and K(m) values for the purified protein on soluble substrates are similar to the values found for the native Trichoderma Cel7A, whereas the degradation rate on crystalline substrate (BMCC) is somewhat reduced. The measured pH optimum also closely resembles that of purified T. reesei Cel7A. Furthermore, the hyperglycosylation does not affect the thermostability of the enzyme monitored with tryptophane fluorescence and activity measurements. On the other hand, CD measurements indicate that the formation of disulfide bridges is an important step in the correct folding of Cel7A and might explain the difficulties encountered in heterologous expression of T. reesei Cel7A. The constitutive GAP promoter expression system of P. pastoris is nevertheless well suited for activity screening of cellulase activities in microtiter plates. With this type of screening method a faster selection of site-directed and random mutants with, for instance, an altered optimum pH is possible, in contrast to the homologous T. reesei expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boer
- VTT Biotechnology, PO Box 1500, Espoo, Finland
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Sabini E, Wilson KS, Siika-aho M, Boisset C, Chanzy H. Digestion of single crystals of mannan I by an endo-mannanase from Trichoderma reesei. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:2340-4. [PMID: 10759859 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of single crystals of mannan I with the catalytic core domain of a beta-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78 or Man5A) from Trichoderma reesei was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The enzyme attack took place at the edge of the crystals and progressed towards their centres. Quite remarkably the crystalline integrity of the crystals was preserved almost to the end of the digestion process. This behaviour is consistent with an endo-mechanism, where the enzyme interacts with the accessible mannan chains located at the crystal periphery and cleaves one mannan molecule at a time. The endo mode of digestion of the crystals was confirmed by an analysis of the soluble degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sabini
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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