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Ali HA, Ismail MA, Fouda AEAS, Ghaith EA. A fruitful century for the scalable synthesis and reactions of biphenyl derivatives: applications and biological aspects. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18262-18305. [PMID: 37333795 PMCID: PMC10274569 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03531j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides recent developments in the current status and latest synthetic methodologies of biphenyl derivatives. Furthermore, this review investigates detailed discussions of several metalated chemical reactions related to biphenyl scaffolds such as Wurtz-Fittig, Ullmann, Bennett-Turner, Negishi, Kumada, Stille, Suzuki-Miyaura, Friedel-Crafts, cyanation, amination, and various electrophilic substitution reactions supported by their mechanistic pathways. Furthermore, the preconditions required for the existence of axial chirality in biaryl compounds are discussed. Furthermore, atropisomerism as a type of axial chirality in biphenyl molecules is discussed. Additionally, this review covers a wide range of biological and medicinal applications of the synthesized compounds involving patented approaches in the last decade corresponding to investigating the crucial role of the biphenyl structures in APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar A Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ismail
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Abd El-Aziz S Fouda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Eslam A Ghaith
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
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Ajlouni AM, Taha ZA, Hijazi AK, Al-Momani WM. A series of lanthanide complexes with 2-fluoro- N'
-(furan-2-ylmethylene) benzohydrazide ligand: Synthesis, characterization, luminescent properties and biological evaluation. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz M. Ajlouni
- Department of Applied Chemical Sciences; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Yarmouk University; Irbid Jordan
| | - Ziyad A. Taha
- Department of Applied Chemical Sciences; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - Ahmed K. Hijazi
- Department of Applied Chemical Sciences; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - Waleed M. Al-Momani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Yarmouk University; Irbid Jordan
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Microwave-promoted synthesis and biological activity of some 2-hetarylmethyl-4-(4-hetarylphenyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one derivatives. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-015-1664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sharma V, Chitranshi N, Agarwal AK. Significance and biological importance of pyrimidine in the microbial world. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:202784. [PMID: 25383216 PMCID: PMC4207407 DOI: 10.1155/2014/202784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are unique creatures that adapt to varying lifestyles and environment resistance in extreme or adverse conditions. The genetic architecture of microbe may bear a significant signature not only in the sequences position, but also in the lifestyle to which it is adapted. It becomes a challenge for the society to find new chemical entities which can treat microbial infections. The present review aims to focus on account of important chemical moiety, that is, pyrimidine and its various derivatives as antimicrobial agents. In the current studies we represent more than 200 pyrimidines as antimicrobial agents with different mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted classes along with in vitro antimicrobial activities of pyrimidines derivatives which can facilitate the development of more potent and effective antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management & Technology, Plot. No. 11, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Park, Sector G, Jankipuram, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226021, India
- Gautam Buddh Technical University, IET Campus, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226021, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
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Solvent-free synthesis of novel phthalocyanines containing triazole derivatives under microwave irradiation. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Malik MA, Al-Thabaiti SA, Malik MA. Synthesis, structure optimization and antifungal screening of novel tetrazole ring bearing acyl-hydrazones. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10880-10898. [PMID: 23109826 PMCID: PMC3472718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130910880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Azoles are generally fungistatic, and resistance to fluconazole is emerging in several fungal pathogens. In an attempt to find novel azole antifungal agents with improved activity, a series of tetrazole ring bearing acylhydrazone derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro antifungal activity. The mechanism of their antifungal activity was assessed by studying their effect on the plasma membrane using flow cytometry and determination of the levels of ergosterol, a fungal-specific sterol. Propidium iodide rapidly penetrated a majority of yeast cells when they were treated with the synthesized compounds at concentrations just above MIC, implying that fungicidal activity resulted from extensive lesions of the plasma membrane. Target compounds also caused a considerable reduction in the amount of ergosterol. The results also showed that the presence and position of different substituents on the phenyl ring of the acylhydrazone pendant seem to play a role on the antifungal activity as well as in deciding the fungistatic and fungicidal nature of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqsood Ahmad Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +966-549347193; Fax: +966-26952292
| | - Shaeel Ahmed Al-Thabaiti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
| | - Manzoor A. Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India; E-Mail:
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Ustabaş R, Süleymanoğlu N, Tanak H, Alpaslan YB, Ünver Y, Sancak K. Experimental and theoretical studies of the molecular structure of 4-(3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-p-tolyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3(4H)-one. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Azole antimicrobial pharmacophore-based tetrazoles: synthesis and biological evaluation as potential antimicrobial and anticonvulsant agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2410-22. [PMID: 19251421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The azole pharmacophore is still considered a viable lead structure for the synthesis of more efficacious and broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. Potential antibacterial and antifungal activities are encountered with some tetrazoles. Therefore, this study presents the synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of a new series of substituted tetrazoles that are structurally related to the famous antimicrobial azole pharmacophore. A detailed discussion of the structural elucidation of some of the newly synthesized compounds is also described. Antimicrobial evaluation revealed that twenty compounds were able to display variable growth inhibitory effects on the tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with special efficacy against the Gram positive strains. Meanwhile, six compounds exhibited moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Structurally, the antibacterial activity was encountered with tetrazoles containing a phenyl substituent, while the obtained antifungal activity was confined to the benzyl variants. Compounds 16, 18, 24 and 27 were proved to be the most active antibacterial members within this study with a considerable broad spectrum against all the Gram positive and negative strains tested. A distinctive anti-Gram positive activity was displayed by compound 18 against Staphylococcus aureus that was equipotent to ampicillin (MIC 6.25 microg/mL). On the other hand, twelve compounds were selected to be screened for their preliminary anticonvulsant activity against subcutaneous metrazole (ScMet) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizures in mice. The results revealed that five compounds namely; 3, 5, 13, 21, and 24 were able to display noticeable anticonvulsant activity in both tests at 100 mg/kg dose level. Compounds 5 and 21 were proved to be the most active anticonvulsant members in this study with special high activity in the ScMet assay (% protection: 100% and 80%, respectively).
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Petrov O, Gerova M, Petrova K, Ivanova Y. New imidazole derivatives of 2(3H)-benzazolones as potential antifungal agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gündoğdu-Karaburun N, Benkli K, Tunali Y, Uçucu U, Demirayak S. Synthesis and antifungal activities of some aryl [3-(imidazol-1-yl/triazol-1-ylmethyl) benzofuran-2-yl] ketoximes. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:651-6. [PMID: 16554110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, some aryl [3-(imidazol-1-yl/triazol-1-ylmethyl)benzofuran-2-yl] ketones, aryl (3-methyl-benzofuran-2-yl) ketoximes and aryl [3-(imidazol-1-yl/triazol-1-ylmethyl)benzofuran-2-yl] ketoximes were synthesised starting from 2-aryloyl-3-methyl-benzofuranes. The structure elucidation of the compounds was performed by IR, 1H-NMR, MASS spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Antifungal activities of the compounds were examined and moderate activity was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalan Gündoğdu-Karaburun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
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Menozzi G, Merello L, Fossa P, Schenone S, Ranise A, Mosti L, Bondavalli F, Loddo R, Murgioni C, Mascia V, La Colla P, Tamburini E. Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and molecular modeling studies of halogenated 4-[1H-imidazol-1-yl(phenyl)methyl]-1,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:5465-83. [PMID: 15388173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the course of our studies in the azole antifungals area, we synthesized a number of 1,5-disubstituted 4-[1H-imidazol-1-yl(phenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazoles, analogues of bifonazole. 1,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole 3 showed weak antimycotic and antibacterial activities in vitro against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Staphylococcus aureus. In order to increase these properties, given that the halo substitution was found to be capable of enhancing antifungal effects, we prepared a series of fluoro and chloro derivatives of 3. The microbiological evaluation carried out on newly synthesized compounds included in vitro assays for antifungal, antibacterial and antimycobacterial activities. Among the tested compounds, some dichloro and trichloro-derivatives showed interesting antimicrobial properties. In particular, compounds 10j,k,l produced inhibitory effects against pathogen representatives of yeast (C. albicans, C. neoformans) and Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus) similar or superior to those of bifonazole. In addition, their activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was superior to that of clotrimazole and econazole, which were used as reference drugs. The replacement, in these compounds, of chlorine with fluorine atoms led to inactive derivatives. Docking studies were carried out on the most active compounds, in order to rationalize the pharmacological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Menozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Matysiak J, Niewiadomy A, Krajewska-Kułak E, Macik-Niewiadomy G. Synthesis of some 1-(2,4-dihydroxythiobenzoyl)imidazoles, -imidazolines and -tetrazoles and their potent activity against Candida species. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2003; 58:455-61. [PMID: 12767386 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(03)00046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various 1-(2,4-dihydroxythiobenzoyl)imidazoles, -imidazolines and -tetrazoles were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity. Compounds were prepared by the reaction of sulfinyl-bis-(2,4-dihydroxythiobenzoyl) with properly substituted azoles. The MIC values against the Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strain, the azole-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans and non-Candida species were determined. Tetrazole derivatives were the most active against C. albicans, imidazoline derivatives against non-Candida species. All compounds showed higher activity than that of comparable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Matysiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
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Matysiak J, Niewiadomy A. Synthesis and antimycotic activity of N-azolyl-2,4-dihydroxythiobenzamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2285-91. [PMID: 12713839 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
N-pyrazole and N-1,2,4-triazole derivatives of 2,4-dihydroxythiobenzamide prepared from sulfinyl-bis-(2,4-dihydroxythiobenzoyl) and commercially available azole amines were tested for their antimycotic activity. The chemical structure of compounds was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The MIC values against the reference strain Candida albicans ATCC 10231, azole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans species were determined for their potential activity in vitro. The compounds exhibited comparable or higher activity than itraconazole and fluconazole tested under the same experimental conditions. Pyrazoline derivatives showed higher activity than other analogues. The strongest fungistatic activity for N-(2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-5-oxo-5H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,4-dihydroxythiobenzamide was found with MIC values significantly lower than those for the studied drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Matysiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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