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Nguyen TMD, Nguyen TT, Combarnous Y. Single-chain human follicle-stimulating hormone with a di-N-glycosylated linker. Theriogenology 2024; 224:50-57. [PMID: 38733814 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The classic way to produce single-chain (sc) glycoprotein hormones is to fuse their two subunits through the carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) from human Choriogonadotropin (hCG). The CTP confers a longer half-life to single-chain hormones thanks to its four O-glycosyl side chains. However, unlike syncytiotrophoblastic cells, most cells used for recombinant protein production do not transfer O-glycosyl chains efficiently. We thus choose to fuse the hFSH subunits with a linker comprising two N-glycosyl side chains (sc-hFSH LNN) or none (sc-hFSH L0N), that were generated using two expression systems, HEK293 and CHO K1 cells. Their production levels and biological activities were tested and compared. Both expression systems successfully produced biologically active sc-hFSH, but, in our hands, CHO K1 cells yielded about 30-fold higher amounts of recombinant protein than HEK293 cells. Moreover, sc-hFSH L0N was considerably less expressed than sc-hFSH LNN in both cell types. Our data show that sc-hFSH L0N and sc-hFSH LNN produced from both cell lines stimulate cAMP and progesterone production in mLTC cells expressing hFSH receptors and exhibit similar B/I (in vitro Bioactivity/Immuno activity) ratios. Finally, the ratio of in vivo/in vitro bioactivities for sc-hFSH LNN relative to natural pituitary heterodimeric hFSH increased 8-fold, most likely because of a longer half-life in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thi Tho Nguyen
- Quy Nhon University, Binh Dinh Province, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
| | - Yves Combarnous
- Joint INRAE, CNRS, Tours University Unit, Physiologie de La Reproduction & des Comportements (PRC), 37380, Nouzilly, France
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2
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Abreu C, Grunberg K, Bonilla M, Crispo M, Pantano S, Jaeschke J, Comini MA, Bollati‐Fogolín M. Expression and functional characterization of chimeric recombinant bovine follicle-stimulating hormone produced in Leishmania tarentolae. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14444. [PMID: 38564168 PMCID: PMC10986757 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive techniques are routinely used in livestock species to increase and enhance productivity. Ovarian hyperstimulation is a process that currently relies on administering pituitary-derived follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or equine chorionic gonadotropin in combination with other hormones to promote the maturation of multiple follicles and thereby achieve superovulation. The use of partially purified preparations of FSH extracted from natural sources is associated with suboptimal and variable results. Recombinant FSH (rFSH) has been produced in a variety of heterologous organisms. However, attaining a bioactive rFSH of high quality and at low cost for use in livestock remains challenging. Here we report the production and characterization of a single chain bovine rFSH consisting of the β- and α-subunit fused by a polypeptide linker (scbFSH) using Leishmania tarentolae as heterologous expression system. This unicellular eukaryote is non-pathogenic to mammals, can be grown in bioreactors using simple and inexpensive semisynthetic media at 26°C and does not require CO2 or bovine serum supplementation. Stable cell lines expressing scbFSH in an inducible fashion were generated and characterized for their productivity. Different culture conditions and purification procedures were evaluated, and the recombinant product was biochemically and biologically characterized, including bioassays in an animal model. The results demonstrate that L. tarentolae is a suitable host for producing a homogeneous, glycosylated and biologically active form of scbFSH with a reasonable yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Abreu
- Molecular, Cellular and Animal Technology ProgramInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
| | - Karin Grunberg
- Molecular, Cellular and Animal Technology ProgramInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- Laboratory Redox Biology of TrypanosomesInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
| | - Martina Crispo
- Molecular, Cellular and Animal Technology ProgramInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
- Laboratory Animal Biotechnology UnitInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
| | - Sergio Pantano
- Molecular, Cellular and Animal Technology ProgramInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
- Biomolecular Simulations GroupInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
| | | | - Marcelo A. Comini
- Molecular, Cellular and Animal Technology ProgramInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
- Laboratory Redox Biology of TrypanosomesInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
| | - Mariela Bollati‐Fogolín
- Molecular, Cellular and Animal Technology ProgramInstitut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideoUruguay
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3
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Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Action on Spermatogenesis: A Focus on Physiological and Therapeutic Roles. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041014. [PMID: 32260182 PMCID: PMC7230878 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human reproduction is regulated by the combined action of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH) on the gonads. Although FSH is largely used in female reproduction, in particular in women attending assisted reproductive techniques to stimulate multi-follicular growth, its efficacy in men with idiopathic infertility is not clearly demonstrated. Indeed, whether FSH administration improves fertility in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the therapeutic benefit in men presenting alterations in sperm production despite normal FSH serum levels is still unclear. In the present review, we evaluate the potential pharmacological benefits of FSH administration in clinical practice. METHODS This is a narrative review, describing the FSH physiological role in spermatogenesis and its potential therapeutic action in men. RESULTS The FSH role on male fertility is reviewed starting from the physiological control of spermatogenesis, throughout its mechanism of action in Sertoli cells, the genetic regulation of its action on spermatogenesis, until the therapeutic options available to improve sperm production. CONCLUSION FSH administration in infertile men has potential benefits, although its action should be considered by evaluating its synergic action with testosterone, and well-controlled, powerful trials are required. Prospective studies and new compounds could be developed in the near future.
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Casarini L, Crépieux P, Reiter E, Lazzaretti C, Paradiso E, Rochira V, Brigante G, Santi D, Simoni M. FSH for the Treatment of Male Infertility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072270. [PMID: 32218314 PMCID: PMC7177393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) supports spermatogenesis acting via its receptor (FSHR), which activates trophic effects in gonadal Sertoli cells. These pathways are targeted by hormonal drugs used for clinical treatment of infertile men, mainly belonging to sub-groups defined as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism or idiopathic infertility. While, in the first case, fertility may be efficiently restored by specific treatments, such as pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or choriogonadotropin (hCG) alone or in combination with FSH, less is known about the efficacy of FSH in supporting the treatment of male idiopathic infertility. This review focuses on the role of FSH in the clinical approach to male reproduction, addressing the state-of-the-art from the little data available and discussing the pharmacological evidence. New compounds, such as allosteric ligands, dually active, chimeric gonadotropins and immunoglobulins, may represent interesting avenues for future personalized, pharmacological approaches to male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (G.B.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0593961705; Fax: +39-0593962018
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (P.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Eric Reiter
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (P.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Clara Lazzaretti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (G.B.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elia Paradiso
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (G.B.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (G.B.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (G.B.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (G.B.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (V.R.); (G.B.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (P.C.); (E.R.)
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
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5
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Gugliotta A, Ceaglio N, Kratje R, Oggero M. Effect of ANITVNITV peptide fusion on the bioactivity and pharmacokinetics of human IFN-α2b and a hyper-N-glycosylated variant. J Biotechnol 2019; 303:46-52. [PMID: 31336133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Different strategies have been developed and successfully applied to biotherapeutics in order to improve their in vivo efficacy. The genetic fusion to natural or synthetic glycosylated peptides constitutes a promising strategy since it conserves the protein sequence and results in the improvement of the pharmacokinetic properties. The ANITVNITV peptide described by Perlmann and coworkers presents 9 amino acids and 2 potential N-glycosylation sites. Its fusion to FSH resulted in the increase of the molecular mass and negative charge of the protein. Consequently, the pharmacokinetics was considerably improved. The aim of the present study was to compare the influence of ANITVNITV peptide fusion on the physicochemical, biological and pharmacokinetic properties of native hIFN-α2b (IFNwt), which contains a single O-glycosylation site, and a hyperglycosylated variant (IFN4N), that bears, in addition, 4 N-linked glycans. The resulting molecules, IFNwtNter and IFN4NNter, evidenced a higher molecular mass and negative charge compared to IFNwt and IFN4N, respectively. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic properties of the new molecules were significantly improved. The molecules obtained by the synthetic peptide fusion strategy evidenced a decrease in their in vitro antiviral specific biological activities (SBA). However, in vitro antiproliferative SBA was differentially modified for IFNwtNter and IFN4NNter in comparison with the parental molecules. For IFNwtNter, a reduction in the antiproliferative SBA was also observed. Remarkably, the addition of the ANITVNITV peptide to the N-terminus of IFN4N had a positive impact on its growth-inhibitory activity. This feature together with its improved pharmacokinetics encourages the development of IFN4NNter as an IFN-α based biobetter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Gugliotta
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia Ceaglio
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcos Oggero
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina.
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6
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Anderson RC, Newton CL, Anderson RA, Millar RP. Gonadotropins and Their Analogs: Current and Potential Clinical Applications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:911-937. [PMID: 29982442 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gonadotropin receptors LH receptor and FSH receptor play a central role in governing reproductive competency/fertility. Gonadotropin hormone analogs have been used clinically for decades in assisted reproductive therapies and in the treatment of various infertility disorders. Though these treatments are effective, the clinical protocols demand multiple injections, and the hormone preparations can lack uniformity and stability. The past two decades have seen a drive to develop chimeric and modified peptide analogs with more desirable pharmacokinetic profiles, with some displaying clinical efficacy, such as corifollitropin alfa, which is now in clinical use. More recently, low-molecular-weight, orally active molecules with activity at gonadotropin receptors have been developed. Some have excellent characteristics in animals and in human studies but have not reached the market-largely as a result of acquisitions by large pharma. Nonetheless, such molecules have the potential to mitigate risks currently associated with gonadotropin-based fertility treatments, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and the demands of injection-based therapies. There is also scope for novel use beyond the current remit of gonadotropin analogs in fertility treatments, including application as novel contraceptives; in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome; in the restoration of function to inactivating mutations of gonadotropin receptors; in the treatment of ovarian and prostate cancers; and in the prevention of bone loss and weight gain in postmenopausal women. Here we review the properties and clinical application of current gonadotropin preparations and their analogs, as well as the development of novel orally active, small-molecule nonpeptide analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Claire L Newton
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Pang SC. Use of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone for the Treatment of Female Infertility – Current Concepts. WOMENS HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1517/17455057.1.1.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ovulatory dysfunction, which is common among women of reproductive age, often results in infertility. Over the last three decades, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in the form of either urinary human menopausal gonadotropin or highly purified urinary FSH (uFSH), has been the mainstay in the treatment of women with ovulatory dysfunction. However, these preparations have several disadvantages, including variable composition, contamination with urinary proteins, and the limited availability of human menopausal urine from which uFSH is extracted. Recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) demonstrates higher purity and specific activity, and is suitable for subcutaneous administration. Additionally, rhFSH has facilitated the development of additional FSH products such as FSH-carboxy terminal peptide that possess different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and may provide more options in the treatment of ovulatory dysfunction and infertility. This article reviews the mechanism of action of FSH in folliculogenesis and ovulation, the current use of FSH in women for the medical management of infertility, and the published clinical experience to date with different rhFSH preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Pang
- Reproductive Science Center of Boston, 1 Forbes Road, Lexington, MA 02421-7305, USA, Tel.: +1 781 674 1200; Fax: +1 781 674 2442
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8
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Zhang YL, Guo KP, Ji SY, Liu XM, Wang P, Wu J, Gao L, Jiang TQ, Xu T, Fan HY. Development and characterization of a novel long-acting recombinant follicle stimulating hormone agonist by fusing Fc to an FSH-β subunit. Hum Reprod 2015; 31:169-82. [PMID: 26621853 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does a novel long-acting recombinant human FSH, KN015, a heterodimer composed of FSHα and FSHβ-Fc/Fc, offer a potential FSH alternative? SUMMARY ANSWER KN015 had in vitro activity and superior in vivo bioactivity than recombinant human FSH (rhFSH), suggesting KN015 could serve as a potential FSH agonist for clinical therapy. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY rhFSH has very short half-life so that repeat injections are needed, resulting in discomfort and inconvenience for patients. The longest-acting rhFSH available in clinics is corifollitropin alpha (FSH-CTP), but its half-life is not long enough to sustain the whole therapy period, and additional injections of rhFSH are needed. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Plasmids containing FSHα, FSHβ-Fc and Fc cDNA were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for KN015 production. The pharmacokinetics of KN015 was investigated in 6-week-old SD rats (n = 6/group) and healthy Cynomolgus monkeys in two different dose groups (n = 2/group). A series of experiments were designed for in vitro and in vivo characterization of the bioactivity of KN015 relative to rhFSH. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The purity and molecular weight of KN015 were determined by reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE. To measure KN015 half-life, sera were collected at increasing time points and the remaining FSH concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To assess the bioactivity of KN015 versus rhFSH in vitro, firstly cAMP production was assessed in CHO cells expressing FSH receptor (FSHR) with the treatment of Fc/Fc, rhFSH or KN015 at eight different doses (0.03, 0.09, 0.28, 0.83, 2.5, 7.5, 22.5, 67.5 nM), and secondly cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs; n = 20/group) of ICR mice (primed-PMSG 44 h before sacrificed) were collected and cultured in medium containing 1.25 pM Fc/Fc, rhFSH or KN015 at 37°C and then germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and COC expansion were observed at 4 and 16 h, respectively. The in vivo activity of KN015 was compared with rhFSH by ovary weight gain and ovulation assays. In the former, ovary weight gains in 21-day-old female SD rats, after a single subcutaneous injection of KN015, were compared with those after several injections of rhFSH over a range of doses (n = 8/group). Sera were harvested for estradiol (E2) analysis, and the ovaries were processed for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUDP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), RT-PCR and western blot. In the latter, 26-day-old female SD rats (n = 8/group) were injected with different doses of KN015 or rhFSH, and were sacrificed at 24 h after an injection of hCG (20 IU/rat). Moreover, the molecular responses stimulated by KN015 or rhFSH in the ovary were also analyzed through detecting expression of the FSH target genes (Cyp19a1, Fshr and Lhcgr) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE KN015 has a molecular weight of 82 kD and its half-life is 84 h in SD rats (10-fold longer than that of rhFSH) and 215 h in Cynomolgus monkeys. The EC50 value of the cAMP induction in CHO cells (KN015 versus rhFSH, 1.84 versus 0.87 nM), COC expansion and oocyte maturation assays showed KN015 had approximately half of rhFSH's activity in vitro. A single dose of KN015 (1.5 pmol/rat, 166.1 ± 19.7 mg, P < 0.01) stimulated significantly larger ovary weight gain than several injections of rhFSH (1.5 pmol/rat, 59.3 ± 28.1 mg, P < 0.01). The serum E2 level in the KN015 group was significantly higher than that in rhFSH group. The number of oocytes obtained by ovulation induction was comparable with or higher in the KN015 group than in the rhFSH group. KN015 was more effective than rhFSH in inducing FSH target genes (Cyp19a1, Fshr, Lhcgr) or activating the PI3K pathway in vivo. Moreover, a single injection of KN015 promoted granulosa cell proliferation and prevented follicle atresia to the same extent as several injections of rhFSH. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION All assays in this study were operated only in animals and clinical trials are needed to confirm they can be extrapolated to humans. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS KN015 is a valuable alternative to FSH and may have great potential for therapeutic applications. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was supported by National Basic Research Program of China (2011|CB944504, 2012CB944403) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (81172473, 31371449). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Li Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Shu-Yan Ji
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Man Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Jie Wu
- Alphamab Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Li Gao
- Alphamab Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215125, China
| | | | - Ting Xu
- Alphamab Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Heng-Yu Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Abstract
The purpose of making a "biobetter" biologic is to improve on the salient characteristics of a known biologic for which there is, minimally, clinical proof of concept or, maximally, marketed product data. There already are several examples in which second-generation or biobetter biologics have been generated by improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an innovative drug, including Neulasta(®) [a PEGylated, longer-half-life version of Neupogen(®) (filgrastim)] and Aranesp(®) [a longer-half-life version of Epogen(®) (epoetin-α)]. This review describes the use of protein fusion technologies such as Fc fusion proteins, fusion to human serum albumin, fusion to carboxy-terminal peptide, and other polypeptide fusion approaches to make biobetter drugs with more desirable pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Strohl
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, SH31-21757, 1400 Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA,
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10
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Patil M. Gonadotrophins: The future. J Hum Reprod Sci 2015; 7:236-48. [PMID: 25624659 PMCID: PMC4296397 DOI: 10.4103/0974-1208.147490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the IVF clinician is to make the ART treatment safe, patient-friendly, cost effective and at the same time offer good and high quality treatment. IVF protocols are a burden for women and are one of the potential reasons why women don’t return for subsequent cycles. Frequent injections may increase stress and also result in high error rates. Simple short treatment regimen with optimal recovery of good quality oocytes results in development of good quality embryos followed by SET in treatment and cryopreservation cycles are a less burden and result in related lesser discontinuation, side effects, treatment cycles in time and are more cost-effective. Development of FSH analogues with longer terminal t1/2 and slower absorption to peak serum levels will increase the efficiency, decrease the side effects and also is easy to administer. This makes it convenient for the patients increasing the compliance. A certain minimum LH concentration is necessary for adequate thecal cell function and subsequent oestradiol synthesis in the granulosa cells. Adjuvant r-HLH gives clinician's precise control over the dose of LH bioactivity administered to target the therapeutic window. New parenteral, transdermal, inhaled and oral fertility drugs and regimens are currently under research and development with the objective to further simplify treatment for ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Patil
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Dr. Patil's Fertility and Endoscopy Clinic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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11
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Pang SC. Use of follicle-stimulating hormone for the treatment of female infertility - current concepts. WOMENS HEALTH 2012; 1:87-95. [PMID: 19803949 DOI: 10.2217/17455057.1.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ovulatory dysfunction, which is common among women of reproductive age, often results in infertility. Over the last three decades, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in the form of either urinary human menopausal gonadotropin or highly purified urinary FSH (uFSH), has been the mainstay in the treatment of women with ovulatory dysfunction. However, these preparations have several disadvantages, including variable composition, contamination with urinary proteins, and the limited availability of human menopausal urine from which uFSH is extracted. Recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) demonstrates higher purity and specific activity, and is suitable for subcutaneous administration. Additionally, rhFSH has facilitated the development of additional FSH products such as FSH-carboxy terminal peptide that possess different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and may provide more options in the treatment of ovulatory dysfunction and infertility. This article reviews the mechanism of action of FSH in folliculogenesis and ovulation, the current use of FSH in women for the medical management of infertility, and the published clinical experience to date with different rhFSH preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Pang
- Reproductive Science Center of Boston, 1 Forbes Road, Lexington, MA 02421-7305, USA. Samuel.Pang@ IntegraMed.com
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12
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Verbost P, Sloot WN, Rose UM, de Leeuw R, Hanssen RGJM, Verheijden GFM. Pharmacologic profiling of corifollitropin alfa, the first developed sustained follicle stimulant. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 651:227-33. [PMID: 21115001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Corifollitropin alfa (Elonva®, MSD, previously N.V. Organon or Schering-Plough Oss, The Netherlands) is a newly developed sustained follicle stimulant composed of the α subunit of human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and a hybrid β subunit formed by fusion of the human chorionic gonadotropin β subunit carboxy terminal peptide with the β subunit of human FSH. Binding characteristics of corifollitropin alfa at the rat FSH receptor and transactivation properties at the rat FSH receptor, human luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor, and human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH receptor) were assessed in vitro. Bioactivity of corifollitropin alfa in rats was also assessed. Serum corifollitropin alfa levels in rats and dogs were used to derive the main pharmacokinetic parameters of corifollitropin alfa. Binding and transactivation profile of corifollitropin alfa to rat FSH receptor was specific and comparable to that of recombinant human FSH, with no intrinsic TSH receptor or LH receptor activation. From pharmacokinetic studies, circulating half-life of corifollitropin alfa was calculated to be 17.3h in rats and 46.9h in dogs, 1.5- to 2-fold longer than recombinant FSH. Corifollitropin alfa demonstrated a 2- to 4-fold increase in bioactivity (ovarian weight, serum estradiol and progesterone, ovulated ova) over recombinant FSH across all in vivo parameters assessed. These data demonstrate that corifollitropin alfa is a specific ligand with high affinity for FSH receptor, lacking intrinsic activity for LH receptor and TSH receptor. By virtue of its increased in vivo half-life, corifollitropin alfa can be a valuable alternative to FSH by acting as a sustained follicle stimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Verbost
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme MSD, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands
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13
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Loutradis D, Vlismas A, Drakakis P. Corifollitropin Alfa: A Novel Long-Acting Recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Agonist for Controlled Ovarian Stimulation. WOMENS HEALTH 2010; 6:655-64. [DOI: 10.2217/whe.10.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of recombinant technology has made the production of modified proteins with desired properties possible. Corifollitropin alfa is a successful example of the first available long-acting, follicle stimulating hormone. Corifollitropin alfa has prolonged half-life and a slower absorption rate, but has the same receptor-binding and biological activity as recombinant FSH (rFSH). Its application is associated with the arrival of a novel simplified approach for controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF patients. Different studies have proven the efficiency of a single corifollitropin alfa dose to initiate and sustain multiple follicular development in a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol. Finally, corifollitropin alfa is well tolerated and is not correlated with serious adverse events, except for the slightly higher incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome compared with traditional management with recombinant FSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Loutradis
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Athens, Greece
| | - A Vlismas
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Athens, Greece
| | - P Drakakis
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Athens, Greece
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14
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Hsu CC, Kuo HC, Hsu CT, Gu Q. The absorption and uptake of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone through vaginal subcutaneous injections--a pharmacokinetic study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:107. [PMID: 19807931 PMCID: PMC2764710 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) has been routinely used for ovulation induction. Because of rapid clearance of the hormone, FSH is commonly administered by daily intramuscular or subcutaneous injections in in-vitro fertilization (IVF). To reduce the number of visits to the clinic, an intermittent vaginal injection of rhFSH every 3 days employing the concepts of mesotherapy and uterine first-pass effect was invented and has successfully been applied in women receiving IVF treatment. This study was designed to monitor the pharmacokinetic pattern of rhFSH administered vaginally. METHODS Twelve healthy women with regular ovulatory cycles were recruited. All volunteers received gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist to suppress pituitary function and were assigned to receive single dose recombinant human FSH (rhFSH, Puregon 300) either using conventional abdominal subcutaneous injection or vaginal subcutaneous injection in a randomized cross-over study. Serum samples were collected at pre- scheduled time intervals after injections of rhFSH to determine immunoreactive FSH levels. Pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing rate [maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) and time of maximal plasma concentrations (tmax)] and extent [area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and clearance] of absorption of rhFSH were compared. RESULTS Vaginal injection of rhFSH was well tolerated and no drug-related adverse reaction was noted. Our analysis revealed that tmax was significantly earlier (mean 6.67 versus 13.33 hours) and Cmax was significantly higher (mean 17.77 versus 13.96 IU/L) in vaginal versus abdominal injections. The AUC(0-infinity) was 1640 versus 1134 IU hour/L in vaginal and abdominal injections, respectively. Smaller plasma elimination rate constant (0.011 versus 0.016 hour-1), longer mean residence time (106.58 versus 70.47 hours), and slower total body clearance (292.2 versus 400.1 mL/hour) were also found in vaginal injection. CONCLUSION The vaginal injection mode elicited a rapid and highly extended absorption of rhFSH injected compared to conventional abdominal injection. These data indicate that the rate and extent of FSH absorption from the injection site can vary depending on the route of the FSH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chin Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd, Tai-Chung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Kuo
- Department of Health Management, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Tien Hsu
- Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Qing Gu
- Cambridge Bay Assisted Conception Unit, Chang Hai Hospital, Shanghai, China
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15
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Advances in recombinant DNA technology: corifollitropin alfa, a hybrid molecule with sustained follicle-stimulating activity and reduced injection frequency. Hum Reprod Update 2009; 15:309-21. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmn065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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16
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Adams TE, Boime I. The Expanding Role of Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assisted Reproduction. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43 Suppl 2:186-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Trousdale RK, Yu B, Pollak SV, Husami N, Vidali A, Lustbader JW. Efficacy of native and hyperglycosylated follicle-stimulating hormone analogs for promoting fertility in female mice. Fertil Steril 2008; 91:265-70. [PMID: 18249396 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) with rhFSH with four additional O-linked carbohydrates (rhFSH-CTP), rhFSH with four additional N-linked carbohydrates (rhFSH-N4), and the current gold standard for rodent ovarian stimulation, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), on fertility parameters in mice. DESIGN Animal study. SETTING Academic research center. ANIMAL(S) Adult C57Bl/6J female mice. INTERVENTION(S) Ovarian stimulation with 5 IU of rhFSH, rhFSH-CTP, rhFSH-N4, or PMSG. Forty-six hours later, 5 IU of hCG was injected to promote ovulation and females were mated overnight. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Eggs retrieved after ovulation, in vitro embryo development, delivery rate, and litter size. RESULT(S) The hyperglycosylated FSH analogs, rhFSH-CTP and rhFSH-N4, enhanced ovulation and embryo maturation significantly better than rhFSH. RhFSH-N4 produced more eggs (28.5 +/- 1.9 per mouse) and embryos (17.8 +/- 1.6) compared with rhFSH-CTP (18.3 +/- 1.2 and 9.0 +/- 1.0, respectively). Treatment with rhFSH, rhFSH-N4, and PMSG produced statistically equivalent delivery rates and litter sizes. The delivery rate was surprisingly lower with rhFSH-CTP (14%) compared with PMSG (33%). CONCLUSION(S) Compared with rhFSH, treatment with hyperglycosylated rhFSH-CTP and rhFSH-N4 led to superior rates of ovulated eggs and subsequent in vitro embryo development. RhFSH-N4 was equivalent to PMSG, while all of the fertility parameters studied were lower with rhFSH-CTP than with PMSG therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda K Trousdale
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Scammell JG, Funkhouser JD, Moyer FS, Gibson SV, Willis DL. Molecular cloning of pituitary glycoprotein alpha-subunit and follicle stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunits from New World squirrel monkey and owl monkey. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 155:534-41. [PMID: 17897645 PMCID: PMC2277479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize the gonadotropins expressed in pituitary glands of the New World squirrel monkey (Saimiri sp.) and owl monkey (Aotus sp.). The various subunits were amplified from total RNA from squirrel monkey and owl monkey pituitary glands by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the deduced amino acid sequences compared to those of other species. Mature squirrel monkey and owl monkey glycoprotein hormone alpha-polypeptides (96 amino acids in length) were determined to be 80% homologous to the human sequence. The sequences of mature beta subunits of follicle stimulating hormone (FSHbeta) from squirrel monkey and owl monkey (111 amino acids in length) are 92% homologous to human FSHbeta. New World primate glycoprotein hormone alpha-polypeptides and FSHbeta subunits showed conservation of all cysteine residues and consensus N-linked glycosylation sites. Attempts to amplify the beta-subunit of luteinizing hormone from squirrel monkey and owl monkey pituitary glands were unsuccessful. Rather, the beta-subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) was amplified from pituitaries of both New World primates. Squirrel monkey and owl monkey CGbeta are 143 and 144 amino acids in length and 77% homologous with human CGbeta. The greatest divergence is in the C terminus, where all four sites for O-linked glycosylation in human CGbeta, responsible for delayed metabolic clearance, are predicted to be absent in New World primate CGbetas. It is likely that CG secreted from pituitary of New World primates exhibits a relatively short half-life compared to human CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Scammell
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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19
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Abstract
FSH is a glycoprotein hormone consisting of two peptide subunits. The role of FSH in folliculogenesis is well known: to stimulate the formation of a large pre-ovulatory follicle that, because of its FSH-dependent maturation, is capable of ovulation and forming a corpus luteum in response to the mid-cycle surge of LH. FSH is widely used in ovarian stimulation for assisted reproduction techniques. Ovarian stimulation protocols combine the use of human menopausal gonadotrophin, urinary FSH or recombinant FSH with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or antagonists in order to increase oocyte number and to avoid premature LH surge. Recently, the availability of recombinant LH has permitted new stimulation protocols, combining recombinant FSH, recombinant LH and GnRH antagonists. Due to the limitations of the new Italian law in terms of the number of oocytes that can be fertilized, protocols with a softer ovarian stimulation are now considered, reducing risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies and emotional and physical burdens on the patients. Long-acting FSH preparations are also under clinical study. Knowledge of the stereochemical three-dimensional structure of FSH and its receptor will allow the study of new non-peptide orally administered molecules that fit the FSH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vegetti
- Infertility Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Hao M, Rathnam P, Saxena B. Expression of a recombinant bifunctional protein from a chimera of human lutropin receptor and human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit. J Reprod Immunol 2005; 63:123-35. [PMID: 15380943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human lutropin (hLH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are structurally and functionally similar and play important roles in reproduction via a common gonadal receptor (LH-R). However, hormone specific hCG-beta subunit contains 24 additional amino acid carboxyl terminal peptide (CTP), which produce specific antibodies to hCG-beta with little cross-reaction with LH. A chimeric protein containing both hLH-R and hCG-beta would provide a unique bifunctional antigen for immunocontraception. In this study is described the synthesis of a chimeric DNA construct of full-length of hLH-receptor and hCG-beta and its expression in Sf9 cells to produce a bifunctional protein. Recombinant protein was recognized by antibodies to LH-R as well as anti-hCG-beta in Western Blots, thus indicating the preservation of immunological epitopes for both hLH-R and hCG-beta in the chimera. Specific ligand binding of recombinant hLH-R component was demonstrated by the displacement of bound labeled hCG at increasing concentrations of unlabeled hCG, indicating that, the presence of hCG-beta component of the chimera did not interfere with the binding of hCG to LH-R. hCG-beta was also present in the recombinant chimeric protein as shown by a specific hCG-beta chemiluminescence assay. Treatment of transfected Sf9 cells with hCG induced dose-dependent increase in the stimulation of intracellular cAMP production, which showed that the ligand binding had functional activity. These results demonstrate that the chimeric DNA construct of hLHR-hCG-beta expressed a bifunctional protein containing both hLH-R and hCG-beta activities, which could provide a unique potential antigen for immunocontraception in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Hao
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of OB-GYN, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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21
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Ruman JI, Pollak S, Trousdale RK, Klein J, Lustbader JW. Effects of long-acting recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone analogs containing N-linked glycosylation on murine folliculogenesis. Fertil Steril 2005; 83 Suppl 1:1303-9. [PMID: 15831306 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of two novel long-acting rhFSH analogs, rhFSH-N2 and rhFSH-N4, in stimulating murine folliculogenesis. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING Academic research environment. ANIMAL(S) Immature female mice. INTERVENTION(S) Recombinant hFSH-N2 and -N4 were administered via single IP injection to 3-week-old female mice (n = 10) who were killed 48 hours later for dissection and histologic examination of reproductive organs and serum inhibin A. Results were compared with other groups of mice who received either single or q 12 hour injections for 48 hours of commercial rhFSH, or a single injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). A subgroup of the mice receiving rhFSH-N4 was supplemented with daily injections of small doses of hCG to simulate LH add-back. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Serum inhibin A levels, ovarian and uterine weights, and ovarian antral follicle counts. RESULTS(S) Recombinant human FSH-N2 and -N4 administration induced a statistically significant increase in ovarian weights, uterine weights, and inhibin A levels compared with single and twice-daily injection of rhFSH. PMSG induced the greatest increases in all three measured parameters. There was no statistical difference between rhFSH-N2 and rhFSH-N4 for any parameter analyzed. A single injection of rhFSH-N2 or -N4 induced a greater number of antral follicles than did either single or q 12 hour injections of rhFSH. The addition of small doses of hCG to rhFSH-N4 increased inhibin A levels and antral follicle number to reach statistical equivalence to PMSG treatment. CONCLUSION(S) Addition of a synthetic polypeptide containing two or four N-linked glycosylation sites to rhFSH increases in vivo bioactivity of the hormone compared to commercial rhFSH. After a single injection, both rhFSH-N2 and rhFSH-N4 effectively induced a greater follicular response in the mouse than did rhFSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane I Ruman
- Long Island Fertility and Endocrinology IVF Associates, Lake Success, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Abstract
The widespread application of protocols using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or antagonists in assisted reproduction treatment has led to an increasing number of pregnancies exposed to these drugs. This issue has raised scepticism as to the safety of these medications, concerning both pregnant women and their offspring. The main parameters that can be studied to ensure the safety of GnRH analogues include: a) systemic and local reactions to the medication; b) incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS); c) direct effect on oocytes and embryos; and d) the health of those children exposed. So far, no systemic side effects and no major local reactions have been reported following the use of GnRH agonists or third-generation antagonists. On the other hand, the incidence of OHSS seems to be higher with GnRH agonist protocols compared to conventional or GnRH antagonist protocols. The recent cloning of the GnRH receptor has led to the demonstration of GnRH receptor gene expression in the human ovary, although the existence of GnRH receptors per se remains controversial. Similarly, the potential direct effect of GnRH analogues on the follicles and oocytes remains a matter of debate. The incidence of miscarriage and the health of children born as a result of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment do not appear to be influenced by the GnRH agonist treatment. This also seems to be the case for the GnRH antagonists, although the available information on this issue is still limited. Therefore, most of the accumulated data concerning the safety of the GnRH analogues are encouraging, and no serious side effects have been reported. On the other hand, as no definite conclusions about the safety of these drugs can be drawn until now, continued assessment of the aforementioned parameters in long-term follow-up studies is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil C Tarlatzis
- Unit for Human Reproduction, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Klein J, Lobel L, Pollak S, Lustbader B, Ogden RT, Sauer MV, Lustbader JW. Development and characterization of a long-acting recombinant hFSH agonist. Hum Reprod 2003; 18:50-6. [PMID: 12525440 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deg024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusion of the carboxyterminal peptide (CTP) of hCG to FSH results in a follitropin agonist with an extended half-life, presumably due to the four O-oligosaccharides on the CTP. Alternatively, an rhFSH analogue containing additional N-linked carbohydrate is described in this report. METHODS A DNA sequence containing two N-oligosaccharide signal sequences was ligated into a vector containing hFSHbeta- and alpha-subunit encoding cDNA, and expressed in CHO-K1 cells. In-vitro bioactivity of the single-chain hormone was assessed in CHO cells expressing the hFSH receptor. Pharmacokinetic values were derived from serial serum assays of the analogue in immature female rats following a single i.v. injection. In-vivo bioactivity was assessed by measuring ovarian weight gain 3 days post-injection. RESULTS rhFSH-N2 and native rhFSH induced comparable levels of cAMP in vitro. t(1/2) for native rhFSH, rhFSH-CTP and rhFSH-N2 were 3.7, 7.1 and 7.3 h respectively. Rats receiving rhFSH-N2 had a mean +/- SD ovarian weight 3 days post-i.v. injection (22 +/- 3.6 mg) significantly greater than rats receiving rhFSH and saline (16.7 +/- 1.5 and 15.3 +/- 0.47 mg respectively, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS rhFSH-N2 has prolonged half-life and increased bioactivity compared with native rhFSH. This rhFSH agonist, and other analogues containing additional N-oligosaccharides may have important clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Reproductive Sciences, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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