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Al-Badr AA. Danazol. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2022; 47:149-326. [PMID: 35396014 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive profile of danazol describing the nomenclatures, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, uses and applications is presented. The profile contains the method which was utilized for the preparation of the drug substance and its respective scheme is outlined. The physical characteristics of the drug including the solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal behavior and spectroscopic studies are described. The methods which were used for the analysis of the drug substance in bulk drug and/or in pharmaceutical formulations including the compendial, spectrophotometric, electrochemical and the chromatographic methods are reported. The stability, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, drug evaluation and monitoring, comparisons, pharmacology, in addition to several compiled reviews on the drug substance which were involved. Finally, two hundred and seventy-nine references are listed at the end of this profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Lazzeri L, Luisi S, Petraglia F. Progestins for the Treatment of Endometriosis: An Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/228402651000200401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a gynecological condition that affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age, including 25–40% of infertile women. Dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain are the most common symptoms. Currently available medical therapies for endometriosis do not cure the disease, but are directed at symptom relief, typically utilizing the hormone responsiveness of endometriotic tissue to induce lesion atrophy. Unfortunately, pain relapse after treatment suspension is a common event. Treatment with pharmacological therapies for endometriosis should be conceived in terms of years, thus agents that must be withdrawn after a few months due to poor tolerability or severe metabolic side effects do not greatly benefit women with symptomatic endometriosis. The characteristics of progestins render this class an ideal pharmacological choice for administration over extended periods. The present paper will review the rationale for using progestins and their mechanism of action in endometriosis. Thereafter, the results obtained by various progestins in the treatment of endometriosis will be evaluated (danazol, gestrinone, norethisterone acetate, desogestrel, cyproterone acetate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and levonorgestrel). A progestin called dienogest, recently introduced for the treatment of endometriosis, will be given special focus, describing its mechanism of action and clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lazzeri
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena - Italy
| | - Stefano Luisi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena - Italy
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena - Italy
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Hozayen WG, El-Desouky MA, Soliman HA, Ahmed RR, Khaliefa AK. Antiosteoporotic effect of Petroselinum crispum, Ocimum basilicum and Cichorium intybus L. in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:165. [PMID: 27255519 PMCID: PMC4891838 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is one of the serious side effects which have become the most common secondary osteoporosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of parsley, basil and chicory on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats. METHODS Fifty Female rats were divided into five groups and treated for 8 weeks as follow: group 1 served as control; group (2) subcutaneously injected with 0.1 mg/kg b. wt. dexamethasone dissolved in saline; group 3 received similar dose of dexamethasone together with aqueous parsley extract in a dose of 2 g/kg b. wt.; group 4 received similar dose of dexamethasone together with 400 mg/kg b. wt. aqueous basil extract and group 5 received similar dose of dexamethasone together with 100 mg/kg b. wt. aqueous chicory extract. RESULTS The dexamethasone group showed a significant decrease in serum E2, Ca, P levels and significant decrease in total BMD, BMC and a significant increase in serum PTH, ALP and ACP. Bone TBARs was significantly increased while GSH, antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased. These changes were attenuated by parsley, basil and chicory extracts in the group 3, 4 and 5 respectively. CONCLUSION Aqueous extracts of parsley, basil and chicory showed bone protection against glucocorticoid-induced in rats. From our results, we concluded that chicory has a potent protective effect more than parsley and basil due to containing flavonoids and inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa G Hozayen
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | - Hanan A Soliman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rasha R Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Amal K Khaliefa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Vaginally Administered Danazol: An Overlooked Option in the Treatment of Rectovaginal Endometriosis? JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2015; 37:1098-103. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Frackiewicz EJ. Endometriosis: an overview of the disease and its treatment. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1996) 2000; 40:645-57; quiz 699-702. [PMID: 11029846 DOI: 10.1016/s1086-5802(16)31105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review endometriosis, its etiology, clinical presentation, and current management options. DATA SOURCES Published articles identified through MEDLINE (1966-2000) using the search term "endometriosis" and the additional terms "etiology" and "treatment." Additional articles were identified from the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. DATA SYNTHESIS Endometriosis, a disease that affects the physical health and emotional well-being of many women of reproductive age, is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside its normal location in the uterus. The disease ranges in severity from mild to severe, and patients may be asymptomatic or experience severe and potentially incapacitating symptoms, such as dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility. The diagnosis can be confirmed only by direct visualization using laparoscopy and biopsy. The risk of endometriosis is increased in women who have an affected first-degree relative or who have shorter menstrual cycle lengths, longer duration of menstrual flow, and low parity. The etiology of endometriosis is not yet fully understand, but may involve retrograde menstruation, hereditary factors, and impaired immune function. Treatment should be individualized for each patient, taking into account the therapeutic goals, the extent of disease, symptomatology, and the woman's age and overall health. Treatment options include expectant management, hormonal therapies to suppress ovarian steroidogenesis and induce endometrial atrophy, and surgery to remove visible lesions or, as a last resort, the uterus and ovaries. CONCLUSION Although the precise etiology of endometriosis remains a mystery, treatment options have improved considerably in recent years. Pharmacists are well positioned to identify women with unexplained pelvic pain or infertility that may be indicative of endometriosis and refer them to their physicians for further evaluation. Pharmacists also can play an important role in counseling patients about the safe and effective use of the various treatments for this disease and strategies to recognize and reduce adverse effects.
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Chen FP, Chu KK, Soong YK. Correlation of fecundability and serum estradiol after danazol treatment in patients with advanced endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1996; 65:1232-4. [PMID: 8641504 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between pregnancy incidence and the level of serum E2 during danazol therapy. DESIGN Danazol was given by 200 mg four times daily for 3 months. Serum E2 level was checked after completing the therapy, but before stopping medication. Patients then were advised to conceive at the appropriate time over a 6-month period. SETTING Reproductive and Endocrine Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan. PATIENTS Infertile women with invasive endometriosis receiving conservative surgery and danazol treatment. INTERVENTIONS Serum E2 is checked before medication and at the end of danazol therapy, but before stopping medication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Whether pregnancy is related to the change of serum E2 caused by danazol therapy. RESULTS There were 24 pregnancies in 38 patients with invasive endometriosis after treatment. Pregnant patients had significantly lower serum E2 levels as compared with the nonpregnant patients. CONCLUSIONS After conservative surgery for invasive endometriosis associated with infertility, the therapeutic period of danazol treatment could be shortened to 3 months. Because there is significant correlation of fecundability and serum E2 after danazol medication, serum E2 could be a guideline for predicting pregnancy or for prolonging or changing of treatment after danazol therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
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Rannevik G, Carlström K, Doeberl A, Laurell CB. Plasma protein changes induced by two orally administered androgen derivatives. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996; 56:161-6. [PMID: 8743109 DOI: 10.3109/00365519609088603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Epostane is a synthetic 17 alpha-alkylated 5 beta-androstane derivative, active following oral administration and devoid of any apparent androgenic, estrogenic or antiestrogenic potency. Circulating concentrations of 13 different plasma proteins were measured in eight women before and after 2 and 4 weeks of daily oral intake of 600 mg of epostane. The results were compared with those previously found during administration of the same daily dose of danazol, a synthetic 17 alpha-alkylated androgen derivative with known androgenic/anabolic activity. Epostane significantly suppressed serum levels of sex hormone-binding globulin, pregnancy zone protein and thyroxin-binding globulin and increased the levels of transthyretin. Haptoglobins, plasminogen and transferrin showed minor and/or transient changes and the levels of high density lipoproteins, alpha2-macroglobulin, albumin, C1-esterase inactivator, C3 complement and transcortin remained unaffected. The pattern of changes in plasma proteins was almost identical to that induced by administration of danazol, although the effects of epostane were somewhat weaker. Thus epostane is capable of inducing substantial changes in the pattern of steroid-sensitive plasma proteins in an androgen-like fashion despite its apparent lack of androgenic activity. The capacity of a steroid to induce such changes thus seems to be tied to the chemical structure rather than to the intrinsic hormonal activity of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rannevik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lund University, Malmö General Hospital, Sweden
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Mizutani T, Nishiyama S, Amakawa I, Watanabe A, Nakamuro K, Terada N. Danazol concentrations in ovary, uterus, and serum and their effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis during vaginal administration of a danazol suppository. Fertil Steril 1995; 63:1184-9. [PMID: 7750586 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine danazol concentrations in the ovary, uterus, and serum during daily vaginal administration of a danazol suppository and to examine its effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. DESIGN Sampling of tissues after vaginal or oral administration of danazol and sampling of blood during control and danazol-administration menstrual cycles. SETTING Outpatient volunteers and inpatients at a public hospital. PARTICIPANTS Thirty patients who were to undergo hysterectomy and oophorectomy because of uterine leiomyoma and eight regularly menstruating volunteers. INTERVENTIONS Danazol was administered as a vaginal suppository (100 mg) or orally (400 mg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Danazol concentrations in the ovary, uterus, and serum, and serum E2 and P levels. RESULTS Danazol concentrations in the ovary and uterus after daily vaginal administration of a suppository containing 100 mg danazol were comparable to those after daily oral administration of 400 mg danazol, but the serum danazol concentration was much lower. Menstrual cycle patterns of serum E2 and P levels were normal during daily vaginal administration of a danazol suppository. CONCLUSION Daily administration of a suppository containing 100 mg danazol produces high ovarian and uterine concentrations but low serum concentrations, and no effect was detected on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mizutani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Prefectural Hospital, Japan
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Dickey RP, Curole DN, Taylor SN. Estradiol target level in treating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992; 57:1361-3. [PMID: 1530713 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Melega C, Balducci M, Bulletti C, Galassi A, Jasonni VM, Flamigni C. Tissue factors influencing growth and maintenance of endometriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 622:256-65. [PMID: 1905894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The unpredictable response of endometriosis to steroids and its recurrence after therapy, led us to hypothesize a possible further control of this pathology by factors other than steroids. The presence of estrogen, progesterone and epidermal growth factor receptors (ER, PR, EGFr) was evaluated using immunohistochemistry before and after therapy with Danazol or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa), Buserelin. EGFr, ER and PR were present in 100% of endometrial specimens, and in 71%, 29% and 49% of endometriotic implants, respectively. Danazol and GnRHa reduced immunohistochemical staining for EGFr antisera in the endometrial and endometriotic specimens. About 21% of endometriosis were EGFr positive and ER negative, suggesting a potential role of epidermal growth factor in growth and maintenance of endometrial ectopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Melega
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bologna, Italy
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Franssen AM, Kauer FM, Chadha DR, Zijlstra JA, Rolland R. Endometriosis: treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist Buserelin. Fertil Steril 1989; 51:401-8. [PMID: 2522063 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)60544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-one women with pelvic endometriosis were treated with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) Buserelin (Hoechst Holland N.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands) 300 micrograms three times a day intranasally for 6 months. Forty-nine women completed treatment; 42 were available for 6 months of follow-up following treatment. Symptoms showed prompt and significant improvement. Follow-up after treatment revealed persistent relief from dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia in, respectively, 58.6% and 88.2% of the women, whereas pelvic pain returned to pretreatment scores. Serum estradiol (E2) was suppressed to predominantly early follicular phase concentrations. Laparoscopy at the end of therapy showed significant reduction of scores for implants only. There was no relation between the degree of E2 suppression during therapy and the improvement of symptoms or the reduction of endometriosis. Statistical analysis in 22 infertile patients, of whom 7 conceived during follow-up, revealed no differences in E2 levels during therapy, improvement of symptoms, or reduction of endometriosis. Buserelin appears to be safe, well tolerated, and effective in the management of endometriosis and associated complaints.
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Dmowski WP, Radwanska E, Binor Z, Tummon I, Pepping P. Ovarian suppression induced with Buserelin or danazol in the management of endometriosis: a randomized, comparative study. Fertil Steril 1989; 51:395-400. [PMID: 2493400 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)60543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of Buserelin (Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Somerville, NJ) (0.2 mg subcutaneously [SC] or 1.2 mg intranasally [IN] per day) and danazol (800 mg per day) in inducing ovarian suppression for the management of endometriosis was compared in a prospective randomized study. During 6 months of treatment, peripheral follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol concentrations were suppressed to a similar degree in both groups. Symptomatic improvement and laparoscopically assessed regression of endometriotic lesions also were comparable. After treatment, 8 of 18 infertile women treated with Buserelin and 5 of 8 treated with danazol conceived. General and hypoestrogenic side effects were similar in both groups, while androgenic and anabolic were more frequent with danazol. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol increased in the Buserelin and decreased in the danazol group. The study indicates that at the dose tested, buserelin and danazol induce a similar degree of ovarian suppression resulting in a comparable clinical improvement and regression of endometriotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Dmowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois 60614
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Tummon IS, Pepping ME, Binor Z, Radwanska E, Dmowski WP. A randomized, prospective comparison of endocrine changes induced with intranasal leuprolide or danazol for treatment of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1989; 51:390-4. [PMID: 2522062 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)60542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A prospective, randomized trial compared hormonal changes induced with intranasal leuprolide 1.6 mg/day to danazol 800 mg/day for treatment of endometriosis. Both regimens induced anovulation and ovarian suppression in all subjects. Mean estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels were suppressed with both regimens, but were lower with leuprolide. There was no difference in cumulative follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, although at times during treatment mean levels of these hormones were lower with leuprolide. Higher P levels in the danazol group, most likely of adrenal origin, indicated a suppressive effect on adrenal steroidogenesis. Symptomatic improvement was significant in both groups. Laparoscopy after treatment also demonstrated a decrease in endometriosis scores in both groups. At 12 months after treatment, cumulative pregnancy and live birth rates were similar in both groups. Leuprolide offers an attractive alternative to danazol for the medical treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Tummon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
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Nakamura G, Yoshimitsu K, Imura M, Nakano H. Genital bleeding during the administration of danazol. ASIA-OCEANIA JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1988; 14:373-7. [PMID: 3178583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1988.tb00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bone mineral density in women with endometriosis before and during ovarian suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists or danazol**Presented at the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of The American Fertility Society, September 28 to 30, 1987, Reno, Nevada.††Supported by TAP Pharmaceuticals, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois, and by Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Somerville, New Jersey. Fertil Steril 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)59885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Shook
- Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
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Dmowski WP. Visual assessment of peritoneal implants for staging endometriosis: do number and cumulative size of lesions reflect the severity of a systemic disease? Fertil Steril 1987; 47:382-4. [PMID: 3556618 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)59041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Franssen AM, Rolland R, Chadha DR, Willemsen WN, Vemer HM. Treatment with a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogue (Buserelin) in danazol-resistant endometriosis patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1986; 23:379-86. [PMID: 3100357 DOI: 10.1016/0028-2243(86)90173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist (Buserelin) therapy administered for a period of 6 months in 4 patients with longstanding, severe, danazol-resistant endometriosis, was found to be effective in reducing all complaints related to endometriosis. From 2 weeks on, nearly half of the E2 determinations were below the sensitivity level of the assay, while the other values were predominantly in the range of the early follicular phase. Side effects associated with the induced hypoestrogenemia were mild and well tolerated. After six months of follow-up without treatment, one patient who desired pregnancy conceived shortly after cessation of therapy and one patient showed lasting amelioration of her complaints. The symptoms relapsed in the other two, possibly due to inadequate dose and/or duration of treatment.
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